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Cellular agriculture, which uses advances in muscle tissue engineering for food production, has been proposed as a complementary method to conventional seafood production systems (i.e., aquaculture and wild-capture fisheries) to ensure a sustainable seafood supply for the expanding global population. Cell-cultured seafood offers many environmental and other advantages over harvesting wild seafood and aquaculture (farmed) production. According to the Good Food Institute alternate protein manufacturers and brands database, 54 companies headquartered in 19 countries are working on some aspect of cell-cultured seafood production. This article describes how cell-cultured seafood is produced and its potential food safety hazards, and it discusses tentative labeling terminology, commercialization challenges, and research needed to advance more cost-effective production, overcome consumer hesitance to buy, and assess societal and cultural impacts. Approaches by Canada and the United States to the regulation of cell-cultured seafood are also described. Regulators, seafood hazard analysis critical control point trainers, and other seafood safety or quality professionals need to understand how cell-cultured seafood is manufactured and its potential food safety hazards so that they can oversee safe production, handling, and regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bats are hosts to a range of pathogens, which include zoonotic pathogens and pathogens of conservation concern. Brock Fenton's research on bat ecology has always balanced clear communication of potential health risks associated with bats and the need to communicate these risks precisely to avoid unnecessary persecution of bats. Here, we integrate Brock's work in the field of disease ecology with that of his students and collaborators and consider the potential advantages of studying disease ecology of bats within the Canadian context. The broad distribution of a few common species across the vast landscape of present-day Canada provides an opportunity to untangle the impacts of environmental variation on host–pathogen interactions and disease severity, particularly in the context of climate change. The varying migratory strategies and social structure of the bat species found in Canada could also facilitate informative interspecific studies to better understand how bat health is affected by interactions among rapid environmental changes, physiological traits, and the social behaviour of different species. We propose a series of priority research questions and approaches that could further our understanding of bat health and disease ecology in Canada, inspired by the work of Brock, his colleagues, and students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nine Fraser River Sockeye Salmon Designatable Units (DUs) were assessed as Threatened or Endangered by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC; 2017), and are currently under consideration for addition to Schedule 1 of the Species at Risk Act (SARA). This document is the second of two parts for the Recovery Potential Assessment (RPA) for these DUs. The first part of the RPA involved quantitative analysis of abundance data and generation of recovery targets, and estimating the probability of achieving these recovery targets under a range of modelled productivities and rates of en route mortality. This second part of the RPA provides an overview of biology and habitat requirements, an assessment of threats and factors potentially limiting recovery, an inventory of potential mitigation activities to increase survival and/or productivity, and a final discussion surrounding allowable harm. The major threats impacting these DUs were assessed in a multi-day workshop, held October 27th to 29th, 2020, with a range of subject-matter experts, and were identified to be climate change, geological events, natural systems modifications, fishing, pollution, and hatchery competition. These threats were subsequently reviewed during this peer-review process and revised according to group consensus. All nine DUs are faced with a unique and complex suite of threats and limiting factors depending on their geographic location, yet all DUs range from a High to Extreme level of threat risk. Based on the threats assessment, over the next three generations (2021-2032) it is expected that there will be a population level decline of 31-70% (High Risk) for DU10 Harrison (U/S)-L, DU16 Quesnel-S, DU21 Takla-Trembleur-S, and DU24 Widgeon-RT; a population level decline of 31-100% (High-Extreme Risk) for DU2 Bowron-ES, DU14 North Barriere-ES, DU17 Seton-L, DU22 Taseko-ES; and population level decline of 71% to 100% (Extreme Risk) for DU20 Takla-Trembleur-EStu. Alleviating the numerous and complex threats to these DUs will be difficult, especially as many of the threats are exacerbated by climate change. It will be critical to ensure that efforts are appropriately coordinated through effective governance to successfully mitigate the cumulative impacts of these diverse threats. Given the information presented in this RPA (Part 1 & 2), it is apparent that all sources of anthropogenic harm should be minimized to give these populations a chance to rebuild. It is our recommendation that the only activities allowed that cause mortality are those that are in support of the recovery, and in some cases survival of the DUs (i.e. DU20 Takla-Trembleur-EStu, DU2 Bowron-ES), and all sources of anthropogenic harm should be reduced to the maximum extent possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The North Atlantic Designatable Unit (DU) of Shortfin Mako Shark was assessed by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC) as Endangered in April 2019, and is currently under consideration for listing under Schedule 1 of the Species at Risk Act (SARA). The Recovery Potential Assessment (RPA) presented here provides information to support the listing recommendation and any recovery actions, should the species be listed. Shortfin Mako occurs throughout the Northern Hemisphere of the Atlantic Ocean. The biological characteristics of Shortfin Mako (i.e., relatively long lifespan, late maturity, and low reproductive output) make the population very susceptible to fishing pressure, which is the main threat identified in the North Atlantic. Multiple international and Canadian fisheries intercept Shortfin Mako as bycatch, and the most recent assessment of the DU predicts that it is overfished relative to biomass at Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY). Reducing total removals in the North Atlantic to 500 mt is projected to have a > 50% probability of population recovery by 2070. For comparison, international and Canadian removals in 2019 totalled 1,863 mt and 63 mt, respectively. Considering just Canadian fleets, interception probabilities are highest from pelagic longline, with an average of 48% of observed sets encountering Shortfin Mako, followed by bottom longline (0.4% of sets) and otter trawl (0.2% of sets). The most effective Canadian mitigation measure for Shortfin Mako will be the new landings prohibition, implemented in 2020 for pelagic longline and scheduled for implementation in 2021 for fixed-gear groundfish fisheries. The effectiveness of other mitigation measures are relatively unclear and, in many cases, would require dedicated experimentation to test. The current requirement to use circle hooks may need to be revised due to new evidence that increased catchability outweighs any reduction in post-release mortality for Shortfin Mako, thus leading to greater total mortality as compared to using J-hooks. Given the current level of international fisheries removals and the extent of mitigation already in place in Canada, there is very little scope for mitigation actions by Canada to measurably affect recovery potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ornithological Applications is the property of Oxford University Press / USA and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Fisheries & Aquatic Sciences is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background and Aims: Cannabis use is common among people on opioid agonist treatment (OAT), causing concern for some care providers. However, there is limited and conflicting evidence on the impact of cannabis use on OAT outcomes. Given the critical role of retention in OAT in reducing opioid‐related morbidity and mortality, we aimed to estimate the association of at least daily cannabis use on the likelihood of retention in treatment among people initiating OAT. As a secondary aim we tested the impacts of less frequent cannabis use. Design Data were drawn from two community‐recruited prospective cohorts of people who use illicit drugs (PWUD). Participants were followed for a median of 81 months (interquartile range = 37–130). Setting: Vancouver, Canada. Participants: This study comprised a total of 820 PWUD (57.8% men, 59.4% of Caucasian ethnicity, 32.2% HIV‐positive) initiating OAT between December 1996 and May 2016. The proportion of women was higher among HIV‐negative participants, with no other significant differences. Measurements The primary outcome was retention in OAT, defined as remaining in OAT (methadone or buprenorphine/naloxone‐based) for two consecutive 6‐month follow‐up periods. The primary explanatory variable was cannabis use (at least daily versus less than daily) during the same 6‐month period. Confounders assessed included: socio‐demographic characteristics, substance use patterns and social–structural exposures. Findings In adjusted analysis, at least daily cannabis use was positively associated with retention in OAT [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.21, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.04–1.41]. Our secondary analysis showed that compared with non‐cannabis users, at least daily users had increased odds of retention in OAT (aOR = 1.20, 95% CI = 1.02–1.43), but not less than daily users (aOR = 1.00, 95% CI = 0.87–1.14). Conclusions: Among people who use illicit drugs initiating opioid agonist treatment in Vancouver, at least daily cannabis use was associated with approximately 21% greater odds of retention in treatment compared with less than daily consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on the psychosocial correlates and theoretical frameworks of men presenting with eating disorders (ED) psychopathology is limited. This study compared treatment-seeking men and women in terms of their levels of interpersonal functioning (affiliation and dominance), regulation of negative emotions (negative affect and instability) and ED psychopathology. The study also investigated the validity of the interpersonal model of ED in men. Results from the cross-sectional data of 388 participants (137 men and 251 women) demonstrated that the structural models fit and that paths were invariant across men and women. There were significant indirect effects of interpersonal functioning on ED psychopathology, mediated through negative affect and instability, for both men and women. Negative affect and instability partially explain the relationship between interpersonal problems and ED psychopathology in treatment-seeking men and women. Current findings highlight the need to evaluate the validity of the model using longitudinal designs to test whether men and women are likely to benefit equally from interpersonal therapies for ED. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Key Practitioner Message Negative affect and instability mediated the relationship between interpersonal problems and eating disorder psychopathology for treatment-seeking men and women., There were no gender differences between levels of negative affect, emotional instability and interpersonal dysfunction, but women reported slightly higher eating concerns than men., Interpersonal model is a framework that is applicable to understanding and potentially treating men with eating disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exposure to lead in drinking water poses a risk for various adverse health effects, and significant efforts have been made to monitor and eliminate lead exposure in drinking water. This study focused on the localization of lead exposure from 71 drinking water fountains in nonresidential buildings in order to determine the source of elevated lead and understand the effects of fountains associated with lead concentration in drinking water. Drinking water fountains containing lead-lined cooling tanks and brass fittings were found to release lead concentrations in excess of 10 µg=L, and fountains with low or infrequent usage and those with cooling tanks produced the highest concentrations (in excess of 20 µg=L) of lead. One particular fountain model found at several locations throughout the institution was associated with some of the highest lead concentrations measured throughout the study. This fountain was recalled in the United States, but not in Canada. This article adds to existing research demonstrating that drinking water fountains are a potentially significant and underappreciated source of lead exposure in nonresidential buildings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report on a limnological study of ice-covered Upper Dumbell Lake (Ellesmere Island, Canada) conducted during the summer of 1959. The lake was vertically profiled for physical (temperature, light), chemical (alkalinity, pH, oxygen, nutrients), and biological (chlorophyll a, gross and net primary productivity) variables on 21 dates spanning from early July to early September. Zooplankton density and age structure were also determined on four dates. Factors such as temperature, alkalinity, pH, and oxygen varied little with depth or over time, whereas nutrients (nitrate, dissolved silica, soluble reactive phosphorus), light, chlorophyll a, and gross and net photosynthesis varied substantially. Comparing July to August, nitrate and light intensity decreased while dissolved silica, chlorophyll a, and gross and net primary production increased, with two distinct peaks in algal biomass occurring over the month of August. Chlorophyll a in this lake was negatively correlated with nitrate concentrations, suggesting uptake of nitrogen as algal biomass increased. The copepod Limnocalanus macrurus was the dominant zooplankton taxon present; the age structure of the population advanced over the summer. This study reveals the dynamic nature of vertical habitat gradients even under the ice of Arctic lakes and provides important baseline data for conditions in an Arctic lake during the mid-20th century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a case study which examines the advancements in biotelemetry and its effect on the management of Pacific salmon species in Fraser River watershed, Canada. It describes the responsibilities and authority of fisheries managers regarding pacific salmon fishery and discusses the challenges involved in moving biotelemetry knowledge into fisheries managers' decision-making practices.

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this article, we report on a multi-sited ethnographic study that investigates how the discourse of fashion influenced the design and implementation of workplace diversity management programs in six organizations. These organizations, from the Canadian petroleum and insurance industries, were manipulated by an institutional field of consultants and experts into adopting relatively superficial initiatives that lacked local relevance, and produced a high level of organizational cynicism regarding diversity. In our analysis, we particularly explore one adverse effect of this discourse of fashion; that it may trigger a form of meaningless imitation by organizations adopting diversity management initiatives, resulting in superficiality and organizational cynicism. At the same time, the discourse of fashion may also hold the key to enable meaningful change, for it has a powerful influence on organizational practitioners. Our article suggests that organizations need to be aware of the institutional field, and engage with it in a manner that imbues their initiatives with local relevance, for their initiatives to contribute to meaningful organizational change. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Many coho salmon stocks ( Oncorhynchus kisutch) have been in decline during the past three decades. Canada’s most endangered salmon stock, the Thompson River coho salmon, is being studied extensively as managers attempt to reverse these population declines. Investigators are using acoustic telemetry to track the migratory behaviour and survival of the Thompson River (and other) coho salmon stocks. Coho salmon pre-smolts are relatively small compared with salmonid species that are typically studied using acoustic telemetry; therefore the identification of the appropriate sizes of fish and tags to use is critical. This study tested the effects of surgically implanting the three smallest sizes of acoustic tags currently available on the growth, survival, tag retention, swimming performance and physical condition of coho salmon pre-smolts for 300 days post-surgery. Maximum tag size to body size ratios ranged from 15–17% by fork length and 7–8% by mass for the three tag sizes (11 cm fork length for a 6 × 19 mm tag, 12.5 cm for a 7 × 19 mm tag, and 14 cm for a 9 × 21 mm tag). Based on our results, it is unlikely that coho salmon pre-smolts implanted with acoustic transmitters following these size guidelines would have poor survival in studies of freshwater migratory behaviour as a result of the surgery or the tag. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the population structure of sockeye salmon in British Columbia. Fundamental component of the recovery planning for sockeye salmon; Methodology of the study; Determination of the genetic relationship among salmon species.

The pattern of temporal change in recruitment of steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) entering the ocean between 1963 and 1990 was geographically coherent in all regions of British Columbia. A major increase in recruitment was evident for smolts entering the ocean after 1977. Subsequently, an out-of-phase response occurred after 1990, indicating that the effect of a possible 1990 regime shift had both temporal and geographical structure. Steelhead entering northern regions had increasing recruitment, while steelhead entering southern BC coastal regions had sharply decreasing recruitment. The evidence clearly indicates that the overall recruitment response since 1977 was primarily shaped by changes in marine (not freshwater) survival. Similar sudden changes in adult recruitment also appear to be occurring for other species of Pacific salmon in BC and Oregon, such as coho (O. kisutch), which appear to occur suddenly and show considerable persistence. A possible explanation for the change is that ocean productivity declined in coastal regions of southern BC after 1990, reducing the marine growth of juvenile salmon. The Bakun upwelling index shows a pattern of geographical coherence along the west coast of North America that could in principle explain the observed pattern of changes in recruitment. However, no evidence for a temporal shift in this index occurring around 1977 and 1990 is apparent. The reason for the sudden and persistent decline in ocean survival is therefore uncertain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]