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Discusses research into the changing geomorphology of the San Francisco Bay Area in California, to a polycentric metropolitan form. Impact of polycentric development; Investigation into the effects of housing availability and prices; Empirical analysis of the situation.

Tropospheric ozone (O 3 ) pollution has long been a prominent environmental threat due to its adverse impacts on vulnerable populations and ecosystems. In recent years, an unexpected increase in O 3 levels over the South Coast Air Basin (SoCAB) of California has been observed despite reduced precursor emissions and the driving factors behind this abnormal condition remain unclear. In this work, we combine ambient measurements, satellite data, and air quality modeling to investigate O 3 and precursor emission trends and explore the impacts of meteorological variability and emission changes on O 3 over the SoCAB from 2012 to 2020. Changes in O 3 trends were characterized by declining O 3 in 2012-2015, and increasing O 3 afterwards with the most extreme O 3 exceedances in 2020. Basin-wide increases of MDA8 O 3 concentrations over warm season were depicted between 2012 and 2020, with the most significant enhancements (5-10 ppb) observed in San Bernardino County. Persistent heatwaves and weak ventilation on consecutive days were closely correlated with O 3 exceedances (r 2 above 0.6) over inland SoCAB. While decreasing trends in NO x (-4.1%/yr) and VOC emissions (-1.8%/yr) inferred from emission inventory and satellites during 2012-2020 resulted in a slow transition for O 3 sensitivity from VOCs-limited to NO x -limited, model simulations performed with fixed meteorology indicate that unfavorable meteorological conditions could largely offset regulation benefits, with meteorology anomaly-induced monthly O 3 changes reaching 20 ppb (May 2020) and the deterioration of O 3 pollution in 2016, 2017, and 2020 was largely attributed to unfavorable meteorological conditions. Nevertheless, anthropogenic emission changes may act as the dominant factor in governing O 3 variations across the SoCAB when net effects of meteorology are neutral (typically 2018). This work provides a comprehensive assessment of O 3 pollution and contributes valuable insights into understanding the long-term changes of O 3 and precursors in guiding future regulation efforts in the SoCAB., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: Liver diseases including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and ensuing alterations to the micro-environment may affect development of liver metastasis. Mirroring the rise in obesity rates, prevalence of NAFLD is increasing globally. Our objective was to examine the association between NAFLD and mortality in colorectal cancer patients., Methods: Colorectal Cancer-Sarcopenia and Near-term Survival (C-SCANS) is a retrospective cohort study which included 3,262 stage I-III patients, aged 18-80 years, and diagnosed between 2006 and 2011 at Kaiser Permanente Northern California. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to calculate multivariable adjusted hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI)., Results: After up to 10 years of follow-up, 879 deaths, including 451 from CRC were identified. Cases diagnosed with NAFLD before and within 1 month after CRC diagnosis (pre-existing NAFLD; n = 83) had a HR of 1.64 (95% CI 1.06-2.54) for overall and a HR of 1.85 (95% CI 1.03-3.30) for CRC-specific mortality compared to those without NAFLD. Findings did not differ significantly by sex, stage, tumor location, and smoking status, and were also similar when restricted to obese patients only., Conclusions: Independent of body mass index and prognostic indicators, CRC patients with pre-existing NAFLD had a worse prognosis than those without NAFLD.