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Through a review of the literature, this presentation provides information on eating disorders as they relate to sport and fitness and examines the role of all physical and health education teachers, coaches, administrators, and guidance counsellors in either precipitating or preventing anorexia nervosa or bulimia. These professionals are in a position to provide a counterculture to five sociocultural influences identified with eating disorders: (1) pressure to be thin; (2) glorification of youth; (3) changing roles of women; (4) the popular media; and (5) athletic elitism and cosmetic fitness. Teachers and coaches are encouraged to familiarize themselves with the signs, symptoms and characteristics of eating disorders so that they can play their role in detection, referral, treatment, and prevention. In addition, they should familiarize themselves with the following five "Ps," i.e., who is Predisposed to an eating disorder; what might Precipitate and Perpetuate an eating disorder; what is available by way of Professional help and what role do teachers and coaches have to play in Prevention. The paper also discusses results of a National Collegiate Athletic Association Survey; sport/fitness programs and maladaptive behavior; competitiveness in sport/fitness and eating disorders; and referral and treatment of athletes with eating disorders. (Contains approximately 75 references.) (LL)

All teachers, coaches, and guidance counselors should be concerned about eating disorders as a health and life threatening illness. While no reliable research studies or statistics exist on the incidence of eating disorders among athletes and aerobic exercisers, estimates suggest that 10-20% of the female high school population and a much higher percentage of college and university female populations are involved in some form of eating disorder. Studies have shown that the incidence is much higher among children and young adults involved in activities such as dance, gymnastics, figure skating, middle distance and marathon running, swimming and diving, rowing and wrestling. Although eating disorders are generally perceived as a female adolescent problem, there are statistics that suggest that a growing number of males and young adults are also engaged in eating disorders. This document reviews the literature on eating disorders in the areas of: (1) eating disorders and sport/fitness activity; (2) sports/fitness programs and maladaptive behavior; (3) competitiveness in sport/fitness and eating disorders; and (4) sociocultural factors. Research is reviewed and books and publications on eating disorders are discussed. Over 80 references are included. (NB)

This document reviews the research linking excessive exercise with eating disorders. Seven steps are listed that an individual follows in going from someone who starts out using exercise and aerobic dance as a stress management technique or a hobby to becoming an exercise dependent individual with addictive behavior. Studies are reviewed, the results of which suggest that while exercise participants and aerobic instructors are generally "healthy" from an eating disorder and body image standpoint, there is a significant minority of underweight participants and instructors who overestimate their body size and have tendencies toward anorexia nervosa and bulimia. It is recommended that those interested in organizing and conducting exercise and fitness programs be concerned by the results of these studies. Included in the document are tables describing red flags for eating disorders, distinguishing features of the athlete/fitness participant, and distinguishing features of the athlete/exercise anorectic/bulimic; danger signs for physicians/researchers and for coaches/fitness instructors; and tips for prevention of eating disorders. Publications on eating disorders that have come from research in the sport and athletic area are recommended. (NB)

This paper presents the results from the Dubin Inquiry Report (1990) into drug abuse for athletic purposes. The inquiry involved testimonies from 48 steroid users, and from coaches, sport administrators, medical doctors, sport scientists, and International Olympic Committee representatives. Recommendations from the Dubin Report include: (1) increased and improved drug testing at the national and international levels; (2) third-party testing by the Sports Medicine Council of Canada; (3) stricter sanctions, including suspension for at least the next world championship, after a violation; (4) legal sanctions for steroid distribution and use; (5) clearer demarcation on rights and responsibilities of Sport Canada and the sports governing bodies, with the former responsible for financing carded athletes and national teams, and the latter responsible for the selection and eligibility of such teams; (6) change in emphasis by the sporting community, the media, and the public at large from winning medals to personal excellence; (7) establishment of an independent arbitrator to deal with appeals; and (8) ethics and morality modules in the National Coaching Certification Program. (LLL)

The incidence of eating disorders is much higher among children and young adults involved in sport and fitness activities. When weight loss is followed by excessive exercise, certain biological and social reinforcers become evident. This is also followed by a diminished appetite, increased narcissistic investment in the body, and an elevated production of endorphins which enhances mood. A number of studies at the University of Windsor Sport Institute for Research/Change Agent Research (SIR/CAR) conducted throughout the 1970's and 1980's showed that when youth sports programs are professionalized, commercialized, and politicized, maladaptive behavior among participants was a probable outcome. Sport- and fitness-induced eating disorders, and steroid use are a form of iatrogenesis, or education and health profession induced illness. Parents, sport administrators, teachers, coaches, and fitness instructors do not cause, cannot control, and cannot cure eating disorders or drug abuse. They can nevertheless contribute, either positively or negatively, to the prevention of the problem or prognosis in this illness. They can contribute positively through identification, facing up to the problem, practicing tough love intervention techniques, providing a referral to a qualified health professional, and providing both the eating-disordered individual and themselves with alternative coping mechanisms and lifestyle behaviors. (LLL)

The Sports Institute for Research Through Change Agent Research (SIR/CAR) is an interdisciplinary, public professional, study/action group, which brings together theoreticians and practitioners to investigate topics of vital interest to sport or athletic organizations functioning at the community, provincial/state, national, or international level. SIR/CAR, with associates throughout Canada and the United States, is equipped to bring consulting services to assist in organizational analysis, development, study/research and to sports organizations requiring professional services to develop change agents and bring about change by reducing the gap between avowed and actual organizational goals. SIR brings together theoreticians and practitioners capable of contributing to (1) community sports-related consulting service, (2) discovery of new sports-related knowledge, and (3) dissemination of that knowledge. CAR is a systems analysis technique bringing together practitioners and theoreticians in a three-phase process for organizational analysis, organizational development, and organizational research. CAR studies are conducted on the IDEA system: IDEA--Identification, Delineation, Evaluation, and Action. In sum, SIR provides a structure; CAR provides a systems analysis model; and IDEA provides a study/research methodology. (MM)

This study reports the results of a pilot Change Agent Research (CAR) project initiated in the summer of 1975 by the Sports Institute for Research (SIR) for the Windsor Minor Lacrosse Association. The purpose of the project was to audit the association to diagnose the nature of its organizational problems and assist in initiating change in order to reduce the gap between stated goals and actual behavior. The researchers utilized the SAW method for diagnosis. SAW consists of [S]eeing by audiovisual and personal observation monitoring; [A]sking by semi-directed, focused interviews; and [W]ritten opinionnaires. Results indicated problems within the organization stemming from ambiguity of goals and outside pressures. Data collected from players indicated problems stemming from differences in age and low morale due to dropouts. The interviews and questionnaires depicted an amateur sports direction for the organization; however, monitoring by media and personal observation indicated the organization was heading in a professional athletics direction. Overall, the results revealed that the players want to operate as an amateur sports association and revisions must be made in the structure of the association to accommodate the players' needs and desire for amateur status. Appendices include sample SAW opinionnaires. (MM)

This organizational analysis of Windsor minor hockey was conducted as a pilot study into the policy decision making process in a sports organization. The study was divided into three phases. In the first phase the organization was audited and provided with information about various feedback channels. In phase two observations, available techniques, and management and organizational alternatives were discussed with policy makers. Phase three consisted of a reaudit of the organization in order to evaluate the effects of policy decisions in phase two. It was found that some changes--for example, the use of half ice and no standing leagues--were in the right direction. There were, however, areas in which more change was needed--particularly concerning communication and contact between organizational components. Recommendations for change were discussed. (PB)

This study was based on an earlier 1972-73 study (see SP 009 113) which led to organizational restructuring of Windsor minor hockey (WMH). It was felt that further studies comparing attitudes and beliefs with behavior would be beneficial. Of particular interest were: (a) whether or not attitudes and beliefs changed due to adjusted organization and administration; (b) what the effect was on technical skill, physical development, and motor learning of children and youth involved in WMH--particularly those in no scoring, no standing leagues; and (c) what the attitudes, beliefs, and behavior were of coaches and parents involved in leagues with standing and playoffs. Evaluation consisted of interviews, written questionnaires, and category sorting of slogans by managers and coaches. Variables observed in the study included performance on a skills test and a cardiovascular test, maximum ice utilization, and behavior. A generalized summary indicated that there was overwhelming support for emphasis, within the hockey program, on socialization, fun, equal treatment on ice, and other variables generally associated with amateur sport and recreational play. It was also noted that no scoring, no standing leagues did result in reduced aggression and violence. Differences in behavior between participants in WMH and other amateur hockey associations were attributed to changes in organizational structure. Recommendations were provided to WMH, including the expansion of no scoring and no standing leagues to all levels. (PB)

This study of the Windsor Aquatic Club (WAC) was undertaken to investigate the following problems and questions: (a) identification of goals; (b) conflict in the interface of age class and school class swimming, as well as the interface of municipal, regional, provincial, federal, and international organizations; (c) identification of task, structure, and control as distributed among executives, coaches, parents, and swimmers; (d) traits, situations, and behavior of individuals and groups, particularly youth involved as swimmers compared with adults involved as executives, coaches, or interested parents and spectators; (e) social stress placed upon the club by mass media or sponsors; and (f) constituent strain from the various age groups, swimmers, coaches, parents, or executives. Research was carried out through personal observation, television observation, written opinionnaires, and interviews. Analysis of the interview material and opinionnaires indicated that adults were seeking high-level sports excellence, whereas swimmers were seeking fun and socialization. Observations supported these findings. (Short comments by researchers on each of the procedures used are included in this report. Also included are sample opinionnaires, an example of the outline used for interviewing, and a list of recommended changes as described by all members of the WAC.) (PB)

This study of nine Little League teams revolved around the following problems and questions: (a) role or status of Little League baseball as sport or athletics; (b) conflict in the interface of local, provincial, national, and international organizations; (c) relative significance of variables of technical skills, administrative decision-making, and public image; and (d) effect of equating and evaluating amateur sport on the criteria of professional athletics or vice versa. Research procedures included television observation, personal observation teams, interviews, and written questionnaires. Analysis of the interview material and written questionnaires showed commitment to the goals of amateur sport--participation, play, and service in a democratic, mutual-benefit organization for the benefit of players. Observation of actual behavior, however, did not support these beliefs. Aggression, hostility, and other negative behavior was observed on the part of all groups involved. Because of these observations, recommendations were made for changing behavior by modifying the structure of the league. The recommendations included: (a) employing mass media to focus on goals of amateur sports as opposed to goals of professional athletics; (b) dividing players on the basis of age and ability; (c) discontinuing scoring and standing, at least at beginning levels; and (d) evaluating Little League in terms of individual player improvement and number of participants rather than standings, competitive caliber, or success in championships. (PB)

This paper delineates the exact methodology developed by the Sports Institute for Research/Change Agent Research (SIR/CAR) for applying a systems analysis technique to a voluntary mutual benefit organization, such as a school or amateur athletic group. The functions of the technique are to compare avowed and actual behavior, to utilize group dynamics to develop a cadre of change agents, and to reaudit the organization to assess the effects of Phase 1 and 2 intervention. Results of the application of this method to Little League baseball organizations are presented and discussed. A diagram illustrating the professional-amateur dichotomy in the structure of athletic organizations is included. (LH)

Formulation and forecast via the development of a five-year projection of possible future conditions in the Ontario Federation of School Athletic Associations (OFSAA) through the use of a modified Delphi technique was the purpose of this study. The research represents a survey investigation utilizing knowledgeable representatives of the 83 OFSAA legislative councils. The subjects were asked to identify probable and desirable developments and their impact on interschool sport related to the OFSAA. A plan for future action based on the research tabulated in the body of the paper and suggestions for future investigations on the topic of sports funding vs. institutional autonomy are included. (Author/LH)

The trends and changes occurring in Windsor District 5 Little League Baseball between 1971 and 1978 were closely monitored in order for researchers to discern the results of Sports Institute for Research/Change Agent Research (SIR/CAR) intervention in these programs. Comparisons of the 1972, 1976, and 1978 studies reveal that the values focus of the Windsor group significantly shifted away from competitive emphasis and towards an attitude stressing the social aspects of sports. A tentative conclusion may be drawn that through the use of SIR/CAR research methodology, and with the collaboration of universities and colleges, youth sports personnel can realistically reevaluate their avowed goals and update their operational programs to better facilitate their goal achievement. (LH)

The literature is reviewed on sexual abuse, assault, and exploitation of people with disabilities; and new data from two pilot studies are introduced. The pilot studies consisted of two surveys: (1) a survey of 19 Canadian community service agencies dealing with sexual abuse, focusing on types of services provided and self-evaluation of services for disabled individuals; and (2) a survey of 62 Canadian agencies aiding disabled people, focusing on characteristics of the victim, offender, and offense; the disability's contribution to the victim's vulnerability to sexual abuse; and the nature of victim support services. The studies' results suggested that: Canadians with disabilities are at greater risk for sexual abuse; the extent of increased risk remains unclear; current services often fail to meet the needs of people with disabilities; failure becomes increasingly common as a function of the severity of the disability; and findings reported elsewhere can be generalized to Canada. The bulk of the document comprises a 200-item annotated bibliography of research studies, position papers, program descriptions, clinical reports, and media accounts, covering English-language and French-language literature in the areas of sexual abuse and assault of people with disabilities, other forms of abuse, sex education, sexuality for people with disabilities, and related materials. The survey instruments used in the two pilot studies are also included. (JDD)

This article presents the results of a public attitude survey of a quota sample of approximately 4,000 age 18 and older Canadians, in which respondents were asked to express their opinion on who should own and operate professional athletics, national and international amateur athletics, and school/amateur sport. Attitude was also assessed on what form school/amateur sport should take, i.e., athletic excellence or socializing sport. The perception of TV athletic aggression upon family members and responsibility for controlling level of TV athletic aggression was also assessed. Approximately three-quarters of the respondents felt that professional athletic teams should be owned and operated by some form of private enterprise, while the remainder felt that this was the government's responsibility (21 percent) or had no opinion (four percent). Responsibility for ownership and operation of national/international amateur athletics was viewed mainly as the responsibility of the government, with only 18 percent attributing responsibility to private enterprise. In terms of organizing and paying for school/amateur youth sport, about half of the respondents saw this as a government responsibility, one-quarter as an amateur athletic organization responsibility, and 14 percent as a school responsibility. The overwhelming majority of the respondents favored socializing sport as opposed to athletic excellence. Over 50 percent of the respondents felt that TV little affected themselves or their family members, in respect of athletic aggression. When questioned on responsibility for regulating the aggressiveness of TV athletics, 70 percent indicated athletic organization responsibility, with the remainder split between government, network, and combined responsibility. (Author/MJB)

This document presents an overview of a survey conducted to determine the educational and social role of interschool sports in the secondary schools of Ontario, Canada. The study is based on the theory that the goal of most youth sports organizations is participation--to get as many children involved as possible. Conversely, professional-athletic organizations strive for elite athletics rather than mass participation. The behavior of the sports organization frequently does not facilitate the goal of participation, and the result is dysfunctional conflict. Primarily four variables serve as obstacles and bring pressure to bear upon the behaviour of those involved in the sport organization: the structure of the organization, the individuals and groups within the organization, stress from society at large, and strain from those within the organization. These variables are examined as they affect interschool sports competition. (JD)

This study investigates the question of whether or not exposure to televised professional sports affects the social behavior of young people who themselves actively engage in those sports. Lacrosse, hockey, baseball were monitored on television, with students questioned about the impact the behavior of the players (pro-social and anti-social) has upon their own behavior on the playing field. Findings suggested that exposure to anti-social media does not necessarily lead to increased levels of aggressive behavior among children and youth participants in organized sports. In general, a positive relationship did appear between exposure to pro-social media and high levels of pro-social behavior. Results were inconclusive in regard to the issue of desensitization to violence as a result of observation of anti-social media. It is recommended, however, that the mass media be encouraged to depict and emphasize the pro-social model and positive behavioral aspects of amateur and school sport activities, as well as offering more exposure to those sports high in pro-social behavior, such as golf and tennis. (JD)

This document reports on the model and method used to design, implement, coordinate, and evaluate a summer camp for young people with eating disorders. The basic approach used at the camp is described as the Sports Institute for Research model, a systems analysis model which focuses on: (1) the ultimate goal or mission; (2) obstacles or problems preventing achievement of this goal; (3) structure in terms of administration and control; (4) significant individuals and groups of both clients and providers in terms of their traits, situations, and behaviors; (5) social stress from outside the sponsoring organizations; and (6) constituent strain from within the specific project, leading to recommended changes, restructuring, and realignment of individuals and groups to establish a trend. The model was applied specifically to the Bulimia Anorexia Nervosa Association-Canadian/American summer camp and change agent research was used in each of the individual camps; quantitative and qualitative data obtained in the research evaluation are presented. Includes charts. (NB)

This document reports on the quantitative and qualitative evaluation of "A Preventive Curriculum for Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia" (Carney and Veilleux, 1986) which was published by the Bulimia Anorexia Nervosa Association-Canadian/American (BANA-Can/Am), an organization which was formed in 1983 by parents, professionals, and patients in southwestern Ontario who were concerned about the epidemic spread of eating disorders. Three phases in the development of the curriculum are described: (1) identification and delineation of an outline for the curriculum, and a model and method for evaluation of the curriculum; (2) the review of the first draft by selected target groups such as the funding agency, health professionals, teachers, and consultants; followed by a second draft to be used in the formal evaluation; and (3) actual pilot testing of the curriculum along with qualitative and quantitative evaluations. The quantitative evaluation is described and results from pretests (N=315) and posttests (N=362) of the Eating Disorders Inventories and measures assessing knowledge and attitudes are presented. Changes in the curriculum suggested by verbal and written comments from students and teachers in the qualitative evaluation are listed. Plans for future evaluations of the curriculum in various settings are discussed. (NB)

Twenty-four of the 35 Canadian schools with formal journalism programs responded to a survey conducted to collect data about enrollment, curricula, faculty background in journalism, and the ability of journalism graduates to find jobs in the profession. Highlights of the results are as follows: there are an estimated 3,300 journalism students in Canada, with an average program enrollment of 94 students (reporting schools had from 10 to 575 students in their programs); most of the curricula revolve around student internships on campus or local newspapers, with course materials reflecting student/faculty reactions to current events; and a majority (78%) of Canadian journalism graduates in 1976 secured journalism-related jobs. That Canadian journalism schools stress previous journalism experience in their prospective faculty members is indicated by the fact that current faculty members at the responding schools have an average of seven years of journalistic experience. (A list of the responding schools and a copy of the questionnaire are provided.) (RL)

A program designed to meet the training needs of the agricultural community served by Fraser Valley College is outlined. Proposed as a two-year diploma program, it is designed for both full- and part-time enrollment and includes three major programs: livestock production, plant production, and poultry production. Each program contains several options to cover the various sectors of the agricultural industry. Courses are structured around 30-hour modules which can be taken separately or as packages to meet the needs of pre-service or in-service user groups. The program is production-oriented and includes a high proportion of practical experience on host farms; this has the advantage of not only providing realistic practical experience for the student, but also places the student in direct contact with future employers. Curriculum outlines and budget projections are included in the document. Appendices contain recommendations of consultants on agricultural training needs in the college service area and other supporting documentation. (Author/MB)