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Pre- and posttraining measurement of adult English-as-a-Second-Language learners' (N=18) apology speech act behavior found no clear-cut quantitative improvement after training, although there was an obvious qualitative approximation of native-like speech act behavior in terms of types of intensification and downgrading, choice of strategy, and awareness of situational factors. (Author/CB)

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The article focuses on the politics of memory, public memory and history in Germany and Canada. The author suggests that Canada lacks a historical memory and that it could do better at remembering its own past. It is inferred that history and public memory is very important in Germany and it is also suggested that Germany is obsessive about its past. The article explores how society remembers history in both countries and how it reflects people's self-understanding. The author discusses how Canada could improve its national capital.

Discusses the impact of the reelection of U.S. President George W. Bush in 2004 on the country's relationship with Canada. Reasons behind the dislike of Canadians toward Bush; Approach used by Bush to restore his credibility to Canadian Prime Minister Paul Martin; Factors that may shape the relationship between the two countries.

This article explores the capacity of Canada in areas of foreign and defense policy after the September 11 terrorist attacks. The author references a statement issued by Canadian minister of foreign affairs John Manley citing the inadequacy of Canada's capacity in areas of foreign and defense policy and how that weakness was compromising its ability to honor its traditional commitments overseas. In contrast, the author finds that Canada plays an important role in humanitarian and military assistance efforts across the globe. In conclusion, he suggests to rebuild the Canadian military and enhance foreign relations education in schools.

The author comments on the administration of the U.S. government under U.S. President George W. Bush. Bush announced plans to displace social services offered by faith-based organization, outlawed funding for abortion overseas and proposed education reform that would include vouchers for private schools, in his first 10 days in office. The bilateral relationship between the U.S. and Canada is questioned under Bush's administration.