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This article examines the process of development and change in the state of education in Cambodia over four decades preceding the 1990 Jomtien World Conference on Education for All. The author argues that during the 1950s and 1960s, efforts to enhance basic education opportunities for all Cambodians were largely unsuccessful due to the lack of adequate infrastructural mechanisms and a guiding framework for action. Of the periods considered in this study, only the Prince Sihanouk regime (1950s-1960s) was relatively socioeconomically advanced, and saw a growth in the number of modern school buildings, teacher training centres, and universities. The succeeding regimes in the 1970s not only failed to maintain the development, but by the second half of the 1970s the formal education system had been completely dismantled. The collapse in 1979 of the Pol Pot regime made way for the rebirth of traditional socio-cultural structures and the wide expansion of schooling opportunities throughout the 1980s. National rehabilitation and reconstruction during the 1980s, despite lingering social insecurity, marked considerable and fundamental progress towards the present educational situation of this struggling nation.

Management research has predominantly focused on national studies of large nations, while smaller nations have been largely ignored. In addition, although Confucian Asia has been extensively studied, dharmic Asia and the Mekong region have not. This study, therefore, considers Cambodia, using the conceptual framework of Selvarajah et al. (Selvarajah, C., Duignan, P., Nuttman, C. and Suppiah, C., 1995. In search of the Asian leader: An exploratory study of dimensions that relates to excellence in leadership. Management international review: Journal of international business, 35 (1), 29–34), which has been previously used to understand a variety of eastern and western leadership behaviours. This study on Cambodia, similar to previous studies, has demonstrated the importance of cultural context when considering leadership behaviour. In Cambodia, the influence of religion and its turbulent past make this a particularly interesting study of managerial leadership and the implications to management and theory development are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To determine the social and behavioural factors associated with condom use among direct sex workers in Siem Reap, Cambodia.Methods: Using a structured behavioural questionnaire, interviews were conducted with 140 direct sex workers attending a health centre in Siem Reap for HIV screening.Results: Consistent condom use with their clients was reported by 78% of sex workers compared to only 20% with their non-paying partners. Consistent condom use with clients was significantly higher among higher income than lower income sex workers (adjusted prevalence ratio: 1.91, 95% CI: 1.15 to 3.18) and those with good rather than poor negotiation skills (adjusted prevalence ratio: 1.51, 95% CI: 1.01 to 2.26), after adjustment for age, educational level, marital status, number of sexual encounters per week, and knowledge of AIDS/HIV and sexually transmitted infections. The most frequently reported reason for not using condoms with clients was not being able to persuade them (66.7%), while for non-paying partners, the reason was that they loved them (60.0%).Conclusion: To complement the government's current programme of client education, 100% condom policy and brothel administrative measures, additional strategies to increase condom use among clients and non-paying partners should be directed at (i) the social policy and community levels to address sex workers' economic and cultural barriers to condom use, and (ii) personal level empowerment through developing sex workers' condom negotiation skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The national malaria programme of Cambodia targets the rapid elimination of all human malaria by 2025. As clinical cases decline to near-elimination levels, a key strategy is the rapid identification of malaria outbreaks triggering effective action to interrupt local transmission. We report a comprehensive, multipronged management approach in response to a 2022 Plasmodium falciparum outbreak in Kravanh district, western Cambodia. Methods: The provincial health department of Pursat in conjunction with the Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control (CNM) identified villages where transmission was occurring using clinical records, and initiated various interventions, including the distribution of insecticide-treated bed nets, running awareness campaigns, and implementing fever screening with targeted drug administration. Health stations were set up at forest entry points, and later, targeted drug administrations with artesunate–pyronaridine (Pyramax) and intermittent preventive treatment for forest goers (IPTf) were implemented in specific village foci. Data related to adherence and adverse events from IPTf and TDA were collected. The coverage rates of interventions were calculated, and local malaria infections were monitored. Results: A total of 942 individuals were screened through active fever surveillance in villages where IPTf and TDA were conducted. The study demonstrated high coverage and adherence rates in the targeted villages, with 92% (553/600) coverage in round one and 65% (387/600) in round two. Adherence rate was 99% (551/553) in round one and 98% (377/387) in round two. The study found that forest goers preferred taking Pyramax over repeated testing consistent with the coverage rates: 92% in round one compared to 65% in round two. All individuals reachable through health stations or mobile teams reported complete IPTf uptake. No severe adverse events were reported. Only six individuals reported mild adverse events, such as loss of energy, fever, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, and muscle aches. Two individuals attributed their symptoms to heavy alcohol intake following prophylaxis. Conclusions: The targeted malaria outbreak response demonstrated high acceptability, safety, and feasibility of the selected interventions. Malaria transmission was rapidly controlled using the available community resources. This experience suggests the effectiveness of the programmatic response for future outbreaks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An initial challenge to apply relevant social psychological knowledge to the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Cambodia has grown, using a Lewinian 'action research' perspective, into a multi-sectoral research and health intervention programme. This addresses inequalities in literacy, employment, poverty and the risk of dying from HIV/AIDS. At the level of the individual, it seeks behavioural change to 100% condom use for women and men at risk. At the social level, a pyramidal 'peer educator' training program is initiated, while at the community, institutional and international levels, hiring policies of hotels and the health policies of globalised businesses are challenged to contribute proactively to the campaign against the spread of HIV/AIDS. While a grass-roots community (NGO) group works locally to improve the situation of married women and the 'beer girls' of Siem Reap, students in several countries are organising internet sites concerning the ethical and fair-trade practices of international beer companies profiting from the sales of these beer-girls, who are now 20% HIV positive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]