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Background: Indigenous populations have increased risk of developing diabetes and experience poorer treatment outcomes than the general population. The FORGE AHEAD program partnered with First Nations communities across Canada to improve access to resources by developing community-driven primary healthcare models. Methods: This was an economic assessment of FORGE AHEAD using a payer perspective. Costs of diabetes management and complications during the 18-month intervention were compared to the costs prior to intervention implementation. Cost-effectiveness of the program assessed incremental differences in cost and number of resources utilization events (pre and post). Primary outcome was all-cause hospitalizations. Secondary outcomes were specialist visits, clinic visits and community resource use. Data were obtained from a diabetes registry and published literature. Costs are expressed in 2023 Can$. Results: Study population was ~ 60.5 years old; 57.2% female; median duration of diabetes of 8 years; 87.5% residing in non-isolated communities; 75% residing in communities < 5000 members. Total cost of implementation was $1,221,413.60 and cost/person $27.89. There was increase in the number and cost of hospitalizations visits from 8/$68,765.85 (pre period) to 243/$2,735,612.37. Specialist visits, clinic visits and community resource use followed this trend. Conclusion: Considering the low cost of intervention and increased care access, FORGE AHEAD represents a successful community-driven partnership resulting in improved access to resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social scientists, geographers, criminologists, and health scientists are often tasked with finding data to best capture the impact of "community context" on individual outcomes, including residential services, physical resources, and social institutions. One outlet for such data in Canada is Digital Map Technologies Inc. (DMTI) Spatial, which offers a national repository of over one million businesses and recreational points of interest. The database is generated through CanMap Streetfiles, which includes geocodes of each point's precise location. These data are available to researchers from their university data library and Esri Canada, but primarily available to private sector and government markets. That said, the goal of the current paper is to encourage researchers to access this rich yet under‐utilized data source. Each service, business, or resource in the DMTI Spatial database is assigned to a respective category using Standard Industrial Classification codes and North American Industrial Classification System codes. It is not clear, however, which is the more reliable coding criteria. We provide an overview of our review of DMTI Spatial data and take‐away suggestions for using this valuable resource for future research on meso‐level residential markers. Key messages: The goal of this paper is to outline existing data source(s) and measures from DMTI Spatial that might help capture meso‐level residential institutions.We recommend "best practices" for using DMTI Spatial data in researchers' own work to capture neighbourhood resources/amenities, or the social infrastructure of the community using either Standard Industrial Classification codes or North American Industrial Classification System codes.We conclude that Standard Industrial Classification codes in DMTI Spatial enhanced points of interest data are more complete—and more accurate—than North American Industrial Classification System codes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite increases in Indigenous enrolment in post-secondary institutions (PSIs) in British Columbia, Canada, there are significant disparities in Indigenous student access, retention, and success in work-integrated learning (WIL) programs. By analyzing Indigenous-specific WIL literature, this article identifies existing barriers to Indigenous WIL as well as unrealized opportunities to expand and transform WIL approaches and practices. Based on these findings, the paper offers 10 recommendations for the development of resources and strategic Indigenous WIL initiatives, recommendations that also served to guide the creation of a publicly-accessible Indigenous WIL Resource Hub (IRH). However, the literature review also revealed limitations to academic publishing and challenges in institutional reporting. Accounting for these scholarly limitations and recognizing the value of on-the-ground and community-held knowledge, the directives guiding the IRH and shared in this article's conclusions are based on the understanding that initiatives to act on opportunities and address barriers must be needs-based and community-specific. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Much of our understanding of language attainment among immigrants and their descendants focuses on the US with substantial evidence of mother-tongue loss within a few generations. However, these patterns may differ in Canada given its unique linguistic context, such as continuous migration, multicultural policy, two official languages, and a skilled migration policy. Thus, this study focuses on several contexts under which immigrants and their children are received. Specifically, this article examines the role of the coethnic community and coethnic resources on unofficial and official language proficiency among the first, 1.5, and second generations in Canada. Using data from the 2002 Ethnic Diversity Study and 2001 Canadian microdata, this study finds that simultaneous proficiency in non-official and official languages is structured by the availability of coethnic resources and the average size and education of the coethnic community. Specifically, individuals with greater access to coethnic resources and many coethnic neighbors are more likely to maintain the mother tongue with the official language(s). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indigenous youth continue to live with a socioeconomic and political legacy of colonization and marginalization, confronted by environments harmful to their psychosocial development. Resource strained communities may compound these experiences and outcomes for many youth. Increasingly, research points to the mitigating effects of resilience for youth exposed to contextual risks. Resilience is however dependent on both personal capacities and the availability of relevant resources within families, schools, and communities. Meaningful connection to community together with cultural continuity are important contributors to resilience. However, without critical examination of the conditions that support such youth engagement, attempts at fostering these connections may be largely unsuccessful. Spaces & Places explored the cultural continuity and civic engagement of Indigenous youth living in three communities of Atlantic Canada. Using an interactive, transactional theory of resilience, we explored how youth interact with community resources, and how these interactions impact connections with their community and culture. Participatory qualitative image-based methods were used to explore the availability of spaces and how they establish a sense of belonging to community and culture for youth. We used video capture of a day-in-the-life of participants with photo elicitation in reflective interviews, within a Participatory Action Research framework. Youth and community partners actively participated in the research process, including data analysis and knowledge mobilisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The Canadian television landscape is a key site through which national identity is expressed and debated. This article examines one such site--the recent CBC hit comedy Schitt's Creek (2015-)--that depicts economic uncertainty, family, and community. Analysis A textual analysis of the show and a cultural analysis of its production highlight the parallels between precarious Canadian identity and precarious economic conditions in the neoliberal era. Conclusions and implications Schitt's Creek builds on other "retreatist" texts that portray small-community life and family as sites of stability in times of uncertainty. Yet it de-localizes this community from the Canadian context, using stars and the CBC platform, rather than content, to signify place. The author argues that these alternative signifiers of "Canadianness" along with a marked shift in tone potentially account for the show's broad appeal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies on the development of cultural competence among healthcare providers tend to focus on the clinical encounter, with little attention paid to the environment. In this paper, results from a grounded theory study conducted with nurses and students to understand cultural competence development are presented; with a focus on findings that call particular attention to nurse-environment interactions. Two concurrent processes, as students and nurses develop cultural competence through interactions with their environment, were identified: "dealing with structural constraints" and "mobilizing social resources". These dynamic interactions between healthcare providers and the larger structures of healthcare systems raise critical questions about the power of healthcare providers to influence the structures that shape their practice. The intersection of nursing theory with social and critical theories is essential to gain a comprehensive understanding of cultural competence development and to transform healthcare providers' education in the service of social justice and health equity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to explore the social participation of young adults with high-functioning autism spectrum disorders (HFASD) during their transition to adult life. A multiple case study was conducted using semi-structured interviews with a purposive sample of 10 participants (n = 10) composed of three adults with HFASD, their caregivers, and two representatives of community organizations. Four themes emerged: (1) access to services, (2) orientation to integrated life goals, (3) engagement in meaningful activities, and (4) gap in services before reaching independent living. Properly preparing and orienting the families could help them have a more satisfying social participation. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article is focused towards the management best practices in connection with community gardens. There is about gardens which were established by means of local government and a nonprofit organization of which mission is to rebuild communities in cities and improve the environmental awareness. This helps the sotiety in state of anomie to handle the general phenomenon of alienation. The people as members of a community garden get an efficient way to set up human relations and a cohesive community in the centres of housing estates struggling the problem of alienation and the partial lack of public safety. Nevertheless they can produce fresh and healthy vegetables and fruits cheaply. Community gardens at the United States and in Canada have been operating for several decades, which shows that the model is sustainable. In Hungary it has remarkable results. There had been established more than 5 community gardens since 2012 following the sample mentioned above. Every gardens have been operating continuously, in opposite to the gardens were established due to the permission of private landowners. The gardens participate in different local or international events, become more popular and win different awards. This article reveals the secret of the successful management activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Early reports of the 2009 A/H1N1 influenza pandemic (pH1N1) indicated that a disproportionate burden of illness fell on First Nations reserve communities. In addition, the impact of the pandemic on different communities may have been influenced by differing provincial policies. We compared hospitalization rates for pneumonia and influenza (P&I) attributable to pH1N1 influenza between residents of First Nations reserve communities and the general population in three Canadian provinces. Methods Hospital admissions were geocoded using administrative claims data from three Canadian provincial data centres to identify residents of First Nations communities. Hospitalizations for P&I during both waves of pH1N1 were compared to the same time periods for the four previous years to establish pH1N1-attributable rates. Results Residents of First Nations communities were more likely than other residents to have a pH1N1-attributable P&I hospitalization (rate ratio [RR] 2.8-9.1). Hospitalization rates for P&I were also elevated during the baseline period (RR 1.5-2.1) compared to the general population. There was an average increase of 45% over the baseline in P&I admissions for First Nations in all 3 provinces. In contrast, admissions overall increased by approximately 10% or less in British Columbia and Manitoba and by 33% in Ontario. Subgroup analysis showed no additional risk for remote or isolated First Nations compared to other First Nations communities in Ontario or Manitoba, with similar rates noted in Manitoba and a reduction in P&I admissions during the pandemic period in remote and isolated First Nations communities in Ontario. Conclusions We found an increased risk for pH1N1-related hospital admissions for First Nations communities in all 3 provinces. Interprovincial differences may be partly explained by differences in age structure and socioeconomic status. We were unable to confirm the assumption that remote communities were at higher risk for pH1N1-associated hospitalizations. The aggressive approach to influenza control in remote and isolated First Nations communities in Ontario may have played a role in limiting the impact of pH1N1 on residents of those communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the findings and the research process undertaken thus far for the Looking Forward Aboriginal Mental Health Project. The primary aim of the project is to engage with both the mental health service providers and the Aboriginal (Nyoongar) community living in the south-east metropolitan region of Perth to effect positive system change in terms of service provision for Aboriginal (Nyoongar) families living with mental health issues. The paper includes a background to the project and our interpretation of participatory action research in an Aboriginal (Nyoongar) context, an overview of the impact of colonisation on Nyoongar people, an account of what it means to be Nyoongar, a discussion of the methodology for the project, the research process highlighting the critical roles of advocacy and activism taken on by the project team in working with Aboriginal (Nyoongar) people, and examples of our work that we believe will assist researchers in ensuring their research practice is both respectful and responsive when working with Aboriginal (Nyoongar) people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, a case study is used to illustrate how the construct of dis-citizenship may be applied to the circumstances of refugees in a Canadian city. Based on findings from a year long ethnography of refugee families in Calgary, Canada, I focus on the experiences of one of the participants, Fernando, a highly trained surgeon from Colombia, to illustrate some of the ways that a person's identity can be diminished—at times, erased—when his skills, training, and work experience are not validated by a receiving society that recognizes only certain linguistic skills and professional credentials as minimum requirements for full social participation and, thereby, citizenship rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the challenges and changes facing Polish organizational life in Canada during the interwar period. Before 1918, the community's life centred on parish and parish-related organizations. However, the reestablishment of the Polish state in 1918, the arrival of consuls in Canada, and another wave of Polish immigrants redefined the Polish diaspora's organizational life. By the early 1930s, three main federations had emerged: Zjednoczenie Zrzeszeń Polaków w Kanadzie (Federation of Polish Societies, ZZPwK), Stowarzyszenie Polaków w Kanadzie (Association of Poles, SPwK), and Związek Polaków w Kanadzie (Polish Alliance Friendly Society of Canada, ZPwK). Each wanted to bring together the entire community under its own roof to stave off denationalization. However, each federation offered a distinct vision of what it meant to be a Pole and the manner in which to protect it. Central to this ideological struggle was the relationship between nationalism and religion (i.e., Catholicism). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This study examines the experiences and opinions of a “public” which became involved in a government driven comprehensive land use and natural resource planning exercise in British Columbia, Canada during the 1990s. While it is generally assumed to be an inherently good thing, or at least a politically necessary thing, to involve the public in natural resources or land use planning, few studies have examined the experiences of the public or examined perceived failures from the public''s perspective. This study examines British Columbia''s CORE and LRMP planning processes, their successes and failures, as determined by residents of six communities that participated in these processes. Lessons on improving public processes from the viewpoint of that public are discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article discusses the immense challenges and barriers faced by non-status immigrants in accessing community services in Canada. It says that the challenges and barriers are due to lack of identification and status documentation. It also mentions the foundation of daily community life which include employment, education, healthcare, community settlement and resource services. Moreover, it also proposed an anti-oppressive practice model for social workers.

As women's prison populations grow in Canada and around the world, more women are exposed to carceral practices which use disciplinary techniques to shape them into 'docile bodies.' Although intended to shape women's minds, these processes also have marked effects on female bodies. Using a Foucauldian perspective, we examine how women adapt to and resist the prison's disciplinary routines and its intrusions into their lives and bodies. Interviews with female ex-prisoners reveal how everyday degradations, health practices, self-injury and body modification shape their bodies and identities. These women's accounts are interpreted through the lens of the body to explore the long-term effects of the prison's rationalities and technologies on their bodies, minds and identities. We document how women negotiate these forces during their imprisonments, as well as after their releases when they are living in the community. Even though women are released from prison, they are not home free; the prison's technologies and rationalities permeate the prison walls and follow the women as they negotiate community life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Determinants of health studies have mainly dealt with samples of community-dwelling subjects. We utilized the 1996/97 Canadian National Population Health Survey community and institutional surveys to identify factors associated with the selection of individuals to institutions. We also assessed whether the same determinants of health variables explain variations in health in those living in the community and those living in institutions. Logistic regression analysis was used to investigate factors associated with selection to institutions. Results showed that health status, age, chronic conditions, education, race, marital status, smoking and alcohol were associated with the probability of being in an institution. Multiple linear regression analyses (dependent variable: Health Utilities Index Mark 3 [HUI3] score) with individual characteristics, socio-economic status, and health risk factors were also estimated. Results showed that advanced age, higher number of chronic conditions, lower education, smoking and being an alcohol non-drinker were negatively and significantly associated with HUI3 scores for the community sample. Except for age, chronic conditions and being an alcohol non-drinker, none of these factors were significantly associated with HUI3 for the institutional sample. Moreover, the association between age and HUI3 was weaker for the institutional sample in comparison to the community sample. Implications are that, for those who are institutionalized, the usual determinants of health factors are less important. In conclusion, there appears to be important heterogeneity in determinants of health between persons living in the institution and community. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Copyright of Journal of International Migration & Integration is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In Canada, the prevalence of alcohol use among school-age students has emerged as a leading public health issue. Though governments at all levels have called for inter-organizational collaboration to address the issue, the representation of youth interests by key community groups is critical to the efficacy of those initiatives. This article describes the case of a community project supported by provincial and local governments in which an integrated community centre (ICC) was combined with a new high school. The ICC included a soccer centre, a track, and a licensed beverage room on the premises that opened on a daily basis. Government support for the ICC policy and related values is examined from the perspective of symbolic policy. The point is argued that the best interests of youth (the main interest group associated with the ICC) must be defined, represented and mobilized materially and symbolically in policy related to their well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The distribution of archaeal amoA and 16S rRNA genes was evaluated in two marine-derived, meromictic lakes in the Canadian High Arctic: Lake A and Lake C1 on the northern coast of Ellesmere Island. The amoA gene was recorded in both lakes, with highest copy numbers in the oxycline. Sequence analysis showed that amoA from the two lakes shared 94% similarity, indicating at least two phylogenetically distinct clusters. Clone libraries of archaeal 16S rRNA genes from Lake A revealed strong vertical differences in archaeal community diversity and composition down the water column. The oxic layer was dominated by one group of Euryarchaeota affiliated to the Lake Dagow Sediment (LDS) cluster. This group was absent from the oxycline, which had an extremely low archaeal diversity of two phylotypes. Both belonged to the Crenarchaeota Marine Group I (MGI), the marine group that has been linked to archaeal amoA; however, there was a low ratio of amoA to MGI copy numbers, suggesting that many MGI Archaea did not carry the amoA gene. The anoxic zone contained representatives of the RC-V (Rice Cluster-V) and LDS clusters of Euryarchaeota. These results show the strong vertical differentiation of archaeal communities in polar meromictic lakes, and they suggest archaeal nitrification within the oxycline of these highly stratified waters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Program Evaluation is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper evaluates the importance of social capital for political participation of native-born Canadians and immigrants. The Survey of Social Engagement in Canada, a large survey of Canadians conducted by Statistics Canada in 2003, is used in order to test the role of social relations and connections in accounting for political participation. Analyses show that although the "usual suspects" play important roles in explaining political activities, the main culprit is social capital. Among social capital measures, though all arc important, associational involvement and social networks, followed by trust and volunteering, are the best predictors of political participation. Moreover, the effect of social capital varies by period of immigration. Theoretical and policy implications of findings are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strains on the mainstream mental health system can result in inaccessible services that force individuals with intellectual disabilities into the emergency room (ER) when in psychiatric crisis. The purpose of this study was to identify clinical and systemic issues surrounding emergency psychiatry services for people with intellectual disabilities, from the perspective of hospital staff. Focus groups were conducted with emergency psychiatry staff from 6 hospitals in Toronto, Canada. Hospital staff reported a lack of knowledge regarding intellectual disabilities and a shortage of available community resources. Hospital staff argued that caregivers need more community and respite support to feel better equipped to deal with the crisis before it escalates to the ER and that hospital staff feel ill prepared to provide the necessary care when the ER is the last resort. Input from hospital staff pointed to deficiencies in the system that lead caregivers to use the ER when other options have been exhausted. Both staff and caregivers need support and access to appropriate services if the system is to become more effective at serving the psychiatric needs of this complex population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Allan Young's classic thesis on stress discourse underscores the way in which the biomedical discourse of “stress” reflects and legitimizes existing social inequities even as it removes the language of stress to the decontextualized domain of the clinic. In this article, I address the way in which the “stress discourse” of a group of young adult Cree women who live in a remote northern Canadian village reflects and reinscribes the social, cultural, and historical conditions of inequity as part and parcel of community life. This study, as a reflection on Young's thesis, reveals that sometimes one is bound to replicate inequities because it is necessary to do so. The women with whom I spoke are entangled in an historical and social reality that they are wholly aware of such that the paths of inequity that are expressed in a rationale of “stress” cannot readily be challenged or changed. [stress discourse, women, First Nations, Canada, social inequity] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of International Migration & Integration is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Resource and environmental managers are increasingly facing problems characterized by high degrees of ecological and social complexity, uncertainty and indeterminacy, and conflicts over values and interests. Moreover, they are often faced with the need to generate positive change in dynamic social-ecological systems. Comprehensive, rational management approaches have often failed to respond effectively to these types of problems. In response, policy makers and managers are increasingly relying on social learning approaches, i.e., adaptive and participatory approaches that facilitate learning by the individuals and organizations involved in resource and environmental governance. In this article, we examine social learning outcomes from the participation of two community organizations in the environmental assessment (EA) of a proposal to expand the Red River Floodway, a 48-km channel that diverts floodwaters around Winnipeg, Canada. The research design was a qualitative, comparative case study involving a review of documents, semi-structured interviews, and direct observation at meetings, open houses, and public hearings. The study findings demonstrate how EA public involvement processes can provide excellent opportunities for single-loop learning in community organizations. Through their involvement, the organizations in question deepened their knowledge, honed their skills, and made substantive contributions to the assessment process. The findings also suggest that public involvement processes can result in double-loop social learning conducive to sustainability. An important catalyst for the double-loop experience in this case was the provision of intervener funding. The findings also shed light on the organizational structure variables essential to create capacity for social learning in community organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the central issues in dealing with diversity is the role of national values. Do shared national values hinder diversity or can they play a role in supporting diversity? Are certain national values more congruent than others with support for diversity? This survey examined the relationship between two sets of national founding values: the American principles of "life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness" and the Canadian principles of "peace, order and good government." Canadian students rated the relationship between each of these sets of principles and other values related to tolerance for diversity such as conformity and personal and social experimentation. The results suggest that most respondent believe the more individualistic values of the U.S. should better support diversity. These results are discussed in the context of findings by Adams (2003) that show Canadians to be more supportive of diverse groups. This apparent contradiction is reconciled by a discussion of the importance of shared community values as the basis of tolerance for differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The health and wellness of Canada's Aboriginal peoples is often measured in narrow biomedical terms with little consideration given to how health is conceptualized in Aboriginal communities. This study attempts to address this gap by providing a perspective on health and wellness developed in collaboration with the Dene community of Lutsel K'e, Northwest Territories. The research was carried out in the wake of the environmental assessment of Canada's first diamond mine, located in the traditional territory of Lutsel K'e Dene First Nation. The study focussed on the questions "What is health?" and "What kinds of indicators would be useful for measuring the effects of diamond mining on the health of community?" Health was defined in the local language as "the Dene way of life." Three core themes, 13 sub-themes and over 50 indicators of health were also identified through semi-structured interviews with individual community members. These indicators refer to many aspects of day-to-day life in Lutsel K'e, tying the concept of health, often discussed in theoretical terms, to tactile elements and processes at work at individual, household, and community levels. Interwoven in these narratives is a discourse about the importance of Dene values, knowledge, and institutions. The work is also telling of how small, remote northern communities respond to and resist the social, economic, and cultural pressures associated with natural resource development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the changes that occurred in community organization practice in the public establishments of Quebec (Canada) in the 1990s. The results of replicated statistical research show that many changes in community organization practice occurred during this period. Most of these changes can be explained by the socioeconomic crisis that took place in the 1990s that affected part of the middle class, driving the reorganization of public social services organizations and important cuts in the government's budget. In this context of crisis, the government of Quebec more easily accepted the local development strategy to overcome unemployment and poverty. These changes can also be explained by a change in community organizers' perceptions of their profession and their strategy for professional recognition observed in the creation of a professional association. doi:10.1300/J125v15n03_07 [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper argues that the ‘new world order’ achieved at the end of the cold war is in crisis, not generated from the threat of ‘war’ between Christian and Islamic worlds but from within western societies, specifically from the growing commercialisation and ‘privatisation’ of social and community life which has uncoupled the systems and activities of society from the collective and individual purposes of people who comprise that society. Drawing on interview data (life and work histories) from three cohorts (1950s-1960s, 1970s-1980s, 1990s to present) of US and Canadian teachers, the paper identifies evidence of this crisis in the fields of culture, education and public service (e.g. in the turning away from public and towards private pursuits as the motivation for one's ‘life's work’ or ‘passion’). It also looks to these fields in the search for answers to what motivates people and sponsors their meaning-making, specifically whether privatisation should be our only route to human meaning. The paper concludes that the personal ‘missions’ that people bring to their employment may be accommodated in some parts of the business world where people are given freedom to pursue their own ‘projects’, but these are largely frustrated in the micro-managed and re-regulated regimes of the public sector. Indeed, without invoking some ‘golden age’, the sense of vocation, public duty and ‘caring professionalism’ that characterised the ‘top end’ and ‘backbone’ of the public sector is diminishing as large numbers begin to withdraw their ‘hearts and minds’ while implementing the mandates and missions of others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The founding of the Notre Dame de Grace Library for Boys and Girls in Montreal in 1943 provides a unique and interesting case study in Canadian library development. It was founded and operated by an umbrella group of local community organizations, using money raised locally, initially to combat a perceived rise in juvenile delinquency during the Second World War. The arguments made in favor of the library by the general public and the organizers were widely reported in the local press. The documentary record provides a rare account of the beliefs held about the efficacy of reading and libraries to shape children, a neglected aspect of children's library development in Canadian historiography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Education / Revue Canadienne de l'Éducation is the property of Canadian Society for the Study of Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In Canada and elsewhere, there is a growing belief that farming and rural communities have become effectively disconnected from one another. While attention to recent media reporting suggests that incidences of conflict are now as common as examples of support and collaboration, it is suggested that many examples of complementarity remain. These evolving relationships may, however, be linked to the nature of specific farm development trajectories. Such possibilities warrant empirical examination, with attention to known diversity in the family farm sector. This paper reports on an empirical investigation of farm and community linkages in North Huron County, Ontario. The paper builds upon a recent investigation of change in family farming in this region and seeks to document the ways in which local farmers continue to look to their rural communities for support of various kinds. Data are drawn from a survey of farmers in Ashfield and Colborne Townships in 1999. The research explores community linkages around three dominant themes: participation in organisations, purchasing and perceptions and experiences of community support for farming. The findings indicate the persistence of strong linkages between farms and local communities in the study region but point to a potential tendency for disconnection between farms pursuing aggressive expansion and local community organisations and businesses. There is some evidence that jobs and a variety of farm household considerations may form key linkage points between the two sectors, with the importance of these mediated by farm business trajectories and the family life course. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article throws light on histories of volunteers and moral communities. The analysis of these histories reveal the role that their involvement plays in the construction and maintenance of theft own identity as well as the visions of moral ideals and community that underpin their actions. Finally, the article presents preliminary findings of a research project undertaken in three regions of Quebec and involving volunteers from cultural, educational and religious sectors.

This paper presents conclusions drawn from a comparative analysis of three qualitative case studies of participation processes at the regional level in Quebec''s healthcare system in Canada. Our objective is twofold: primarily, to draw on our observations to elaborate and discuss a sociological framework for the analysis of public participation; and secondarily, to use our data to criticise many pervasive but questionable preconceptions in the scientific literature on public participation. The framework used applies the social theory of P. Bourdieu in conjunction with the representation framework of H.F. Pitkin to demonstrate how any form of participation will imply some implicit or explicit delegation. The significance of the analysis is its focus on the social operations implied in these acts of delegation and in the use of the concept of symbolic struggles to understand the conflicts arising when the intrinsic legitimacy of the public is appropriated. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The present study examined the relationship between characteristics of neighborhoods (with set physical boundaries and relatively homogeneous populations) and personal well-being as mediated by sense of community and neighboring behavior. A randomly selected representative sample of 345 residents living in non-apartment dwellings in Winnipeg, Canada, completed a mail survey that included created measures of neighboring and sense of community and the General Health Questionnaire. Results demonstrated that sense of community mediates the relationship between neighborhood stability (as defined by the marital status and mobility) and residents' well-being. The frequency of engaging in neighboring behavior was not directly predictive of residents' sense of personal well-being, but was predictive of increased sense of community. Consistent with previous research, findings highlight the importance of building a sense of community among residents in a neighborhood. Implications of findings for neighborhood planning are discussed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comm Psychol 32: 9–25, 2004. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of International Migration & Integration is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objectives: To compare the off-reserve Aboriginal population with the rest of the Canadian population in terms of health status, health behaviours, and health care utilization. Data source: Statistics Canada's 2000/01 Canadian Community Health Survey. Analytical techniques: Age-standardized cross-tabulations were used to compare health status, heath behaviours, and health care utilization between the off-reserve Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal populations. Multiple logistic regression was used to determine if, after adjustment for socio-demographic and health behaviour factors, the Aboriginal population had greater odds of reporting selected health outcomes. Main results: The off-reserve Aboriginal population reported poorer health than the non-Aboriginal population. These inequalities in health persisted after socio-economic and health behaviour factors were taken into account. Contact with a general practitioner at least once in the previous year was similar between off-reserve Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal people living in the provinces. In the territories, Aboriginal people living off reserve had fewer contacts with doctors than did non-Aboriginal persons. INSETS: Methods;Defining the off-reserve Aboriginal population;Definitions;The influence of socio-demographic and health behaviour . . . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This article examines the health of Canadians at the community level. Canada's 139 health regions are grouped into 10 "peer groups" with similar socio-demographic profiles. Health outcomes and risk factors are compared between and within peer groups. Data source: Life expectancy and disability-free life expectancy estimates are based on data from the 1996 Census of Canada and the Canadian Vital Statistics Database. Risk factor estimates are based on data from the 2000/01 Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS). Analytical techniques: Chiang's method for abridged life tables is used to calculate life expectancy. Disability-free life expectancy was calculated according to the Sullivan method. Estimates of self-perceived health and risk factors are derived from the CCHS data. Regression analysis is used to study associations between health outcomes and risk factors. Main results: Socio-demographic factors and risk factors such as smoking and obesity play a critical role in accounting for differences between communities in health outcomes such as life expectancy and disability-free life expectancy. INSETS: Methods;Definitions;Links between health outcomes and risk factors at the health . .. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the relationship between the sense of community belonging and self-perceived health in Canada. Association of social interaction and health; Level of involvement of Canadians to their local communities; Measures of the sense of community belonging.

One of the most challenging questions facing service providers and policy makers alike is the appropriate level of supervision for adults living in the community following a brain injury. In a 3-year province-wide study of people entering the community following brain injury rehabilitation, four individuals (out of 22 studied) made a transition from fully supervised living to lower levels of formal supervision during their first year in the community. The present study seeks to provide more information about these four individuals, the factors that allowed them to move to lower levels of supervision, and the perceived success of that transition. For each participant, the interviews conducted over the 1 year period in the initial study were reviewed in detail for information about independent living. In addition, each participant was interviewed again for this study, along with his significant other and three of the community programme staff who were most closely involved with his transition. To summarize, factors most salient in the success of transition included: (1) Roles and relationships of family and programme personnel; (2) staying away from drugs and alcohol; (3) availability of structured daily activities, including productive activity or community programme; (4) financial management; and (5) emotion and behaviour self-control. Secondary themes related to successful community living also included the availability of transportation and prior experience with community living since the onset of brain injury. These results offer the experience of four individuals in moving towards independent living. As such, they provide a starting point for further discussions of the process of supporting individuals to pursue the ultimate goal of independent living. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents an examination of the political thrust and social underpinnings of early Canadian democracy. Role of local community life; Problems of exclusions on race, class and gender lines; Issues related to the scope of democratic governance; Issues on banks and other corporations and their role in the democratic process according to pre-confederation radicals.

Using case studies of neighborhood organizations in Canada and Israel, the authors consider relations between neighborhood organizations, the welfare state, and citizenship rights during the twentieth century. These welfare states display real differences but also enough instructive similarities to illuminate the robustness of their argument. Following a theoretical discussion, they identify, primarily on the basis of ethnographic study, five regimes that have produced a distinctive conjuncture of types of organizations, forms of the welfare state, and outcomes in terms of citizenship rights. With qualifications, they find the coproduction, or partnership, model most promising in securing citizenship rights and urban governability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identifies community work as conceptually separate from domestic and traded work as illustrated in women's work in the Canadian community of Kitchener, Waterloo. Analysis of propositions associated with public/private sphere models from theories of Carole Pateman; Proposition of a new conceptual framework in understanding the relationship between women, work and community work.

The paper addresses three concerns: first, the concept of customary taw and its application in both ethnographic and political contexts; second, certain fundamental questions about the role of ethnography in an essentially political milieu; and third, by way of elaborating the conceptual discussion, certain issues that arose in the course of a project examining the relationship between the Crees of east James Bay and the Canadian/Quebec justice system. The author concludes that community consultation processes must be instituted in a creative manner, such that the diverse concerns of contemporary native communities can find expression and that community members can reach mutually acceptable solutions to common problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a preliminary description of the way in which problems of order are dealt with in three Northern Ontario Nishnawbe-Aski Nation communities. Data from interviews of community members, police occurrence reports, and court records were examined. People in the three communities differed, sometimes dramatically, in their estimates of how frequently various specific forms of disorder occurred in their communities. Similarly, they varied in their views of whether these problems should be dealt with by the community itself or by the police and courts. Not surprisingly, then, rates of various types of occurrences, as reported by the Ontario Provincial Police, also varied across communities. Official rates of charging residents of the communities varied across communities and across time. In 1988, for example, the number of charges per 100 residents was over five times as high in one of the three communities as it was in another. In 1990, however, the relative charging rates had reversed, with adult charge rates decreasing by almost 80% in one community and increasing by 187% in the other. A substantial portion of those interviewed in two communities indicated that they do not feel comfortable calling the police if there is trouble. Similarly, substantial numbers of those interviewed in two of the communities did not think that the court does what the community would like it to do. Overall. most people interviewed did not believe that most problems of order got settled in a satisfactory manner by the Euro-Canadian system. Clearly, problems of order within these communities are not being dealt with in a stable satisfactory manner. How they should be dealt with, however, is not clear. Given the variability that exists across communities, it seems likely that different solutions must be tailored to fit -- or must be made flexible enough to fit -- the needs and wishes of each unique community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The area based Jewish Federations are the major focus of contemporary Jewish communal philanthropy in the U.S. and Canada. In 1986 there were 816,747 individual contributions to the annual campaign and 1,500,000 people received services from the more than 1,300 social agencies these gifts support. The aggregate cost of services in the Jewish voluntary sector including Federation allocations, government and third party payments, client fees was about $4 billion in 1986. The Federation is both a fund-raising and allocating institution. Around half it's annual campaign dollars are sent to Jews in need around the world through their partnership with the United Jewish Appeal. However, it is the local level rather than the associated national and international activities of Federations which is the focus of this paper. At the local level the Federation is both a charitable and an operative decision-making body touching upon local services usually including a hospital, a family and children's service, institutional and other programs for the aged, community centers, Jewish educational and vocational agencies.

The article discusses the impact of social factors upon fertility in Fort McMurray, Alberta. The study is based on the data collected in a frontier Alberta community. It is concerned with socioeconomic variables, such as employment, housing, community services, and family life, and demographic characteristics, including marriage, migration, and fertility. The results show that socioeconomic variables were related to fertility in Fort McMurray in ways resembling other Canadian localities. The larger survey revealed fairly high levels of family and community satisfaction. Moving to Fort McMurray seemed to have had more substantial (and more negative) effects upon spouse interaction than upon parent-child relations. Moreover, since frequent interaction with children was associated with greater familial contentment, the move to Fort McMurray may have indirectly promoted greater family satisfaction. The results cast doubt upon the stereotypes which portray boomtowns such as Fort McMurray as "last chance," havens for deviants and transitory fortune-seekers. Residents, on the whole, displayed typical family-building behaviour. Many, in fact, viewed the community as a place to establish a permanent home.