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Most countries that provide for compulsory treatment for mental illness have a system by which this treatment is subject to independent legal oversight. Many countries use a special type of legal body for this purpose, called a mental health tribunal. Mental health tribunals have been subject to criticism from the points of view of both legal professionals and mental healthcare practitioners. Similar themes have manifested in these criticisms and have been consistent across several decades; legal professionals tend to focus on the tribunals being biased toward the medical opinion, and acting as a 'rubber stamp', whereas healthcare practitioners tend to focus on the adversarial nature of the trial, and the adverse effect that this can have on clients. However, empirical studies of the tribunals have not separated and directly compared these perspectives. This study aimed to explore this dynamic between lawyers' views and healthcare practitioners' views of mental health tribunals. We used thematic analysis to re-analyse data from two previous research studies, one which looked at lawyers' views of the tribunals, and one which looked at healthcare practitioners' views. Our results are divided into three themes: views of the problems with tribunals, professional roles in relationship to the tribunals and professional values demonstrated through these views and roles. We then consider if the 'clash of values' represented by these findings, and found in the literature, may pose an impediment to tribunal reform. Identifying and exploring this barrier is an important step to moving beyond critique to reform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates associations between initial levels and change in the quality of the relationships youth with intellectual disabilities (ID) share with their parents and teachers, and changes in their levels of depression over time. A sample of 395 youth with mild (48.3%) and moderate (51.7%) ID, aged between 11 and 22 (M = 15.69), were recruited in Canada (n = 142) and Australia (n = 253). Youth completed self-report measures of relationship quality and depression twice over a one-year period. Initial levels of warmth (β = −.109) and conflict (β = −.302) predicted decreases in depression. Increases in warmth predicted decreases in depression (β = −.179), while increases in conflict predicted increases in depression (β =.268). Discrepancies between youth relationships with their parents and teachers predicted decreases in depression (βwarmth = −.732; βconflict = −.608). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medical assistance in dying (MAiD) is an evolving practice in Canada, with requests and outcomes increasing each year, and yet controversy is present—with a vast spectrum of ethical positions on its permissibility. International research indicates that family members who experience disagreement over their loved one's decision to have MAiD are less likely to be actively involved in supporting patients through the practical aspects of the dying process. Family members with passive involvement in the assisted dying process may also experience more significant moral dilemmas and challenging grief experiences than those who supported the decision. Given these previous findings, we designed this study to explore the factors complicating family members' experiences with MAiD in Canada and to understand how these complicating factors impact family members' bereavement in the months and years following MAiD. We conducted narrative interviews with 12 MAiD-bereaved family members who experienced disagreements, family conflicts, or differences in understanding about MAiD. Documenting and analyzing participants' experiences through storytelling allowed us to appreciate the complexity of family members' experiences and understand their values. The analysis generated five factors that can complicate the MAiD process and bereavement for family members: family discordance, internal conflict, legislative and eligibility concerns, logistical challenges, and managing disclosure and negative reactions. To our knowledge, this is the first Canadian study that explores how family discordance can impact bereavement following MAiD. Future bereavement services and resources should consider how these complicating factors may impact bereavement and ensure that Canadians with diverse MAiD experiences can access appropriate support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Virtual interprofessional education (IPE) has emerged as a promising alternative to traditional in‐person IPE. However, theoretical frameworks to support virtual interprofessional learning are not well established. Two theoretical frameworks emerged as relevant to virtual IPE: (1) the Canadian Interprofessional Health Collaborative (CIHC) interprofessional learning framework and (2) Dornan's Experience‐Based Learning Model (ExBL) of workplace learning. In this study, we sought to explore virtual IPE using both frameworks to develop new theoretical understandings and identify assumptions, gaps and barriers. Methods: This was a qualitative study. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with medical and nursing student participants (n = 14) and facilitators (n = 3) from virtual IPE workshops. Transcripts were analysed using directed content analysis methodology, informed by the CIHC and ExBL frameworks. Themes were explored using mind‐mapping transitional coding. Data collection and analysis were continued iteratively until themes with adequate conceptual depth, relevance and plausibility were identified. Results: Three themes were identified: (1) a shift in the balance of personal and professional, (2) blunted sociologic fidelity and (3) uncertainty and threats to interpersonal connections. Professional distinctions and hierarchies are blurred virtually. This contributed to an increased sense of psychological safety among most learners and lowered the threshold for participation. Separation from workplace sociologic complexity facilitated communication and role clarification objectives. However, loss of immersion may limit deeper engagement. Interprofessional objectives that rely on deeper sociological fidelity, such as conflict resolution, may be threatened. Informal interactions between learners are hindered, which may threaten organic development of interprofessional relationships. Conclusions: Role clarification and communication objectives are preserved in virtual IPE. Educators should pay close attention to psychological safety and sociologic fidelity—both to leverage advantages and guard against threats to connection and transferability. Virtual IPE may be well suited as a primer to in‐person activities or as scaffolding towards interprofessional workplace practice. Although virtual environments have the potential to increase psychological safety and blur professional distinctions, such factors require care when planning virtual interprofessional education activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Persistent intense anger is indicative of postpartum distress, yet maternal anger has been little explored after childbirth. Using grounded theory, we explained how and why mothers develop intense anger after childbirth and the actions they take to manage their anger. Twenty mothers of healthy singleton infants described their experiences of anger during the first two postpartum years. Mothers indicated they became angry when they had violated expectations, compromised needs, and felt on edge (e.g., exhausted, stressed, and resentful), particularly around infants' sleep. Mothers described suppressing and/or expressing anger with outcomes such as conflict and recruiting support. Receiving support from partners, family, and others helped mothers manage their anger, with more positive outcomes. Women should be screened for intense anger, maternal-infant sleep problems, and adequacy of social supports after childbirth. Maternal anger can be reduced by changing expectations and helping mothers meet their needs through social and structural supports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores nurses' experiences of workplace conflict with patients and their family members, how it differs by ethnic/racial identity, and highlights the coping strategies engaged to lessen these conflicts. Using a qualitative research design, this study draws on phenomenology and in‐depth interviews of 66 registered nurses and registered practical nurses from multiple sites in two Canadian cities to explore the experiences of nurses with multiple marginalized identities in relation to nurse–patient and nurse–patient's family member conflicts in direct care practice. The results show that horizontal conflicts, especially, ones involving nurses, patients, and their family members are quite pervasive in the nursing profession. Direct care nurses, especially, ethnic minorities relative to majority groups experience excessive physical assaults, verbal aggressive behaviors, racial stereotyping and discrimination, and sexual harassment from patients and patients' family members. Institutional support through policies and practices designed to de‐escalate aggressive behavior from patients and their family members were identified as important support systems. We conclude that policies aimed at creating a safe and strong health‐care system call for holding patients and th'eir family members legally responsible for uncivil and aggressive behavior against caregivers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines how childhood innocence is taken up in (92) memories of undergraduate students across four sites in the US and Canada. Drawing from Foucault's theory of discourse, we examine how three themes—innocence as not knowing, innocence as being provided for, and loss of innocence as exposure to adversity—construct childhood as the absence of conflict, which perpetuates the myth of an innocence/experience binary and encourages a deficit perspective of childhood. These findings contribute to teacher education and childhood studies by highlighting the importance of interrogating adult memories in order to disrupt normative assumptions about children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Those who survive critical illness only to become chronically critically ill (CCI) experience a high symptom burden, repeat episodes of illness exacerbation, communication barriers, and poor health outcomes. Yet, it is unclear how CCI individuals and their family understand their health and the importance of prognostic information following hospitalization. The research purpose was to examine expectations about health and disease prognosis of CCI residents in long-term care from the perspectives of the CCI themselves and their family members, as well as to describe healthcare provider (HCP) interpretations of, and reactions to, these health-related expectations. Methods: In this qualitative interpretive descriptive study, conducted in British Columbia, Canada, 38 semi-structured interviews were conducted (6 CCI residents, 11 family members, and 21 HCPs) and inductively analyzed using thematic and constant comparative techniques. Results: There was divergence in CCI resident, family and HCP expectations about health and the importance of disease prognosis, which contributed to conflict. CCI residents and family viewed conflict with HCPs in relation to their day-to-day care needs, while HCPs viewed this as arising from the unrealistically high expectations of residents and family. The CCI residents and family focussed on the importance of maintaining hope, and the HCPs highlighted the complexity of end-of-life decisions in conjunction with the high expectations and hopes of family. Conclusions: The emotional and ongoing process of formulating health-related expectations points to the need for future research to inform the development and/or adapting of existing communication, psychosocial and health services interventions to ease the burden experienced by those who are CCI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Self-care adherence remains low in patients with heart failure (HF); little is known about the influence of patients' values on self-care decisions and behaviors. Objectives: The aim of this study was to explore how participants living with HF perceive their values and how those values are reportedly expressed in self-care decision making. Methods: The Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis approach was used. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 12 patients 60 years or older; with New York Heart Association class II and III HF; and able to speak, read, and understand English. Participants recruited via convenience sampling (January--December 2016) from 2 urban sites in Western Canada. Results: Values were reported to pivotally influence HF self-care decisions and behaviors. Overarching themes addressed aspects of values and decision making: notably, directness and complexity. Two main types of values, functional and emotional values, were involved in both adherent and nonadherent decisions. Values were often in flux, with the pursuit of these values being frequently in conflict with physical ability and changing over time. Conclusion: Two types of values serve influence self-care decisions and adherence. As HF and its self-care prevent patients from pursuing their prioritized values, patients are often nonadherent. Thus, patients with HF should be supported to find alternative ways to enact their values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines students' negative experiences in field placement related to their sexual orientation, gender identity, and expression, examining areas of conflict and emotional responses to conflicts. Using a subset of data gathered as part of a larger survey of 1,018 lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) undergraduate and graduate social work students in the United States and Canada, an analysis is conducted on qualitative responses (N=207) to a question about conflict in the field. The authors identified six LGBTQ-related conflict themes: managing disclosure, unsupportive agency atmosphere, handling others' discomfort, dealing with discriminatory attitudes and behaviors, bad practice with LGBTQ clients, and challenges found within an LGBTQ-serving agency. Forty student responses discussed feelings of fear, sadness, discomfort, and shame. Implications for field education with LGBTQ social work students are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nearly all reports of interprofessional education (IPE) in palliative care have excluded pharmacy students. This article describes an IPE event between pharmacy and nursing students and assesses its impact on IPE competencies. Second-year nursing students and third-year pharmacy students participated in an evening-long event, focused on a married couple who each require palliative care--one for end-of-life planning and one for chronic disease progression. The impact of the event was assessed using the Interprofessional Collaborative Competency Attainment Scale (ICCAS) and qualitative feedback. Two hundred nine (96.7%) completed the ICCAS, and 16 of the 20 statements of the ICCAS showed large positive effect sizes (Cohen d ≥ 0.8), with the remaining 4 showing moderate positive effect sizes (Cohen d ≥ 0.5). The greatest effect sizes were related to improved awareness of complementary skillsets and knowledge between the professions. Addressing team conflict and including the patient/family in decision-making showed the least improvement. While ongoing interactions are ideal for the development of skills related to conflict and team development, this article demonstrates that even a 1-time activity can have an impact on students' interprofessional care competence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fluid boundaries between work and family life and the dynamic ways these domains are shaped by communication technology represent an important area in work-family research. However, surprisingly little is known about how family contact at work affects functioning in the work role—especially how these dynamics may change and unfold over time. Drawing on longitudinal data from the Canadian Work, Stress, and Health Study (2011–2017), the present study examines the association between family contact and family-to-work conflict. We find that increases in family contact over time are positively associated with more family-to-work conflict, but gender and three salient family-related conditions—financial strain, providing care for family members, and difficulties with children—are key moderators of this focal relationship. We discover that the focal association is significantly stronger for women and for those with elevated levels of financial strain, caregiving responsibilities, and difficulties with children over time. We discuss these results by integrating border theory with stress amplification and the cost of caring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study sought to identify challenges surrounding peer programming in Ottawa and to provide realistic recommendations for reducing these barriers. Methods: In-person, semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted with managers of peer programming initiatives and people with lived experience of drug use who had previously been or were currently engaged in peer programming in Ottawa. Interviews were transcribed and coded for emergent themes using thematic analysis informed by grounded theory. Results: Eleven interviews were held with peer workers and six were held with program managers between January and March 2016. A number of emergent themes were identified, but an overarching message emerged about peer workers’ difficulties separating their identities as people who use drugs and require harm reduction services from their identities as peer workers working in harm reduction to help others who use drugs. This manifested in difficulty reporting issues of triggering, reluctance to use the agency’s harm reduction services, and feeling ‘stuck’ in positions that were dependent on a ‘drug user’ identity. Conclusion: The themes explored by peer workers in this study, particularly those of conflicting identities and the pressure to perform, contribute substantially to the evidence base on peer workers in harm reduction. We explore these themes through a symbolic interactionist lens, which notes that one’s sense of self-worth is often intrinsically linked with one’s ability to successfully perform a given identity. Collaboration between agencies in supporting peer workers and reminding them of their ongoing ability to use agency services as a client at the agency where they are employed or elsewhere, along with offering training sessions to help peer workers develop skills outside of harm reduction work may be beneficial in alleviating these challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hospital is a place of encounter between health care providers, patients and family members, the healthy and the suffering, migrants and non-migrants, as well as social and cultural minorities, and majorities of various backgrounds. It is also a space where multiple conceptions of care, life, quality of life, and death are enacted, sometimes inhibiting mutual understanding between caregivers and the cared for, a scenario that in turn may provoke conflict. Through the lens of conflict, we explore in this article the theme of Otherness within the clinic, basing analysis on an ethnographic study conducted in recent years in three cosmopolitan Canadian cities. Daily practices and-on a larger scale-the social space of the clinic become material here for reflecting on recognition (and non-recognition) of the Other as actors in the clinical encounter. The examination of structural and situational conditions that contribute to the emergence of conflict offers an understanding of the diversity of values that pervade the clinic. By way of conclusion, we argue that recognition of diversity, at least on the part of practitioners, is a key condition for the emergence of a pluralist normativity in the social space of the clinic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enemyship occurs across societies, but it has not received as much attention as other types of relationships such as friendship in previous research. This research examined the influence of relational mobility on people's motivation to understand their personal enemies by measuring different dependent variables across three studies. First, a cross-cultural comparison study found that Hong Kong Chinese, from a low-relational-mobility society, reported a stronger desire to seek proximity to enemies relative to European Canadians, from a high-relational-mobility society (Study 1). To test causality, two manipulation studies were conducted. Participants were presented with images of co-workers, including enemies, friends, and acquaintances, in a hypothetical company. The results showed that the participants who perceived lower relational mobility paid more attention to their enemies in an eye-tracking task (Study 2) and had a higher accuracy rate for recognizing the faces of the enemies in an incidental memory test (Study 3). In contrast, the influence of relational mobility on motivation to understand friends and acquaintances was minimal. Implications for research on interpersonal relationships and relational mobility are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As part of a pilot project in the Montreal area, ten high-conflict families received free parenting coordination services. This explorative study aimed to document, through psychometric measures and semistructured interviews, how the parenting coordination process impacted children involved. Although not statistically significant, results suggest a diminution in the intensity of the conflict between parents over the course of parenting coordination, as perceived by the children. Qualitative data indicates variation in children’s opinions regarding their experience. Approximately half of the sample shared examples of improvements in their lives, mostly to do with diminution of parental conflict and better communication between parents. However, some shared frustrations with the intervention and their belief that parenting coordination was not helpful. Not feeling heard by the parenting coordinator (PC) as well as a perceived lack of neutrality were linked with negative discourse on parenting coordination. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Twenty years ago, many of Canada’s provinces began to introduce regional health authorities to address problems with their health care systems. With this action, the provinces sought to achieve advances in community decision-making, the integration of health services, and the provision of care in the home and community. The authorities were also to help restrict health care costs. An assessment of the authorities indicates, however, that over the past two decades they have been unable to meet their objectives. Community representatives continue to play little role in determining the appropriate health services for their regions. Gains have been made towards integrating health services, but the plan for a near seamless set of health services has not been realized. Funding for health services remains focused on hospital and physician care, and health care expenditures have until very recently been little affected by regional authorities. This disappointing performance has caused some provinces to abandon their regional authorities, but this article argues that the provision of greater autonomy and a better public appreciation of their role and potential may lead to more successful regional authorities. Accordingly, the objective of this article is to reveal the shortcomings of regional health authorities in Canada while at the same time arguing that changes can be made to increase the chances of more workable authorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We respond in this paper to various counter arguments advanced against our stance on conscientious objection accommodation. Contra Maclure and Dumont, we show that it is impossible to develop reliable tests for conscientious objectors' claims with regard to the reasonableness of the ideological basis of their convictions, and, indeed, with regard to whether they actually hold they views they claim to hold. We demonstrate furthermore that, within the Canadian legal context, the refusal to accommodate conscientious objectors would not constitute undue hardship for such objectors. We reject concerns that refusing to accommodate conscientious objectors would limit the equality of opportunity for budding professionals holding particular ideological positions. We also clarify various misrepresentations of our views by respondents Symons, Glick and Jotkowitz, and Lyus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the Canadian context as a case study, the research reported here focuses on in-depth qualitative interviews with 36 researchers, artists and trainees engaged in ‘doing’ arts-based health research (ABHR). We begin to address the gap in ABHR knowledge by engaging in a critical inquiry regarding the issues, challenges and benefits of ABHR methodologies. Specifically, this paper focuses on the tensions experienced regarding academic legitimacy and the use of the arts in producing and disseminating research. Four central areas of tension associated with academic legitimacy are described: balancing structure versus openness and flexibility; academic obligations of truth and accuracy; resisting typical notions of what counts in academia; and expectations vis-à-vis measuring the impact of ABHR. We argue for the need to reconsider what counts as knowledge and to reconceptualize notions of evaluation and rigor in order to effectively support the effective production and dissemination of ABHR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The benefits of bone-anchored hearing devices (BAHD) in children with unilateral aural atresia are controversial. We sought to determine whether there is parental decisional conflict surrounding elective placement of BAHD for this indication. Methods: Caregivers of pediatric patients with unilateral aural atresia and normal contralateral ear undergoing percutaneous BAHD consultation were enrolled. All consultations were carried out by one pediatric otolaryngologist in a consistent manner. After consultation, the participants completed a demographics form and the Decisional Conflict Scale (DCS) questionnaire. Results: Twenty-three caregivers of 15 male (65.2%) and 8 female (34.8%) children (mean age 5.65 years) participated. The overall median DCS score was 15.63 (standard error = 4.21). Significant decisional conflict (DCS score ≥ 25) was found in 10 participants (43.5%). The median DCS score in the group choosing surgery was 5.47, and it was 23.44 in those who did not choose surgery (Mann–Whitney U = 39, Z = −1.391, P = .164). The median DCS score for mothers and fathers was 25 and 3.91, respectively. Conclusion: Many parents experienced significant decisional conflict when considering percutaneous BAHD surgery in children with unilateral aural atresia in our study population. Future research should explore the impact of decisional conflict on health outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accessible summary Social support has positive and negative dimensions, each of which has been associated with mental health outcomes. Social networks can also serve as sources of distress and conflict., This paper reviews journal articles published during the last 24 years to provide a consolidated summary of the role of social support and social conflict on immigrant women's mental health. The review reveals that social support can help immigrant women adjust to the new country, prevent depression and psychological distress, and access care and services. When social support is lacking or social networks act as a source of conflict, it can have negative effects on immigrant women's mental health., It is crucial that interventions, programmes, and services incorporate strategies to both enhance social support as well as reduce social conflict, in order to improve mental health and well-being of immigrant women., Abstract Researchers have documented the protective role of social support and the harmful consequences of social conflict on physical and mental health. However, consolidated information about social support, social conflict, and mental health of immigrant women in Canada is not available. This scoping review examined literature from the last 24 years to understand how social support and social conflict affect the mental health of immigrant women in Canada. We searched MEDLINE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Healthstar, and EMBASE for peer-reviewed publications focusing on mental health among immigrant women in Canada. Thirty-four articles that met our inclusion criteria were reviewed, and are summarized under the following four headings: settlement challenges and the need for social support; social support and mental health outcomes; social conflict and reciprocity; and social support, social conflict, and mental health service use. The results revealed that social support can have a positive effect on immigrant women's mental health and well-being, and facilitate social inclusion and the use of health services. When social support is lacking or social networks act as a source of conflict, it can have negative effects on immigrant women's mental health. The results also highlighted the need for health services to be linguistically-appropriate and culturally-safe, and provide appropriate types of care and support in a timely manner in order to be helpful to immigrant women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to examine decision-making among women considering antidepressant medication use in pregnancy. Decisional conflict was assessed using the Decisional Conflict Scale (DCS) among pregnant women considering antidepressant medication treatment ( N = 40). Overall DCS and subscale scores were compared between women who were antidepressant users and non-users. Semi-structured interviews ( N = 10) explored barriers and facilitators of decision-making. Twenty-one women (52 %) had moderate or high decisional conflict (DCS ≥ 25). Overall DCS scores did not differ between groups, but antidepressant use was associated with feeling more adequately informed (subscale mean 17.5, SD 17.9 vs. 42.1, SD 23.8, p = 0.001) and clear about values (subscale mean 16.7, SD 15.1 vs. 29.8, SD 24.0, p = 0.043). Barriers to decision-making were (1) difficulty weighing maternal versus infant health, (2) lack of high quality information, (3) negative external influences, and (4) emotional reactions to decision-making. Facilitators were (1) interpersonal supports, (2) accessible subspecialty care, and (3) severe depressive symptoms. Many pregnant women facing decisions regarding antidepressant medication use experience decisional conflict. Interventions that provide accurate information, assistance with weighing risks and benefits of treatment, management of problematic external influences, and emotional support may reduce decisional conflict and facilitate the decision-making process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been growing tension at the intersection of health and economic policy making as global governance has increased across sectors. This tension has been particularly evident between tobacco control and trade policy, as the international norms that frame them—particularly the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control and the World Trade Organization (WTO)—have continued to institutionalize. Using five case studies of major tobacco-related trade disputes from the principal multilateral system of trade govemance—the WTO/General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade—we trace the evolution of these interacting norms over nearly twenty-five years. Our analytic framework focuses on the actors that advance, defend, and challenge these norms. We find that an increasingly broad network, which includes govemments, intergovemmental organizations, nongovemmental organizations, and members of the epistemic community, is playing a more active role in seeking to resolve these tensions. Moreover, key economic actors are beginning to incorporate health more actively into their messaging and activities. We also demonstrate that the most recent resonant messages reflect a more nuanced integration of the two norms. The tobacco control example has direct relevance to related policy areas, including environment, safety, access to medicines, diet, and alcohol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rising international trend in the number of parents who separate or divorce is raising concerns about long-term consequences for child and youth well-being and adjustment to adulthood. Separation and divorce may increase risks for negative outcomes in physical, mental, educational and psychosocial well-being during childhood and later, as youth transition to adulthood. Most children of separated and divorced families do not have significant or diagnosable impairments. Family processes that have a positive mediating effect on child well-being after parental divorce or separation include improving the quality of parenting, improving the quality of parent-child relationships and controlling hostile conflict. Physicians can offer support and guidance to separating parents by helping them to identify risk factors, strengthen protective factors and enhance children's capacity to cope with family changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the effect of situational variables on whether third parties intervene in conflicts in barroom settings, and whether they are aggressive or not when they intervene. Based on research on bystander intervention in emergencies, we hypothesized that third parties would be most likely to become involved in incidents with features that convey greater danger of serious harm. The situational variables indicative of danger were severity of aggression, whether the aggression was one-sided or mutual, gender, and level of intoxication of the initial participants in the conflict. Analyses consist of cross-tabulations and three-level Hierarchical Logistic Models (with bar, evening, and incidents as levels) for 860 incidents of verbal and physical aggression from 503 nights of observation in 87 large bars and clubs in Toronto, Canada. Third party involvement was more likely during incidents in which: (1) the aggression was more severe; (2) the aggression was mutual (vs. one-sided) aggression; (3) only males (vs. mixed gender) were involved; and (4) participants were more intoxicated. These incident characteristics were stronger predictors of non-aggressive third party involvement than aggressive third party involvement. The findings suggest that third parties are indeed responding to the perceived danger of serious harm. Improving our knowledge about this aspect of aggressive incidents is valuable for developing prevention and intervention approaches designed to reduce aggression in bars and other locations. Aggr. Behav. 39:257-268, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to a literature of theory and advocacy, immigration and resettlement jeopardize the mental health of children and youth, largely because of factors such as intergenerational tensions arising from conflicts about the retention of traditional values, and experiences of prejudice and discrimination. The current study examines the specificity of these putative mental health risks to the immigration experience. The level and predictors of emotional problems among preadolescent Ethiopians living in immigrant families in Toronto, Canada, were compared with a matched sample of Ethiopian youngsters in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Data came from structured interviews with the person most knowledgeable about the family (usually a parent), as well as from the children themselves. Youth reported higher levels of emotional problems (EP) than their parents. Predictors differed for parent and child ratings. In both the Toronto and Addis Ababa samples, parental mental health predicted parent-rated, but not self-rated EP. Contrary to immigration stress theory, parental perceptions of prejudice predicted EP in Addis Ababa, but not Toronto, and parent–child discordance regarding ethnic adherence were predictors of self-rated emotional problems in Ethiopia, but not in Canada. Perceived discrimination was a significant predictor of self-rated emotional problems in both settings. Implications for theory and further research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

As the average age of the Canadian population continues to increase, and providing care at home to frail older adults becomes ever more prevalent, support for family and friend caregivers remains a key social policy issue. Economic support is an important consideration given the impact of caregiving on labour force participation. Yet the caregiving/paid work relationship is not always straightforward. While caregiving often restricts employment, limited attachment to employment may also influence the decision to provide care. Isabel's story, collected as part of a study of sibling views of fairness in sharing parent care as well as parent assets, provides a case study in how siblings give different priority to care work versus career work and what support needs arise including those related to sibling conflict over differing priorities. Isabel claims she sacrificed her career to care for her ailing mother while her siblings argue that through caregiving, Isabel was sheltered from the paid workforce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the issues concerning the conflicts of interest among government sectors in Canada. It argues that in most municipal politics, a conflict of interest is the clash of a private interest with a public duty. It highlights the reasons for avoiding the conflict of interest among municipal governments. It also suggests that local governments should reassert themselves as municipal governments, centered on elected bodies that make political decisions. It notes that political issues must inform the actions of municipalities if they are to remain significant cultural repositories.

Celebrations connected with the four hundredth anniversary of the establishment of Quebec in the summer of 2008 occasioned some conflict over whether that event belonged to the history of Quebec or that of Canada. This paper outlines the contending points of view and then goes on to call into question the very idea of a founding date. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the forms and the effects of contact and conflict between languages and cultures in francophone Canada. To see how various models of contact and conflict operate in different contexts, and change over time, several elements of comparison are used. The contribution of post-colonial theory to the analysis of cultural contact and conflict is considered.

Two cross-cultural studies compared beliefs in Asia and Canada about communication in later life. With an expanded version of the Language in Adulthood Questionnaire, respondents rated a young or old adult target on communication skills selected to elicit both negative and positive stereotypes. Chinese, Chinese-Canadian, and Canadian participants were compared in Study 1 while younger and older respondents from South Korea and Canada were contrasted in Study 2. All groups showed negative beliefs about hearing and memory in old age. Positive communication beliefs were also evident for empathy, storytelling and social skills. Participants in Asia showed less stereotyping overall, for both negative and positive beliefs. Significant age interactions in Study 2 reflected positive communication beliefs only for the older participants. In line with recent investigations of the multidimensional impact of Eastern traditions, greater positivity toward older adults was not observed in Asia. This work highlights the importance of assessing both positive and negative age beliefs in cross-cultural comparisons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To examine the association of unresolved and unclassifiable attachment with dissociative symptomatology in a sample of 133 adolescents in psychiatric treatment.Method: The study compared 69 adolescents who were unresolved and unclassifiable with 64 adolescents who were not unresolved and unclassifiable. Attachment organization was assessed using the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI). Dissociative symptomatology was assessed using a scale derived from the Youth Self Report (YSR) behaviour checklist.Results: A continuing unresolved and unclassifiable response to attachment-related trauma was correlated with dissociative symptomatology for both male and female adolescents.Conclusions: Cognitive disorganization may be an important variable mediating between the effects of earlier traumatic caregiving experiences and later dissociative symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Argues on the decisions of courts in cases involving conflicting claims on Aboriginal identity and French-language rights in Canada. Reason for the need to resolve conflict among rights; Views on the inherent right of Aboriginal people to self-determination.

The effectiveness of a conflict-resolution program in a suburban secondary school in Canada was examined. Participants were 40 ninth-grade English students heterogeneous in academic ability. Students randomly assigned to the experimental condition received 9.5 hr of conflict-resolution training integrated into the study of literature. Those randomly assigned to the control condition studied the identical literature for 9.5 hr without conflict-resolution training. Significant differences between treatment groups were found in academic achievement, knowledge of and willingness to use the conflict-resolution procedure, and application of the procedure in conflicts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines factors related to a number of collective violence incidents which occured in Ontario and Quebec Province during the years 1963 to 1975. Concept of collective violence; Roles of conflict and collective action in political process; Hypothetical relationships in the street politics model; Indicators of competitive process.

The effectiveness of a conflict resolution program was examined in a rural K-8 public school in Ontario, Canada. Participants were 111 students in two seventh- and two eighth-grade classes. The two independent variables were (a) the presence versus the absence of the integration of conflict resolution training into an academic English literature unit and (b) cooperative versus individualistic learning. Three issues were investigated. The first issue was whether the conflict resolution training was effective. The second issue was the impact of context on the effectiveness of the training program. The third issue was the impact of the training program on academic achievement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author addresses the debate over the effectiveness and risks of community water fluoridation. Several techniques employed by antifluoridation activist groups targeted at drawing public and media attention to deliver their message are discussed such as implying conspiracy theories, use of narratives to incite fear, and social media campaign. The author argues against the antifluoridation activist approach as a societal response to legitimate social issues.

The article offers information on resignation of the Canadian Medical Association from the World Medical Association along with an expected association of euthanasia based concerns between both medical societies with resignation. The topics addressed include details on doctor Lawrence Loh, who an adjunct professor at the Dalla Lama School of Public Health in Toronto, Canada and opinions of both societies on the topic of euthanasia.

The article reports on the rising medical tuition rates in Canada from 2000 to 2018. According to the Ontario Medical Students Association (OMSA), tuition rates increased by about five percent every year during the period. Medical students have protested the tuition rate increase. Stephanie Smith, president-elect of the Canadian Federation of Medical Students (CFMS), identified changes in medical education as a contributing factor to the tuition rate increase.

The article reports on the crisis caused by the decision of Saudi Arabia to recall its students in hospitals and communities in Canada, which depends on Saudi visa trainees and is regarded as the one of the most popular destinations for Saudi-sponsored medical trainees in residences and fellowships. Of particular interest is given to a study of visa postgraduate trainees in Canada based on data from the Canadian Post-MD Education Registry.

The article explores how an exchange at a medical-cannabis conference has highlighted a strong disagreement between the Canadian Medical Association (CMA) and some of its members on how medical cannabis should be regulated when the drug becomes legal. It presents views of Jeff Blackmer, vice-president of medical professionalism at CMA, on lack of evidence for the efficacy of cannabis for most indications.

The author reflects on food guide of Canada which emphasizes a regular diet of vegetables, fruit, whole grains and protein-rich foods and warns against processed foods high in sodium, sugar and saturated fat. Topics discussed include concerns regarding environmental sustainability and food literacy and skills, risk of many lifestyle diseases, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes and obesity, and agri-food sector to ensure competitiveness for domestic industries.