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The present study examined patterns of number-related utterances and actions directed to 9-month-old infants by their parents. An ethnically and economically diverse sample of 86 families participated in structured play sessions conducted separately with the mothers and fathers of each infant. Data were coded for eight math talk categories, and these codes were analyzed for frequency, as well as complexity (number of categories mentioned within each 30-sec time interval) and diversity (number of categories mentioned across the entire play session). Number-related utterances and actions were frequent, with cardinality, one-to-one correspondence, and non-numerical quantitative terms (e.g., "some, less") being most frequent. Mothers and fathers both provided frequent and diverse input, though mothers provided significantly more math talk than fathers for abstract counting and equivalence/non-equivalence, and mothers mentioned significantly more categories overall than fathers. Both non-numerical quantitative relations and cardinality were significantly associated with children's preschool numeracy outcomes, though the association was negative for cardinality. Furthermore, fathers' numeracy input and mothers' total talk were also significantly and positively associated with children's numeracy outcomes.

The COVID-19 pandemic caused schools to shift to virtual or hybrid instruction, thrusting young adolescents into a very different educational environment. Stage-environment fit theory outlines ways in which educational contexts may, or may not, meet the developmental needs of young adolescents. Yet little is known about how virtual environments fit the needs of middle schoolers. To assess this, we surveyed 430 middle school students in California during emergency distance learning. Open- and close-ended survey questions revealed the ways in which virtual schooling was not able to match the needs of these young adolescents. Student responses included challenges related to lack of connections with peers and teachers, difficulty working independently, and general mental health issues. Though limited, these results highlight the ways in which to consider developmental stages when altering school contexts in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic. Such findings offer insights on how to adjust online practices so that they can better support the developmental needs of middle school students.

Objective: To gain insight into the extent of body mass index (BMI) change during an academic year for children with overweight or obesity at entry to an early learning programme with nutrition and physical activity components ("Head Start"). We explored whether meeting with families to discuss weight and nutrition and age of entry in the programme were associated with movement towards healthy weight via a reduction in BMI. Design: Quantitative analyses of administrative Head Start data of children aged 3-5 years old who entered the programme with a BMI labelled as overweight or obese. Setting: Children who participated in a Head Start early learning programme in the Southwest USA. Method: Descriptive analyses of BMI changes over the Head Start programme year. Ordinary least square regression analyses were run to explore whether a meeting with a family regarding their child's weight and nutrition (i.e. a family service event) and age of entry predicted BMI change over the programme year. Results: Children with BMI labelled as overweight or obese, on average, reduced BMI over the academic year. Unexpectedly, having a family service event was related to an increase in BMI over the school year. Earlier age of entry predicted reduced BMI over the programme year. Conclusion: "Head Start" programming appears well suited to support decreases in prevalence of childhood obesity and that earlier entry was better. A meeting with families regarding their child's weight and nutrition predicted an increase in BMI, though several factors indicated the need for more nuanced research on the types and intensity of these events.

This study reports an independent investigation of the psychometric properties of Desired Results Developmental Profile (DRDP), a teacher-rated measure of school readiness for preschool-aged children. In a sample of 2,031 low-income, 3- to 5-year-old children attending Head Start, we tested three measurement models: a higher order one-factor model, a seven-factor model, and a five-factor model. To explore the appropriateness of the DRDP for use with diverse populations of young children, we used multiple group and differential item functioning (DIF) analyses to determine whether the DRDP works differently for dual language learners (DLL) and non-DLLs. The proposed five-factor structure fits the data best, with greater face and statistical validity. Using this conceptually driven factor structure, the multiple group analyses were robust for DLL and non-DLL preschool students. More than half of the items on the DRDP displayed little DIF. Items measuring emergent language and literacy exhibited DIF favoring non-DLL children. [For the Grantee Submission, see ED596379.]

Given the increasing prevalence of wildland fires in the Western US, there is a critical need to develop tools to understand and accurately predict burn severity. We develop a novel machine learning model to predict post-fire burn severity using pre-fire remotely sensed data. Hydrological, ecological, and topographical variables collected from four regions of California — the site of the Kincade fire (2019), the CZU Lightning Complex fire (2020), the Windy fire (2021), and the KNP Fire (2021) — are used as predictors of the differenced normalized burn ratio. We hypothesize that a Super Learner (SL) algorithm that accounts for spatial autocorrelation using Vecchia's Gaussian approximation will accurately model burn severity. We use a cross-validation study to show that the spatial SL model can predict burn severity with reasonable classification accuracy, including high burn severity events. After fitting and verifying the performance of the SL model, we use interpretable machine learning tools to determine the main drivers of severe burn damage, including greenness, elevation, and fire weather variables. These findings provide actionable insights that enable communities to strategize interventions, such as early fire detection systems, pre-fire season vegetation clearing activities, and resource allocation during emergency responses. When implemented, this model has the potential to minimize the loss of human life, property, resources, and ecosystems in California. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The escalating frequency and severity of global wildfires necessitate an in-depth understanding and monitoring of wildfire smoke impacts, specifically its contribution to fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ). We propose a data-fusion method to study wildfire contribution to PM 2.5 using satellite-derived smoke plume indicators and PM 2.5 monitoring data. Our study incorporates two types of monitoring data, the high-quality but sparse Air Quality System (AQS) stations and the abundant but less accurate PurpleAir (PA) sensors that are gaining popularity among citizen scientists. We propose a multi-resolution spatiotemporal model specified in the spectral domain to calibrate the PA sensors against accurate AQS measurements, and leverage the two networks to estimate wildfire contribution to PM 2.5 in California in 2020 and 2021. A Bayesian approach is taken to incorporate all uncertainties and our prior intuition that the dependence between networks, as well as the accuracy of PA network, vary by frequency. We find that 1% to 3% increase in PM 2.5 concentration due to wildfire smoke, and that leveraging PA sensors improves accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic caused schools to shift to virtual or hybrid instruction, thrusting young adolescents into a very different educational environment. Stage-environment fit theory outlines ways in which educational contexts may, or may not, meet the developmental needs of young adolescents. Yet little is known about how virtual environments fit the needs of middle schoolers. To assess this, we surveyed 430 middle school students in California during emergency distance learning. Open- and close-ended survey questions revealed the ways in which virtual schooling was not able to match the needs of these young adolescents. Student responses included challenges related to lack of connections with peers and teachers, difficulty working independently, and general mental health issues. Though limited, these results highlight the ways in which to consider developmental stages when altering school contexts in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic. Such findings offer insights on how to adjust online practices so that they can better support the developmental needs of middle school students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated how caregivers' mobile device use influenced the quality of their interactions with their children. The associations between quality of interactions and the type of activity (eg, typing/swiping, looking at screen), setting, caregiver-child proximity, and child behaviors were also examined. Researchers anonymously and systematically observed and coded the behavior of 98 caregiver-child dyads in public settings (eg, parks, food courts) during real-time, naturally occurring interactions using time sampling. Caregivers who used a mobile device for the entire observation engaged in less joint attention and were less responsive than caregivers who used the device some of the time. When looking at patterns within caregivers who used the device intermittently, the probability that they would engage in joint attention, initiate interactions with their child, talk, and display positive emotions was lower when they used a mobile device than when they did not. Child talking and positive affect were unrelated to caregiver device use. Activity type with the device, caregiver-child proximity and setting also related to interaction quality. Caregiver device use was negatively associated with adult behaviors that are key components of high-quality caregiver-child interactions. Additionally, setting, activity type, and caregiver-child proximity are factors that should be considered because they relate to the quality of caregiver-child interactions in the context of mobile screen technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Young children are introduced to mobile technology at an early age, with many using touchscreens daily. One appeal of touchscreen technology is that it seems to be intuitive for very young children. As a result, many children's e‐books are designed for tablets rather than for e‐readers or computers. E‐books often contain hotspots—interactive areas children can press to receive immediate auditory or visual feedback. This study assessed whether children's (N = 76, aged 3–5 years) interactions with hotspots increased their engagement with reading when using an e‐book independently and how such interactions were related to their learning from the story. Our results suggested that interacting with hotspots enhanced children's emotional engagement and sustained visual attention but not verbal engagement. Interacting with hotspots also benefited children's recall of story elements relevant to the hotspot but not their overall comprehension of the story. These findings inform the design and use of touchscreen media in early childhood. Lay Description: What is already known about this topic: Interactive features, such as hotspots on which children can press to receive visual or auditory effects, are commonly incorporated in children's electronic books.Hotspots may stimulate children's engagement and help children understand the content of the story; hotspots may also increase the demand of working memory, thus resulting in children's cognitive overload.These interactive features may increase or decrease children's engagement with and comprehension of the story depending on how children use them. What this paper adds: The present study explored the association of hotspots interaction with children's engagement with and learning from tablet‐based electronic books.Interaction with hotspots enhanced children's emotional engagement and visual attention as children used an e‐book, but not verbal engagement.Hotspot interactions benefited children's recall of story elements relevant to the hotspot but did not appear to enhance their holistic comprehension of the story. Implications of study findings for practitioners: Integrating hotspots that are congruent with the story into electronic books can offer young readers a more enjoyable and focused digital reading experience.Prompts or instructions should be given to guide children in their hotspot interactions.Designers may also want to consider incorporating hotspots that may facilitate children's verbal engagement with reading and story comprehension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the first study of the economic effects of a citywide minimum wage--San Francisco's adoption of an indexed minimum wage, set at $8.50 in 2004 and $9.14 by 2007. Compared to earlier benchmark studies by Card and Krueger and by Neumark and Wascher, this study surveys table-service as well as fast-food restaurants, includes more control groups, and collects data for more outcomes. The authors find that the policy increased worker pay and compressed wage inequality, but did not create any detectable employment loss among affected restaurants. The authors also find smaller amounts of measurement error than characterized the earlier studies, and so they can reject previous negative employment estimates with greater confidence. Fast-food and table-service restaurants responded differently to the policy, with a small price increase and substantial increases in job tenure and in the proportion of full-time workers among fast-food restaurants, but not among table-service restaurants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ambigolimax valentianus and Ambigolimax nyctelius are synanthropic terrestrial slugs that have been dispersed widely by human activity. Herein, these species are reported from Los Angeles County, California, as a result of contributions to SLIME (Snails and Slugs Living in Metropolitan Environments), a citizen science project initiated by the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County and hosted online by iNaturalist. Importantly, collected specimens and specimen data of A. nyctelius are the first of this species in California and the first records to document it in North America since 1960. Species identifications of A. valentianus and A. nyctelius, which are phenotypically similar, were made by examination of specimens' distal genitalia and analysis of their mtDNA barcoding gene, COI (A. nyctelius, n = 18 and A. valentianus, n = 11). Slug radulae and jaws were examined and are figured, but were not diagnostic to species. Phylogenetic analyses of COI haplotypes from both Ambigolimax species and six other limacids resolve A. nyctelius and A. valentianus as monophyletic sister taxa. However, morphological and molecular data from taxa not included in this study are needed to substantiate this relationship and inform a revision of at least 10 genera in the family Limacidae. Inconsistencies in the literature regarding the year of Férussac's species description of A. valentianus (as Limax valentianus) are also discussed and resolved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: As more attention is placed on designing digital educational games to align with schools' academic aims (e.g., Common Core), questions arise regarding how professional development (PD) may support teachers' using games for instruction and how such integration might impact students' achievement. This study seeks to (a) understand how teachers use PD resources (e.g., technology personnel and game‐use workshops) for integration; (b) determine how teachers integrate games into their instruction; and (c) examine how those teaching practices are associated with student achievement. This mixed method study used survey and interview responses from elementary school teachers (n = 863) with access to PD resources for implementing a math game intervention and standardized math‐test scores from their second‐ through sixth‐grade students (n = 10,715). Findings showed few teachers sought PD assistance for integration, but many desired such support. Some reported using integrative practices (i.e., referencing game and using game‐generated progress reports) to identify struggling students, whereas several found integration challenging. Teachers' reordering of game objectives to align with lessons and viewing of game‐based PD videos were associated with increased student math achievement in our OLS‐analysis. However, this result was no longer statistically significant within a school fixed‐effects model, suggesting school differences may influence how strongly teachers' practices are associated with student achievement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An essay is presented that examines the reasons for the superseding of Spanish and Mexican natural resources law by common law and modern statutes. Topics discussed include the California Supreme Court's ruling allowing Los Angeles to monopolize its local water source based on pueblo water right, the mineral extraction law, surface mineral proprietorship law and the land use in Hispanic California.

Poor outcomes after thoracic transplantation with concurrent renal dysfunction are well described: without transplantation or with thoracic-only transplantation, patients face unacceptably high mortality. Outcomes after combined lung-kidney transplantation (LKT) remain largely uninvestigated. The United Network for Organ Sharing/Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network database was queried to identify all LKTs, lung transplantations (LTs), and kidney transplantations (KTs) performed in the United States from 1995 to 2013. Survival was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared using log-rank tests or Cox regression models. Thirty-one LKTs were performed. Mean recipient age was 45.4 ± 13.5 years; 48.3 per cent were male. Retransplantation for graft failure was the leading indication for LT (n = 13) and the most common renal indication was calcineurin inhibitor nephrotoxicity (n = 11). Mean lung allocation score was 46.6 ± 14.4, mean creatinine was 3.7 ± 2.8 g/dL, and glomerular filtration rate was 23.1 (interquartile range 11.9, 38.3) mL/min/1.7 m(2), and 11 (35.5%) were dialysis dependent. Patient survival after LKT was 92.9 per cent, 71.0 per cent, and 71.0 per cent at one month, six months, and one year, with a median survival of 95.2 months. One- and five-year survival after LKT, 71.0 per cent and 59.9 per cent, were similar to LT (n = 23,913), 81.7 per cent and 51.4 per cent (P = 0.061 and 0.55), and inferior to KT (n = 175,269), 94.9 per cent and 82.8 per cent (P < 0.0001), respectively. Patient survival after LKT was similar to isolated LT, and these results suggest that LKT is a feasible therapeutic option for LT candidates with significant renal dysfunction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many new and important developmental issues are encountered during adolescence, which is also a time when Internet use becomes increasingly popular. Studies have shown that adolescents are using these online spaces to address developmental issues, especially needs for intimacy and connection to others. Online communication with its potential for interacting with unknown others, may put teens at increased risk. Two hundred and fifty-one high school students completed an in-person survey, and 126 of these completed an additional online questionnaire about how and why they use the Internet, their activities on social networking sites (e.g., Facebook, MySpace) and their reasons for participation, and how they perceive these online spaces to impact their friendships. To examine the extent of overlap between online and offline friends, participants were asked to list the names of their top interaction partners offline and online (Facebook and instant messaging). Results reveal that adolescents mainly use social networking sites to connect with others, in particular with people known from offline contexts. While adolescents report little monitoring by their parents, there was no evidence that teens are putting themselves at risk by interacting with unknown others. Instead, adolescents seem to use the Internet, especially social networking sites, to connect with known others. While the study found moderate overlap between teens' closest online and offline friends, the patterns suggest that adolescents use online contexts to strengthen offline relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The Second International Workshop on Advances in Electrocorticography (ECoG) was convened in San Diego, CA, USA, on November 11–12, 2010. Between this meeting and the inaugural 2009 event, a much clearer picture has been emerging of cortical ECoG physiology and its relationship to local field potentials and single-cell recordings. Innovations in material engineering are advancing the goal of a stable long-term recording interface. Continued evolution of ECoG-driven brain–computer interface technology is determining innovation in neuroprosthetics. Improvements in instrumentation and statistical methodologies continue to elucidate ECoG correlates of normal human function as well as the ictal state. This proceedings document summarizes the current status of this rapidly evolving field. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A bibliography on the subject of California legal history manuscripts in the Huntington Library in San Marino, California, is presented which includes the Bernal Family Papers, records from the legal department of the Los Angeles Times Company from 1911-1980, and the papers of Judge Walter Ely.

Seed harvesting and processing are relatively visible components of the archaeological record in prehistoric eastern California. This is due largely to the use of fire in seed processing, the preservation of carbonized remains, and the ease of recovery using flotation means. Despite ethnographic evidence indicating its importance to the native diet, geophyte (bulb, tuber, root) processing is much less visible and has been less discussed in prehistoric settings. Excavations of three small rock-ring features at two sites on the western shores of Owens Lake suggest that two were likely used for geophyte processing and one for storage. We compare these features to similar ones recorded in the northwestern Mojave Desert, outlining similarities and differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper evaluates the costs, benefits and related impacts of living wage policies implemented at the San Francisco Airport (SFO). Unlike other living wage ordinances, the policies at SFO cover a large proportion of the low-wage labor force in a distinct labor market. The authors find that about 73 percent of the ground-based non-managerial workers at SFO received substantial wage increases as a direct or indirect result of the policies; the proportion of these workers earning under$10 per hour fell from 55 percent to 5 percent, significantly reducing earnings inequality. Other benefits to workers included enhanced health benefits and an arrest of declines in quality of life indices. The costs of the policies to employers amounted to an average of 0.7 percent of fare revenue, or$1.42 per airline passenger. We observe a series of dynamic adjustments that reduced those costs, including dramatically reduced turnover, improved worker morale and greater work effort. We find some limited evidence of worker-worker substitution, but no evidence of employment decline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reports on a program founded through Stanford's School of Continuing Studies and Program in Ethics in Society that brings classes in philosophy and humanities to poor women in the San Francisco Bay Area, California. Participation of female addicts and ex-convicts who have little if any formal education; Hope House; Karen Francone as director; Course as a catalyst for discussions about how the purposes of the modern university relate to larger public concerns.

This report evaluates whether the characteristics associated with alcohol abuse and dependence are similar in two groups of men despite their enrollment in different research projects and the resulting differences in education and related background variables. Data regarding demographic and substance use characteristics and problems were gathered using similar research instruments from the 15-ear follow-up of 108 highly educated DSM-III-R alcohol-dependent men from the San Diego Prospective Study (Group 1) and 306 similarly diagnosed men with lower education from the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA ) (Group 2). Both groups of alcoholics reported high rates of alcohol-relatedproblems, a similar maximum number of drinks per day, and similar proportions of drug use/non-use, although Group 1 subjects were less likely to report alcohol withdrawal and items associated with loss of control. Thus, teachers and clinicians may be able to generalize their knowledge and experience across different groups of alcoholics, using common sense modifications of their expectations based on the general characteristics of the groups involved despite differences in background variables, including education, income, marital status, and employment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The West Basin Water Recycling plant (California; USA) was built to increase the region's water resource availability. The plant influent is produced at Los Angeles Hyperion wastewater treatment plant and is treated through two parallel treatment processes depending on the end use : (1) Title 22 water for industrial and urban use, and (2) barrier treatment for groundwater recharge. A new methodology was applied to monitor the fate of base neutral compounds in the water barrier treatment train. The methodology included large sample volumes coupled with integrated chromatographic analysis (ICA). Data indicated a 25% increase in concentration of base neutral compounds after RO pretreatment, followed by a 70% removal efficiency after RO. The increase in concentration after RO pretreatment appears to be linked to the use of lime clarification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Describes the introductory phase of the HighWire Press Web site electronic publishing of Stanford University in California. Highlights of the Web site's features; Priorities for the site's publishing management includes archiving, access, license agreements and pricing.

Presents information on electronic publishing focusing on HighWire Press, a department of the Stanford University Libraries. Details on HighWire Press and its objectives; Reference to various aspects of electronic publishing; Reaction of library users to electronic journals.

The article focuses on the issue of the noise source which limits the development of electron microscopes with improved resolution to well below the size of an atom. It also discusses the history of the development of electron microscopes. It further informs about the Transmission Electron Aberration-Corrected Microscope (TEAM) project of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in Berkeley, California.

The article offers information on the National Ignition Facility (NIF), the most powerful laser worldwide. It states that NIF's 192 laser beams were first used on a solid target on September 28, 2010 at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) in California. NIF director Ed Moses says that showing the facility's capacity was spectacular. It adds that NIF was approved to generate data on fusion reactions significant to nuclear weapons and to explore laser fusion as an energy source in 1993.

The article reports on the patent applications filed by the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, California. The applications were based on the work by Luk Van Parijs, former professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, regarding the novel method of gene therapy in which bone-marrow stem cells are infected with a virus to introduce extra genes before transplanting them into a patient to produce modified immune cells.

The West Basin Water Recycling plant (California; USA) was built to increase the region's water resource availability. The plant influentis produced at Los Angeles Hyperion wastewater treatment plant and is treated through two parallel treatment processes depending on the end use : (1) Title 22 water for industrial and urban use, and (2) barrier treatment for groundwater recharge. A new methodology was applied to monitor the fate of base neutral compounds in the water barrier treatment train. The methodology included large sample volumes coupled with integrated chromatographic analysis (ICA). Data indicated a 25% increase in concentration of base neutral compounds after RO pretreatment, followed by a 70% removal efficiency after RO. The increase in concentration after RO pretreatment appears to be linked to the useof lime clarification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oncology patient care predominately occurs in ambulatory settings increasing the risk for medical emergencies. A rapid response team (RESQ) was developed to improve quality care, coordination, communication and patient outcomes during medical emergencies. A quality review revealed 4 cardiac arrests with poor patient outcomes in the ambulatory setting from 2019-2021. The leadership and clinical team identified a fragmented process for escalation of patient care during medical emergencies leading to poor communication, collaboration and transfer to the emergency department. The interdisciplinary RESQ team consisted of nurses, advanced practice providers, physicians and administration. Communication tools developed included an alert-paging system, streamlined and trackable documentation of events in the electronic medical record and event reporting system. Policy and process development included multiple disciplines and departments. Staff education was implemented from February 2020 to December 2020 to improve continuity of the quality improvement project regarding the emergency activation process, initial management of medical emergencies, communication and efficiency in the escalation and transfer of patient care. From August 2020 to August 2021, 24 RESQs were activated by staff. Of the 24 events, 63% (n=15) of patients presented with hypotension, 34% (n=8) mental status changes, 26% (n=6) potential sepsis, 26% (n=6) arrhythmias, 21% (n=5) hypoxia, 12% (n=3) anaphylaxis/hypersensitivity reaction, 8% (n=2) chest pain, 4% (n=1) seizures, 4% (n=1) hemoptysis, and 4% (n=1) hypoglycemia. All patients were stabilized or safely transferred to a higher level of care. 12% (n=3) of the patients were stabilized within the ambulatory setting and discharged home. A multidisciplinary collaborative approach was utilized to develop the RESQ team and escalation process for patient care during medical emergencies. Collaboration between multiple departments and staff education was vital. Medical emergency event documentation has enabled clinical leadership to review and implement interventions to enhance staff and RESQ team processes and education improving management of medical emergencies and quality patient care. A rapid response team in an ambulatory setting is a novel approach to medical emergencies that has the potential to improve patient outcomes, quality care, safety, communication and collaboration among interdisciplinary care teams and departments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Before the colonial period, California harboured more language variation than all of Europe, and linguistic and archaeological analyses have led to many hypotheses to explain this diversity 1 . We report genome-wide data from 79 ancient individuals from California and 40 ancient individuals from Northern Mexico dating to 7,400-200 years before present (BP). Our analyses document long-term genetic continuity between people living on the Northern Channel Islands of California and the adjacent Santa Barbara mainland coast from 7,400 years BP to modern Chumash groups represented by individuals who lived around 200 years BP. The distinctive genetic lineages that characterize present-day and ancient people from Northwest Mexico increased in frequency in Southern and Central California by 5,200 years BP, providing evidence for northward migrations that are candidates for spreading Uto-Aztecan languages before the dispersal of maize agriculture from Mexico 2-4 . Individuals from Baja California share more alleles with the earliest individual from Central California in the dataset than with later individuals from Central California, potentially reflecting an earlier linguistic substrate, whose impact on local ancestry was diluted by later migrations from inland regions 1,5 . After 1,600 years BP, ancient individuals from the Channel Islands lived in communities with effective sizes similar to those in pre-agricultural Caribbean and Patagonia, and smaller than those on the California mainland and in sampled regions of Mexico., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.)

Objective: To understand the experiences of diverse families when taking their young children to the dentist and to document their prevalence., Methods: An exploratory sequential design was used. First, 4 focus groups (N = 33) comprised of low-income female caregivers of children under 6 years of age were conducted in English and Spanish. Discussions centered around facilitators and barriers to taking children to the dentist. Themes derived from the groups were then used to create a survey that was given to 1184 caregivers in English, Spanish, or Vietnamese., Results: Thematic coding of focus groups found little support for typically reported barriers to pediatric oral health care utilization (eg, transportation, cost, knowledge); instead, caregivers reported negative experiences (eg, restraint, separation) as barriers. In the surveys, 66% of caregivers reported being separated from their children, 25% reported that their children were restrained (53.7% for cleanings), 26% of children were given sedating medication for cleanings, and 22% of the caregivers reported experiences that made them not want to return to the dentist. The prevalence of these experiences differed significantly among Latino, Asian, and Caucasian families and for annual incomes under or above $50,000., Conclusions: Families with lower incomes and/or from ethnic and linguistic minority groups were more likely to report negative experiences at the dentist than higher income and Caucasian families. These data document the high prevalence of negative experiences and suggest ethnic, financial, and linguistic disparities in the quality of experiences. More research is needed on the role of dentists in facilitating or hindering oral health care utilization among diverse families., (Copyright © 2019 Academic Pediatric Association. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Vulnerability to embolism varies between con-generic species distributed along aridity gradients, yet little is known about intraspecific variation and its drivers. Even less is known about intraspecific variation in tissues other than stems, despite results suggesting that roots, stems and leaves can differ in vulnerability. We hypothesized that intraspecific variation in vulnerability in leaves and stems is adaptive and driven by aridity. We quantified leaf and stem vulnerability of Quercus douglasii using the optical technique. To assess contributions of genetic variation and phenotypic plasticity to within-species variation, we quantified the vulnerability of individuals growing in a common garden, but originating from populations along an aridity gradient, as well as individuals from the same wild populations. Intraspecific variation in water potential at which 50% of total embolism in a tissue is observed (P 50 ) was explained mostly by differences between individuals (&gt;66% of total variance) and tissues (16%). There was little between-population variation in leaf/stem P 50 in the garden, which was not related to site of origin aridity. Unexpectedly, we observed a positive relationship between wild individual stem P 50 and aridity. Although there is no local adaptation and only minor phenotypic plasticity in leaf/stem vulnerability in Q. douglasii, high levels of potentially heritable variation within populations or strong environmental selection could contribute to adaptive responses under future climate change., (© 2019 The Authors. New Phytologist © 2019 New Phytologist Trust.)

Community-based participatory research is predicated on building partnerships that tackle important issues to the community and effectively improve these issues. Community-based participatory research can also be an empowering experience, especially for children. This article describes a university-community partnership in which students at a low-income middle school worked to improve the quality of the cafeteria food provided to the 986 students eligible for free and reduced price lunches. The project led to menu changes, improved communication between youth, school administrators, and district staff, and enabled youth to enact school improvements that were beneficial for their health.

The "moralized markets" school within economic sociology has convincingly demonstrated variation in the relationship between economic activity and moral values. Yet this scholarship has not sufficiently explored either the causes of this variation or the consequences of this variation for organizational practice. By examining different moral-market understandings and practices in the context of a single market-based organizational field, this article highlights the contradictory character of processes of commodification, as different historically institutionalized ideas conflict, in different ways, with the market logic that increasingly organizes the field as a whole. The article examines the contradictory commodification of hospital care in three hospitals within one Northern California community.