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Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) including exposure and response prevention is the first‐line psychological treatment for obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). Given changes in the clinical landscape, there are increasing efforts to evaluate its effectiveness in online contexts. Mirroring the traditional in‐person delivery, few studies have assessed the role of therapist‐guided, manual‐based CBT for OCD delivered in real‐time via videoconferencing methods. The present study sought to fill this gap by comparing in‐person and online delivery of group‐based CBT for the treatment of OCD. A convenience sample of participants with moderate to severe OCD (n = 144) were recruited from a naturalistic database from two large OCD specialty assessment and treatment centres. Patients received group‐based CBT that was provided in‐person (pre‐COVID‐19 pandemic; March 2018 to March 2020) or online via videoconferencing (during the COVID‐19 pandemic; March 2020 to April 2021). In both delivery methods, treatment consisted of 2‐h weekly sessions led by trained clinicians. Analyses revealed that, regardless of treatment modality, both in‐person and online groups demonstrated significant, reliable, and statistically equivalent improvements in OCD symptoms post‐treatment. Videoconferenced, clinician‐led CBT may be a promising alternative to in‐person delivery for those with moderate to severe OCD symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a pantheon of literature and popular panic pointing toward the academic ascent of girls and the decline of boys. On the contrary, the reality is different: Boys are learning and succeeding in many places. Two studies find that the places where boys excel have several common characteristics, including teachers who relate to the boys personally and have mastery of the subject matter. Moreover, often they share a common interest or characteristic with a student, and they are able to accommodate a measure of opposition.

Despite a continuing stream of concern on the part of researchers, demographers, and cultural pundits about a crisis in boys' social development and schooling, surprisingly little attention has been paid to what is perhaps the richest pool of data: current, observable teaching practices that clearly work with boys. In schools of all types in all regions of the globe, many boys are thriving. Boys of limited, ordinary, and exceptional tested aptitude; boys of every economic strata; boys of all races and faiths--some of them--are appreciatively engaged and taught well every day. This article reports the results of a survey of teachers and students at boys' schools around the world which suggest that successful teaching practices with boys take advantage of the facts that boys are relational learners, that they elicit the kinds of teaching that they need, and that they respond to transitivity in lessons, that is, that some element of the lesson arouses and holds their interest.

Background: The goal of the Edmonton Classification System for Cancer Pain (ECS-CP) is to create an international classification system for cancer pain. Previous studies reinforce the need for standardized training to ensure consistency across assessors. There is no universally accepted classification for neuropathic pain. Objectives: Our primary objective was to describe the prevalence of ECS-CP features in a diverse sample of advanced cancer patients, using assessors with standardized training. The secondary objectives were to: (1) determine the prevalence of neuropathic pain using the Neuropathic Pain Special Interest Group (NeuPSIG) criteria and (2) examine the relationship between specific predictors: ECS-CP features, age, Palliative Performance Scale, Morphine Equivalent Daily Dose (MEDD), setting, and pain intensity; and neuropathic pain. Methods: A total of 1050 adult patients with advanced cancer were recruited from 11 Canadian sites. A clinician completed the ECS-CP and NeuPSIG criteria, and collected additional information including demographics and pain intensity (now). All assessors received standardized training. Results: Of 1050 evaluable patients, 910 (87%) had cancer pain: nociceptive (n = 626; 68.8%); neuropathic (n = 227; 24.9%); incident (n = 329; 36.2%); psychological distress (n = 209; 23%); addictive behavior (n = 51; 5.6%); and normal cognition (n = 639; 70.2%). The frequencies of ECS-CP features and pain intensity scores varied across sites and settings, with more acute settings having higher frequencies of complex pain features. The overall frequency of neuropathic pain was 24.9%, ranging from 11% (hospices) to 34.2% (palliative outpatient clinic) across settings. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that age <60 years, MEDD ≥19 mg, pain intensity ≥7/10, and incident pain were significant independent predictors of neuropathic pain (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The ECS-CP was able to detect salient pain features across settings. Furthermore, the frequencies of neuropathic pain utilizing the NeuPSIG criteria fits within the lower-end of literature estimates (13%–40%). Further research is warranted to validate the NeuPSIG criteria in cancer pain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lack of robustness is a major barrier to foster a sustainable cyanobacterial biotechnology. Use of cyanobacterial consortium increases biodiversity, which provides functional redundancy and prevents invading species from disrupting the production ecosystem. Here we characterized a cyanobacterial consortium enriched from microbial mats of alkaline soda lakes in BC, Canada, at high pH and alkalinity. This consortium has been grown in open laboratory culture for 4 years without crashes. Using shotgun metagenomic sequencing, 29 heterotrophic metagenome-assembled-genomes (MAGs) were retrieved and were assigned to Bacteroidota, Alphaproteobacteria , Gammaproteobacteria , Verrucomicrobiota , Patescibacteria , Planctomycetota , and Archaea. In combination with metaproteomics, the overall stability of the consortium was determined under different cultivation conditions. Genome information from each heterotrophic population was investigated for six ecological niches created by cyanobacterial metabolism and one niche for phototrophy. Genome-resolved metaproteomics with stable isotope probing using 13C-bicarbonate (protein/SIP) showed tight coupling of carbon transfer from cyanobacteria to the heterotrophic populations, specially Wenzhouxiangella. The community structure was compared to a previously described consortium of a closely related cyanobacteria, which indicated that the results may be generalized. Productivity losses associated with heterotrophic metabolism were relatively small compared to other losses during photosynthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Prior to nonmedical cannabis legalization in Canada, individuals were only able to access cannabis legally through licensed producers with medical authorization. Now with an additional legal access system designed for nonmedical purposes, it is unclear what factors influence cancer survivors' decisions to medicate or not medicate cannabis as a complementary therapy to alleviate their cancer symptoms. Methods: We recruited cancer survivors via social media. Interested individuals were purposively sampled to ensure maximization in terms of age, sex, and province of residence. Constructs of the Theory of Planned Behavior were explored during the telephone interviews as participants described what influenced their decisions to medicate or not medicate cannabis to manage their symptoms. Results: Interviews were conducted with 33 cancer survivors. All individuals believed that cannabis would manage their cancer symptoms. Those that chose to medicate with cannabis provided a variety of reasons, including that cannabis was a more natural alternative; that it reduced their overall number of prescription drugs; and that safer products had become available with the legalization of nonmedical cannabis. Some individuals also indicated that support from physicians and validation from family and friends were important in their decision to medicate with cannabis. Individuals who opted not to medicate with cannabis raised concerns about the lack of scientific evidence and/or possible dependency issues. Some also felt their physician's disapproval was a barrier to considering cannabis use. Conclusions: The findings revealed that recreational legalization made using cannabis appear safer and easier to access for some cancer survivors. However, physicians' censure of cannabis use for symptom management was a barrier for survivors considering its use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Canada legalized cannabis use for medical purposes in 1999. Legalization of cannabis for recreational purposes in October 2018 offered the opportunity to assess the impact of recreational legalization on cancer patients' patterns of use to identify learning points that could be helpful to other countries considering similar legislation.Method: Two identical anonymous cross-sectional surveys were administered to cancer patients in British Columbia 2 months before and 3 months following legalization, with the same eligibility criteria. The prevalence of medical cannabis use, the distribution of symptoms leading to use, the most common types of cannabis products and sources, reasons for stopping using cannabis, and barriers to access were assessed.Results: The overall response rate was 27%. Both cohorts were similar regarding age (median = 66 yrs), gender (53% female), and education (approximately 85% of participants had an education level of high school graduation and higher). Respondents had multiple motives for taking cannabis, including to manage multiple symptoms, to treat cancer, and for recreational reasons. The majority of patients in both surveys did not use the legal medical access system. Comparison of the two cohorts showed that after legalization the prevalence of current cannabis use increased by 26% (23·1% to 29·1%, p-value 0·01), including an increased disclosure of recreational motive for use, from 32 to 40%. However, in the post-legalization cohort more Current Users reported problems getting cannabis (18%) than the pre-legalization cohort (8%), (p-value < 0·01). The most common barrier cited was lack of available preferred products, including edibles, as these were only available from illegal dispensaries.Conclusions: Results showed that legalization of cannabis for recreational purposes may have an impact on those who use medical cannabis. Impacts include an increase in prevalence of use; problems accessing preferred products legally; higher cost, and difficulties using a legal access system. The desired goal of regulation in reducing harms from use of illegal cannabis products are unlikely to be achieved if the legal process is less attractive to patients than use of illegal sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Cancer patients experience multiple symptoms throughout their illness, and some report benefit from the use of cannabis. There are concerns that many patients are accessing products inappropriate for their situation and potentially putting themselves at risk. In the present study, we aimed to capture the prevalence of cannabis use among cancer patients at BC Cancer before recreational legalization in Canada and to identify the reasons that patients take cannabis, the various routes of administration they use, and the reasons that prior users stopped. Methods Patients were eligible if, on the selected study day (15 August 2018), they were scheduled for an appointment at any of the 6 BC Cancer sites. Eligible patients were mailed a survey. Results Of surveys sent to 2998 patients, 821 (27.4%) were returned and included in analysis. Of those respondents, 23% were currently using cannabis-based products, almost exclusively for medical purposes, and an additional 28% had been users in the past (most often recreationally). Of the patients currently using cannabis, 31% had medical authorization. The most common symptoms that the current users were targeting were pain, insomnia, nausea, and anxiety; many were also hoping for anticancer effects. Conclusions More than half the respondents had tried cannabis at some time, and almost one quarter of respondents were currently taking cannabis to help manage their symptoms or treat their cancer, or both. Many more patients would consider use with appropriate guidance from a health care professional. More research is needed to inform physicians and patients about safe uses and doses and about the potential adverse effects of cannabis use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canadian ethanol production is currently derived from grain. Ethanol is criticized for displacing food production and not significantly reducing greenhouse gases. Second-generation ethanol from lignocellulosic feedstocks, such as fast-growing trees, are promoted as being more effective at reducing greenhouse gases without compromising food supplies. However, a second-generation ethanol industry may not be cost-effective with regard to greenhouse gas reduction. This study examines obstacles to a commercial second-generation ethanol industry, the potential for success, and the policy implications of promoting Canadian second-generation ethanol production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Mass loss from mountain glaciers contributes to sea-level rise and reduces freshwater availability in glacier-fed river basins, with negative effects on hydropower generation, agriculture and the health of aquatic ecosystems. In this study, we determine the volume of lower Peyto Glacier, Alberta, Canada, from ground-penetrating radar surveys in 2008-10, and compare our volume estimate with previous estimates from 1966 and 1984. The long-term record of mass-balance estimates on Peyto Glacier highlights Peyto's importance as an 'index' glacier for the region. We calculate a mean volume of (3.39±0.30)×107m3 for the glacier snout for the period 2008-10. Glacier volume decreased linearly from 1966 to 2010. If this trend persists, the glacier snout will disappear by ∼2019 and Peyto Glacier will have retreated by ∼1 km. Our results agree with modelling studies, which suggest that Peyto Glacier and other nearby glaciers along the eastern slopes of the Canadian Rocky Mountains will likely lose 80-90% of their present-day volume by 2100. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have derived digital elevation models (DEMs) over the western part of the Devon Ice Cap in Nunavut, Canada, using "swath processing"of interferometric data collected by Cryosat between February 2011 and January 2012. With the standard ESA (European Space Agency) SARIn (synthetic aperture radar interferometry) level 2 (L2) data product, the interferometric mode is used to map the cross-track position and elevation of the "point-of-closestapproach" (POCA) in sloping glacial terrain. However, in this work we explore the extent to which the phase of the returns in the intermediate L1b product can also be used to map the heights of time-delayed footprints beyond the POCA. We show that there is a range of average cross-track slopes (~0.5 to ~2°) for which the returns will be dominated by those beneath the satellite in the main beam of the antenna so that the resulting interferometric phase allows mapping of heights in the delayed range window beyond the POCA. In this way a swath of elevation data is mapped, allowing the creation of DEMs from a sequence of L1b SARIn Cryosat data takes. Comparison of the Devon results with airborne scanning laser data showed a mean difference of order 1m with a standard deviation of about 1 m. The limitations of swath processing, which generates almost 2 orders of magnitude more data than traditional radar altimetry, are explored through simulation, and the strengths and weaknesses of the technique are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Breakthrough pain is defined as a transient exacerbation of pain that occurs spontaneously or in response to a trigger despite stable and controlled background pain. The purpose of this study was to explore Canadian patients' awareness of and experience with breakthrough pain in cancer (BTPc). Methods: Four Canadian cancer centers participated in a non-interventional survey recruiting cancer patients who experienced breakthrough pain. These patients were asked about their pain, its impact on functioning, current management and interest in new treatments of BTPc. Results: Ninety-four Canadian cancer patients participated in this study, with 96 % stating that cancer pain impacted their daily living with over half unable to go to work or shopping. Fifty percent of patients said that an episode of BTPc lasted greater than 60 minutes, with the pain score being on average 7.8/10, impacting normal work (7.2/10) and general activity (7.1/10). Only 35 % of patients were very satisfied with the speed of relief of their medications. Those who did not take their breakthrough pain medication for every episode stated that was because the pain was not always severe (37 %), or they were afraid of becoming tolerant (23 %) or addicted (12 %). Patients stated that the most important features of a new treatment for BTPc were the ability to relieve pain completely (47 %), and quickly (43 %). Patients expressed willingness to try transmucosal products (80 %) or nasal products (59 %). Conclusion: Breakthrough cancer pain in Canadian cancer patients greatly impacts their daily lives. There is room for improvement in the management of BTPc, and the majority of patients would be willing to try new treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With a few recent exceptions, scholarly work dealing with Sikhism in Canada has largely been limited to the geographic areas of the lower mainland British Columbia and the greater Toronto area. Even less has been done on Sikh groups that might be considered non-normative or outside the mainstream (i.e. Punjabi, Khalsa-oriented) tradition. This paper makes a preliminary attempt to address both of these gaps by exploring the kundalini yoga (KY)/3HO communities in Calgary. Drawing from online sources, personal interviews, and participant observation, the paper chronicles the history and development of KY/3HO groups in Calgary, documents their constituencies and demographics, and seeks to sketch their associations with mainstream, normative Sikh groups. In the process, the paper points to larger questions for future consideration about the nature of religious identity, power, and authority among Calgary's Sikh/KY/3HO community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The International Quotidian Dialysis Registry (IQDR) is a global initiative designed to study practices and outcomes associated with the use of hemodialysis regimens of increased frequency and/or duration. Several small studies suggest that compared with conventional hemodialysis (HD), short-daily, nocturnal, and long conventional HD regimens may improve surrogate endpoints and quality of life. However, methodologically robust comparisons on hard outcomes are sorely lacking. The IQDR represents the first-ever attempt to aggregate long-term follow-up data from centers utilizing alternative HD regimens worldwide, and will have adequate statistical power to examine the effects of these regimens on multiple clinical endpoints, including mortality. To date, the IQDR has enrolled patients from Canada, the United States, Australia, and New Zealand, with plans in place to begin linking with additional commercial databases and national registries. This fifth annual report of the IQDR describes (1) a proposed governance structure that will facilitate international collaboration, stakeholder input and funding; (2) data sources and participating registries; (3) recruitment to date and patient baseline characteristics; and (4) an agenda for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper examines transitions in living arrangement decisions of the seniors using the first six cycles of the Canadian longitudinal National Population Health Survey microdata. Transitions from independent to intergenerational and institutional living arrangements are uniquely analyzed using a discrete-time hazard rate multinomial logit modelling framework and accounted for unobserved individual heterogeneity in the data. Our results show: a) provision of publicly-provided homecare reduces the likelihood of institutionalization, but it has no effect on intergenerational living arrangements; b) access to social support services reduces the probability of both institutional and intergenerational living arrangements; c) higher levels of functional health status, measured by Health Utility Index, reduce the probability of transitions from independent to intergenerational and institutional living arrangements; d) a decline in self-reported health status increases the probability of institutionalization, but its effect on intergenerational living arrangements is statistically insignificant; e) higher levels of household income tend to decrease the probability of institutionalization; and f) the likelihood of transitioning to both intergenerational and institutional living arrangements increases with the duration of survival. Our findings suggest that access to and availability of publicly-provided homecare, social support services and other programs designed to foster better functional health status would contribute positively towards independent or intergenerational living arrangements and reduce the probability of institutionalization. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This hermeneutic phenomenological inquiry reveals the meaning in critical care nurses' lived experiences of making a difference in practice with a view to deepening our understanding of nursing in pursuing nursing excellence. It serves to show how critical care nurses make a difference and what difference they make to critically ill patients in a manner that more fully captures nursing practice as enacted in the critical care setting. The authors subjected transcripts of the conversations with 16 critical care nurse participants to a thematic analysis and reflective process from which the following themes emerged: making the inhumane humane, making the unbearable bearable, making the life threatening life sustaining, and making the unlivable livable. Guided by the life-world existentials, these themes became the threads around which an interpretive-descriptive text was written. The authors wove other relevant sources of lived-experience material into the evolving text to assist with the explication of meaning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compares the social values of forest-dependent, provincial and national publics for socially sustainable forest management in Canada. Interest groups to which forest managers should be more responsive; Important uses of Canada's forests; Forest management priorities; Tree harvesting methods.

Examines the causes of death from Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in infected persons during the period of 1984-1995 in Ottawa, Ontario. Background information on AIDS being the leading cause of death in young men in the United States; Examination of the decline cell count of median CD4 T-lymphocyte cell during death; Information on the treatment required for malignant and HIV wasting syndrome.

In this article the author discusses the voting and approval plans for the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada's (RASC) new By-Law.

Abstract: Limited information is available regarding the quality of end-of-life care at cancer centers. We sought to characterize the end-of-life decision-making process for advanced cancer patients admitted to our tertiary cancer center, and to examine the association between goals of care and practice patterns. Information on patient characteristics, investigations, cancer treatments, and goals of care was collected retrospectively for consecutive patients who died at the inpatient unit of the Vancouver Cancer Center between January 1, 2005 and December 31, 2006. One hundred eighteen advanced cancer patients had a median admission duration of 10 days (range 1–64 days). A median of two tests per day was performed, with a decreasing trend over time (P <0.001). Forty percent received cancer treatments during hospitalization, with 75% terminated prematurely. Do-not-resuscitate orders, supportive care plans, and diagnosis of dying were documented for 96%, 86%, and 76% of the patients, respectively. Early establishment of supportive care plan and diagnosis of dying were associated with timely discontinuation of cancer treatments (Spearman coefficients 0.47 and 0.60, respectively). Multivariate analysis revealed that timely diagnosis of dying was associated with early establishment of code status (P =0.042), supportive care plans (P <0.001), and discontinuation of cancer therapy (P =0.005). Cancer patients who died at our oncology center were investigated and treated intensively during their short hospitalization. Early establishment of goals of care may be associated with changes in practice consistent with improved quality of care. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]