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Students with behavior disorders in Ontario (Canada) and Colorado were compared on 13 variables: age distribution, male/female ratio, number of years in special education, socioeconomic level, family status, siblings, intellectual level, mathematics achievement, best characterization, student performance, time in regular education, and other service providers. Teacher perceptions indicated differences only on three variables. (Author/JDD)

This study describes current provincial/territorial responses to behaviorally disordered students in Canada, comparing this perspective to a 1981 study. Topics examined include definition, prevalence, services available, standards, mainstreaming, program effectiveness, funding, and teacher training requirements. Recommended actions by provincial/territorial authorities to improve services are put forth. (Author/PB)

Analyzed relevant works of Chaucer, More, Locke, Shakespeare, Bayly, Milton, Prior, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Hazlitt, and Dickens for their imagery of youth and adolescence. Concluded that way youth are depicted in these works remained remarkably stable over time. Main theme of adolescence throughout these works is that it is time of turbulence, excess, and passion. (Author/NB)

In 2017, an endangered North Atlantic right whale mortality event in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada, triggered the implementation of dynamic mitigation measures that required real-time information on whale distribution. Underwater glider-based acoustic monitoring offers a possible solution for collecting near real-time information but has many practical challenges including self-noise, energy restrictions, and computing capacity, as well as limited glider-to-shore data transfer bandwidth. This paper describes the development of a near real-time baleen whale acoustic monitoring glider system and its evaluation in the Gulf of St. Lawrence in 2018. Development focused on identifying and prioritizing important acoustic events and on sending contextual information to shore for human validation. The system performance was evaluated post-retrieval, then the trial was simulated using optimized parameters. Trial simulation evaluation revealed that the validated detections of right, fin, and blue whales produced by the system were all correct; the proportion of species occurrence missed varied depending on the timeframe considered. Glider-based near real-time monitoring can be an effective and reliable technique to inform dynamic mitigation strategies for species such as the North Atlantic right whale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a brief outline of a program developed by the Canada Employment and Immigration Commission (CEIC) for certifying employment counselors to use tests in Canada Employment Centres (CECs). To ensure that psychometric tests meet acceptable standards, this program provides comprehensive training for counselors and requires demonstrated competency. (Author)

The article generally describes the existing specialized native Indian teacher education programs in Canada. It notes their rationales, effectiveness and problems, and discusses four trends for the future. (SB)

The article describes a vision screening program in Manitoba to identify high-risk children. Organizational strategies, instrumentation, and results of a study of the effectiveness of the screening process with 732 children are detailed. (Author)

While social history has made great contributions to fur trade and native history, the article reflects upon the limitations of present approaches of recounting Canadian history. (ERB)

Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is recognized as an important global public health concern that has a cross-cutting impact on human health, animal health, food and agriculture and the environment. The Communicable and Infectious Disease Steering Committee (CIDSC) of the Pan-Canadian Public Health Network (PHN) created a Task Group on Antimicrobial Stewardship to look at this issue from a Canadian perspective. Objective: To summarize the key findings of the Task Group Report that identified core components of antimicrobial stewardship programs, best practices, key challenges, gaps and recommendations to advance stewardship across jurisdictions. Methods: Search strategies were developed to identify scientific literature, grey literature and relevant websites on antimicrobial stewardship. The information was reviewed, and based on this evidence, expert opinion and consensus-building, the Task Group identified core components, best practices, key challenges and gaps and developed recommendations to advance stewardship in Canada. Results: The four components of a promising antimicrobial stewardship initiative were: leadership, interventions, monitoring/evaluation and future research. Best practices include a multi-sectoral/multipronged approach involving a wide range of stakeholders at the national, provincial/territorial, local and health care organizational levels. Key challenges and gaps identified were: the success and sustainability of stewardship undertakings require appropriate and sustained resourcing and expertise; there is limited evidence about how to effectively implement treatment guidance; and there is a challenge in ensuring accessibility, standardization and consistency of use among professionals. Recommendations to the CIDSC about how to advance stewardship across jurisdictions included the following: institute a national infrastructure; develop best practices to implement stewardship programs; develop education and promote awareness; establish consistent evidence-based guidance, resources, tools and training; mandate the incorporation of stewardship education; develop audit and feedback tools; establish benchmarks and performance targets for stewardship; and conduct timely evaluation of stewardship programs. Conclusion: Findings of this report will inform a more systematic approach to addressing antimicrobial stewardship Canada-wide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial-Reduce Inappropriate therapy (MADIT-RIT) trial showed a significant reduction in inappropriate implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) therapy in patients programmed to high-rate cut-off (Arm B) or delayed ventricular tachycardia therapy (Arm C), compared with conventional programming (Arm A). There is limited data on the effect of cardiac resynchronization therapy with a cardioverter defibrillator (CRT-D) on the effect of ICD programming. We aimed to elucidate the effect of CRT-D on ICD programming to reduce inappropriate ICD therapy in patients implanted with CRT-D or an ICD, enrolled in MADIT-RIT.Methods and Results: The primary end point of this study was the first inappropriate ICD therapy. Secondary end points were inappropriate anti-tachycardia pacing and inappropriate ICD shock. The study enrolled 742 (49%) patients with an ICD and 757 (51%) patients with a CRT-D. Patients implanted with a CRT-D had 62% lower risk of inappropriate ICD therapy than those with an ICD only (hazard ratio [HR] =0.38, 95% confidence interval: 0.25-0.57; P<0.001). High-rate cut-off or delayed ventricular tachycardia therapy programming significantly reduced the risk of inappropriate ICD therapy compared with conventional ICD programming in ICD (HR=0.14 [B versus A]; HR=0.21 [C versus A]) and CRT-D patients (HR=0.15 [B versus A]; HR=0.23 [C versus A]; P<0.001 for all). There was a significant reduction in inappropriate anti-tachycardia pacings in both group and a significant reduction in inappropriate ICD shock in CRT-D patients.Conclusions: Patients implanted with a CRT-D have lower risk of inappropriate ICD therapy than those with an ICD. Innovative ICD programming significantly reduces the risk of inappropriate ICD therapy in both ICD and CRT-D patients.Clinical Trial Registration: http://clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT00947310. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional knowledge and oral traditions history are crucial lines of evidence in Aboriginal claims litigation and alternative forms of resolution, most notably claims commissions. This article explores the ways in which these lines of evidence pose numerous challenges in terms of how and where they can be presented, who is qualified to present it, questions about whether this evidence can stand on its own, and the problems of developing appropriate measures to protect it from inappropriate use by outsiders while not unduly restricting access by the traditional owners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the early 1950s, evidence from ethnohistorical geography has played an important role in aboriginal rights claims and litigation in North America. I became involved in Canadian aboriginal and treaty rights litigation over 35 years ago. My participation has included several landmark cases: Regina v. Horseman (treaty rights), Delgamuukw v. Regina (Comprehensive title claim), and Regina v. Powley (Métis rights). Most of the evidence that I have presented over the years has dealt with various aspects of the changing spatial economies of First Nations and Métis communities from Ontario to British Columbia. The Hudson's Bay Company's vast archive has been the primary source for this data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study which analyzes fishery laws and legislations in Canada and U.S. for rapid response management of nonindigenous aquatic species (NAS) of fish in the countries' aquatic ecosystem. It notes that introduced fishes came from baitfish sales, livefish, and pet fish trade. The study examines enforceable fishery laws in federal and state levels that regulate the contiguous zones of both countries. Results of the examinations of U.S. and Canada federal legislations revealed that legislations on bait fish sales, aquaculture, live fish market sales, and pet fish trade were poorly regulated and there were no laws that govern NAS. It suggests that both countries must establish fishery laws and legislations that would aid in the rapid-response management of NAS.

High prevalences of gonadal intersex have been observed in wild fish populations in areas affected by domestic and industrial effluents. For this study, fish were collected in 1998 from the Cootes Paradise region of Hamilton Harbour in western Lake Ontario, Canada, to determine whether gonadal abnormalities, including intersex, were present in young of the year (YOY) fish. No gonadal abnormalities were observed in goldfish (Carassius auratus), common carp (Cyprinus carpio), gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum), brown bullhead (Ictalurus ameiurus), pumpkinseed (Lepomis gibbosus), and bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus). However, intersex gonads were observed in 8 of 16 male white perch (Morone americana) examined in this survey. Subsequently, in 1999 and 2000 white perch estimated to be YOY to approximately 2 years of age were collected from Cootes Paradise and from two other sites in the lower Great Lakes region. Gonadal intersex was observed in male white perch collected from the Bay of Quinte (22–44%) and Lake St. Clair (45%), although the prevalence and the extent of the intersex condition were lower relative to the 83% prevalence in white perch collected in Cootes Paradise. Intersex was not observed in hatchery-reared white perch or in white perch collected from an uncontaminated reference site (i.e., Deal Lake) in the United States. An analysis of plasma collected in the spring of 2002 from male adult white perch in Cootes Paradise revealed high concentrations of vitellogenin, ranging from 49 to 1,711 μg/mL. These observations indicate that male white perch are exposed to estrogenic endocrine-disrupting substances that may be responsible for the induction of gonadal intersex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Responds to commentary made by R. Irwin concerning the author's interpretation of the Treaty 8 or the McLeod Lake Sekani settlement in British Columbia. Contradictions in Irwin's discussion of the federal government's rationale for including and excluding various First Nations territories within Treaty 8; Failure to address the cultural geography issues raised in the interpretation.

Introduction: We aimed to investigate the neuromuscular contributions to enhanced fatigue resistance with carbohydrate (CHO) ingestion and to identify whether fatigue is associated with changes in interstitial glucose levels assessed using a continuous glucose monitor (CGM). Methods: Twelve healthy participants (six males, six females) performed isokinetic single-leg knee extensions (90°·s-1) at 20% of the maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) torque until MVC torque reached 60% of its initial value (i.e., task failure). Central and peripheral fatigue were evaluated every 15 min during the fatigue task using the interpolated twitch technique and electrically evoked torque. Using a single-blinded crossover design, participants ingested CHO (85 g sucrose per hour), or a placebo (PLA), at regular intervals during the fatigue task. Minute-by-minute interstitial glucose levels measured via CGMand whole blood glucose readings were obtained intermittently during the fatiguing task. Results: CHO ingestion increased time to task failure over PLA (113 ± 69 vs 81 ± 49min, mean±SD; P < 0.001) and was associated with higher glycemia asmeasured byCGM(106 ± 18 vs 88 ± 10mg·dL-1, P<0.001) and whole blood glucose sampling (104 ± 17 vs 89 ± 10 mg·dL-1,P<0.001). When assessing the values in the CHO condition at a similar time point to those at task failure in the PLA condition (i.e., ~81 min), MVC torque, percentage voluntary activation, and 10 Hz torque were all better preserved in the CHO versus PLA condition (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Exogenous CHO intakemitigates neuromuscular fatigue at both the central and peripheral levels by raising glucose concentrations rather than by preventing hypoglycemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the impact of English-French fur trade rivalry on the hunting practices of Indian groups in the Canadian Subarctic before 1763. Impact of the rivalry on environmental exploitation; Dominance of Indian middlemen in the trading system; Effects of transportation limitations on the rivalry.

There is growing interest in generalizing the impact of hydrogeomorphology and weather variables on riparian functions. Here, we used RZ-TRADEOFF to estimate nitrogen, phosphorus, water table (WT) depth, and greenhouse gas (GHG: N2O, CO2, CH4) functions for 80 riparian zones typical of the North American Midwest, Northeast (including Southern Ontario, Canada), and Mid-Atlantic. Sensitivity to weather perturbations was calculated for temperature and precipitation-dependent functions (CO2, phosphate concentration, and water table), and multivariate statistical analysis on model outputs was conducted to determine trade-offs between riparian functions. Mean model estimates were 93.10 cm for WT depth, 8.45 mg N L−1 for field edge nitrate concentration, 51.57% for nitrate removal, 0.45 mg PO43− L−1 for field edge phosphate concentration, 1.5% for subsurface phosphate removal, 91.24% for total overland phosphorus removal, 0.51 mg N m−2 day−1 for N2O flux, 5.5 g C m−2 day−1 for CO2 fluxes, and − 0.41 mg C m−2 day−1 and 621.51 mg C m−2 day−1 for CH4 fluxes in non-peat sites and peat sites, respectively. Sites in colder climates were most sensitive to weather perturbations for CO2, sites with deep water tables estimates had the highest sensitivity for WT, and sites in warm climates and/or with deep confining layers had the lowest sensitivity for phosphate concentration. Slope, confining layer depth, and temperature were the primary characteristics influencing similarities and trade-offs between sites. This research contributes to understanding how to optimize riparian restoration and protection in watersheds based on both water (nitrogen, phosphorus) and air quality (GHG) goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]