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In studies of anthropometric measures and prostate cancer risk, conducted primarily in White men, positive associations with advanced disease have been reported. We assessed body size in relation to incident prostate cancer risk in 79,950 men from the Multiethnic Cohort, with 8,819 cases identified over 22 years (1993-2015). Height was associated with increased risk of advanced prostate cancer (≥68 inches (≥ 173 cm) vs. < 66 inches (168 cm); hazard ratio (HR) = 1.24, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.04, 1.48) and high-grade disease (HR = 1.15, 95% CI: 1.02, 1.31). Compared with men of normal weight, men overweight at baseline were at higher risk of high-grade cancer (HR = 1.15, 95% CI: 1.04, 1.26). Greater weight was positively associated with localized and low-grade disease in Blacks and Native Hawaiians (by race, P for heterogeneity = 0.0002 and 0.008, respectively). Weight change since age 21 years was positively associated with high-grade disease (for ≥ 40 pounds (18 kg) vs. 10 pounds (4.5 kg), HR = 1.20, 95% CI: 1.05, 1.37; P for trend = 0.005). Comparing highest versus lowest quartile, waist-to-hip ratio was associated with a 1.78-fold increase (95% CI: 1.28, 2.46) in the risk of advanced prostate cancer. Positive associations with the majority of anthropometric measures were observed in all 5 racial/ethnic groups, suggesting a general impact of anthropometric measures on risk across populations., (© The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Background: There have been few genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of prostate cancer among diverse populations. To search for novel prostate cancer risk variants, we conducted GWAS of prostate cancer in Japanese and Latinos. In addition, we tested prostate cancer risk variants and developed genetic risk models of prostate cancer for Japanese and Latinos., Methods: Our first-stage GWAS of prostate cancer included Japanese (cases/controls = 1,033/1,042) and Latino (cases/controls = 1,043/1,057) from the Multiethnic Cohort (MEC). Significant associations from stage I (P < 1.0 × 10(-4)) were examined in silico in GWAS of prostate cancer (stage II) in Japanese (cases/controls = 1,583/3,386) and Europeans (cases/controls = 1,854/1,894)., Results: No novel stage I single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) outside of known risk regions reached genome-wide significance. For Japanese, in stage I, the most notable putative novel association was seen with 10 SNPs (P ≤ 8.0 × 10(-6)) at chromosome 2q33; however, this was not replicated in stage II. For Latinos, the most significant association was observed with rs17023900 at the known 3p12 risk locus (stage I: OR = 1.45; P = 7.01 × 10(-5) and stage II: OR = 1.58; P = 3.05 × 10(-7)). The majority of the established risk variants for prostate cancer, 79% and 88%, were positively associated with prostate cancer in Japanese and Latinos (stage I), respectively. The cumulative effects of these variants significantly influence prostate cancer risk (OR per allele = 1.10; P = 2.71 × 10(-25) and OR = 1.07; P = 1.02 × 10(-16) for Japanese and Latinos, respectively)., Conclusion and Impact: Our GWAS of prostate cancer did not identify novel genome-wide significant variants. However, our findings show that established risk variants for prostate cancer significantly contribute to risk among Japanese and Latinos., (©2012 AACR.)

Objective: Previous studies have suggested that high levels of galactose consumption and/or low levels of galactose-I-phosphate uridyl transferase (GALT) activity may result in an increased risk of epithelial ovarian cancer. Similarly, some have reported that carriers of the N314D (asparagine at codon 314 replaced by aspartate) GALT polymorphism, which can be associated with low GALT activity, may have a higher risk of ovarian cancer. We examined these issues as part of a large case-control study of ovarian cancer conducted in Los Angeles between 1992 and 1998., Methods: A total of 1,439 histologically confirmed borderline and invasive ovarian cancer cases among English-speaking non-Asian women were ascertained through the population-based cancer registry for Los Angeles County and completed in-person interviews were obtained from 689 of these (78% of cases approached). Controls consisted of 645 English-speaking non-Asian women with at least one intact ovary matched to cases on race/ethnicity (African-American, Latina, non-Latina White), date of birth (+/-3 years), and neighborhood of residence. Interviewer-administered questionnaires included information on reproductive factors, exogenous hormone use, medical history, and diet. Dietary information for the year before each case's diagnosis (and the same period for her matched control) was obtained using a self-administered food-frequency questionnaire. Blood samples were obtained from 452 controls, 136 cases with borderline ovarian cancer, and 312 cases with invasive ovarian cancer. The N314D polymorphism was characterized using PCR-RFLP and GALT enzyme activity, and was determined for a sample of the subjects with GALT genotype using an erythrocyte-based radioactive enzyme assay., Results: We found no effect of N314D GALT genotype on the risk of borderline ovarian cancer (odds ratio (OR)=0.91; 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.54-1.6) or invasive ovarian cancer (OR=0.78; 95% CI= 0.53-1.2). Neither did we observe a relationship between GALT activity or lactose/galactose intake and risk of borderline or invasive ovarian cancer. Among N314D carriers, galactose consumption was associated with an increased risk of borderline (OR = 2.7, p = 0.01), but not invasive (OR = 1.2, p = 0.34), ovarian cancer; however, this result was based on only 24 N314D-positive borderline cases., Conclusions: Differences in galactose intake and GALT metabolism do not contribute significantly to the risk of ovarian cancer. There is some evidence that galactose intake may play a role in the development of borderline ovarian cancer among women who carry the uncommon GALT N314D polymorphism. More data are needed if this latter suggestion is to be definitively addressed.