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Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, Computer Science and STEM-related fields were among the most resistant to online courses. This is because of a perception of the need for more hands-on instruction with labs, clinicals, field studies, etc. Additionally, many STEM students had perceptions based on limited experience of an online STEM course. Therefore, investigating how the pandemic affected students' perceptions over time is very important. This study investigates the evolution of student perceptions after one and a half years relative to synchronous courses, asynchronous courses, overall satisfaction with online courses, and lab and project-based courses. Our analysis is based on two surveys conducted in the Spring 2020 and Spring 2021 terms, i.e., the first and last semesters that the university converted to a fully online mode. We hypothesize why there were significant empirical shifts in some areas and not in others, and make recommendations based on the qualitative student responses relative to best, acceptable, and poor practices. Our main findings include: (1) Students' perceptions of online classes have improved but are far from equivalent for a lot of the students. (2) Lab resources have improved a great deal, but lab experiences have only improved modestly. (3) Although students' preference between synchronous and asynchronous online modalities were evenly divided, it did not significantly affect students' perception of their learning experience. (4) Grading policies have left many students anxious and confused. Recommendations are provided at the end of the paper.

The purpose of this study was to examine the accuracy of function-based decisions made in consideration of scores from the Intervention Selection Profile--Function (ISP-Function), a tool founded upon direct behavior rating (DBR) methodology. The ISP-Function is designed to be a brief measure, given the need for efficient and low-resource assessments in schools. Data from a previous investigation were used to create data reports for each of 34 elementary students with a history of exhibiting disruptive behavior in the classroom. The first report summarized ISP-Function data that the student's classroom teacher collected. The second report was representative of more typical functional behavior assessment (FBA), summarizing data collected via a functional assessment interview with the teacher, as well as systematic direct observation data. Nine school psychologists conducted blind reviews of these reports and derived decisions regarding the function of each student's behavior (e.g., adult attention or escape/avoidance). Gwet's agreement coefficients were statistically significant and suggested fair to almost perfect correspondence between ISP-Function and FBA reports. Limitations and implications for practice are discussed herein.

Objective: We assessed the impact of bearing multiple marginalized identities, experiencing discrimination and perceived social status on the prevalence of depression in college students using an intersectional approach. Participants: Public health students at a diverse urban public university in Northern California (N = 338, response rate = 85%; 77% women, mean age 22). Methods: We used a cross-sectional survey to assess demographics, depression, discrimination and social standing using validated scales and estimate the relations between depression and co-factors. Results: 25.4% of students reported depression. Discrimination was associated with a higher level of depression and more severe symptoms. Higher perceived social status was associated with a lower level of depression and less severe symptoms. Hispanic/Latinx first generation women had three times the prevalence of depression as non-Hispanic/Latinx non-first generation men and there was a significant disparity in depression severity. Conclusions: Intersectional approaches can shed light on the experiences of marginalized groups.

The Language Interaction Snapshot (LISn; Sprachman et al., 2009) was used to measure the quantity and quality of language interactions in English and Spanish in 143 preschool classrooms serving Spanish-speaking dual language learners. Both teachers (n = 112) and assistant teachers (n = 92) were included in analyses with a total of 461 Spanish-speaking children. We report the amount of English and Spanish as well as types of language scaffolding used by teachers and assistants. We also disaggregate by classroom language model (Spanish, bilingual, or English instruction) and explore the amount of Spanish and English specifically used by Spanish-speaking teachers and assistants. Seventy five percent of cycles had no language coded and of the rest English was the most frequently used across all classroom language models including with Spanish-speaking teachers and assistants. Implications for improving classroom language environments for DLLs are presented as well as future research directions.

Multitiered systems of support hold promise for dual language learners when culturally and linguistically responsive practices guide instruction. We modeled growth on Spanish and English early literacy skills and examined the role of language exposure and use at the individual and classroom instruction level in a group of 313 Spanish-English-speaking bilingual preschool-age children from 81 classrooms. Results revealed a significant portion of variance in children's performance was between classrooms. Children demonstrated meaningful growth on all measures except English rhyming. Predominantly Spanish and bilingual instruction produced growth as strong as English instruction on all measures except for first sounds and sound identification where bilingual instruction had a negative impact on growth. Children's language profiles did not interact with their classroom language of instruction. Implications for understanding the role language of instruction and home language exposure in multitiered systems of support with Spanish-speaking preschoolers are discussed. [For the corresponding grantee submission, see ED619379.]

While teamwork has been a central concern in engineering education, little research has systematically examined how conflict is managed in engineering teams of students. Socio-constructivism provides a solid base to explain how teamwork can foster innovation through the use of cultural artifacts, such as "boundary objects." The purpose of this paper describing the anatomy of negotiation within several teams of engineering students located in universities of Northern California and Santiago de Chile from 2010 to 2017. We propose the concept of "conflict orchestration" to explain the dynamics of engineering teams working on innovation-driven engineering design challenges. A context sensitive qualitative research design was deployed using an ethnographic approach to the study team negotiation patterns observed in 11 teams of engineering students from Northern California and Santiago de Chile. The methodological focus was on identifying commonalities in the use of boundary objects and trading zones emerging from the students' team interaction. Our findings illustrate two distinct strategies that the engineering teams adopted using boundary objects. We describe the use of Sticky Notes and Third Platforms. Finally, we explore students' perceptions of the educational gain of PBL engineering design courses. The relevance of this study is threefold. First it conceptualizes a teamwork phenomenon that energizes innovation through scaffolded conflict. We also explore how this concept is enacted by engineering teams in two different cultural sites. Finally, we provide bottom-up strategies that can be implemented in other undergraduate engineering design programs.

In this study, we told the story of a Kenyan couple, B. and F., who has left Kenya and moved to Southern California. We followed a narrative inquiry framework, using Clandinin and Connelly's (2000) guidelines. We delineated core components of narrative inquiry research, as well as related the journey of B. and F., who have created dual lives in both Kenya and the United States. As part of the interpretive analysis process, we integrated the first author's experiences, both in interviewing the couple and in volunteering in Kenya in previous years. The final product is an intersection of Kenyan and American life that weaves back-and-forth between B. and F.'s and the first author's chronicle, and between the past and the present.

The Giant Sea Bass is an apex predator of southern California kelp forests that historically supported large commercial and recreational fisheries but whose population was drastically reduced due to overfishing. Although regulations have been in place to protect Giant Sea Bass for over 30 years, there is concern for continued allowance of their incidental take in commercial gill net fisheries. Through landing records, logbooks, and federal observer data, we examined the commercial take of Giant Sea Bass to determine the: magnitude, location, age, and disposition of catch; whether this take was incidental or targeted; and its impact on the current population. We found that Giant Sea Bass landings declined since gill netting was banned in state waters in 1994 and their overall landings decreased by 75% since becoming protected in 1981. Over time, a greater proportion of older fish was seen in the landings with an increase in mature individuals over 13 years of age since 2000. We found no evidence that commercial fishers are targeting Giant Sea Bass. On average, Giant Sea Bass were landed on 4.2% of gill net trips from 1994 to 2021. Additionally, over the past decade the majority of Giant Sea Bass landings came from only 15 permit holders, but this made up only ~2% of their total landings in pounds as these are the most active permittees, bringing in the highest landings of White Seabass or California Halibut. Assessing gill net observer data, we found the mortality of released Giant Sea Bass is high at 72%, although despite this level of mortality, multiple fishery independent sources indicate Giant Sea Bass populations are increasing, suggesting that current protection measures may be effective. Despite these findings, it is challenging to interpret the full impact of the commercial fishery on Giant Sea Bass as an accurate measure of total discards is unknown without consistent observer coverage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: We describe the recruitment strategies and personnel and materials costs associated with two community-based research studies in a Mexican-origin population. We also highlight the role that academic-community partnerships played in the outreach and recruitment process for our studies. We reviewed study documents using case study methodology to categorize recruitment methods, examine community partnerships, and calculate study costs. Results: We employed several recruitment methods to identify and solicit 154 female caregivers for participation in qualitative interviews and quantitative surveys. Recruitment approaches included using flyers and word of mouth, attending health fairs, and partnering with nonprofit community-based organizations (CBOs) to sponsor targeted recruitment events. Face-to-face contact with community residents and partnerships with CBOs were most effective in enrolling caregivers into the studies. Almost 70% of participants attended a recruitment event sponsored or supported by CBOs. The least effective recruitment strategy was the use of flyers, which resulted in only 7 completed interviews or questionnaires. Time and costs related to carrying out the research varied by study, where personal interviews cost more on a per-participant basis ($1,081) than the questionnaires ($298). However, almost the same amount of time was spent in the community for both studies. Implications: Partnerships with CBOs were critical for reaching the target enrollment for our studies. The relationship between the University of California-Los Angeles (UCLA) Resource Center for Minority Aging Research/Center for Health Improvement for Minority Elderly and the Department of Aging provided the infrastructure for maintaining connections with academic-community partnerships. Nevertheless, building partnerships required time, effort, and resources for both researchers and local organizations.

Objective: Although twin and family studies have shown attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) to be highly heritable, genetic variants influencing the trait at a genome-wide significant level have yet to be identified. As prior genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have not yielded significant results, we conducted a meta-analysis of existing studies to boost statistical power. Method: We used data from four projects: a) the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP); b) phase I of the International Multicenter ADHD Genetics project (IMAGE); c) phase II of IMAGE (IMAGE II); and d) the Pfizer-funded study from the University of California, Los Angeles, Washington University, and Massachusetts General Hospital (PUWMa). The final sample size consisted of 2,064 trios, 896 cases, and 2,455 controls. For each study, we imputed HapMap single nucleotide polymorphisms, computed association test statistics and transformed them to z-scores, and then combined weighted z-scores in a meta-analysis. Results: No genome-wide significant associations were found, although an analysis of candidate genes suggests that they may be involved in the disorder. Conclusions: Given that ADHD is a highly heritable disorder, our negative results suggest that the effects of common ADHD risk variants must, individually, be very small or that other types of variants, e.g., rare ones, account for much of the disorder's heritability. (Contains 3 figures and 3 tables.)

Both nationally and within the State of California, it is unlikely that those children most susceptible to lead exposure are adequately screened for blood lead levels. New and creative approaches are necessary to reach these individuals. In-home phlebotomy was employed to test blood lead levels of 128 San Diego households containing Latino children aged 12-71 months. As part of a lead exposure study, these households were randomly selected from 12 census tracts in the downtown area during February-July, 2006. By employing a bicultural/bilingual phlebotomist, the participation rate for in-home phlebotomy was 89% among enrolled study participants. This rate is substantially higher than estimates for customary testing of similar underserved groups through physicians, has the advantage of reaching individuals without medical insurance, and contrasts favorably ($45 per individual test) with typical office visit costs. Culturally appropriate in-home phlebotomy may be a useful method for medical screening to meet the needs of underserved communities. Editors' Strategic Implications: The authors provide an excellent example of the importance of bringing prevention services to clients, literally in terms of the home visitation format but also with respect to the comfort level that may come from interacting with a bicultural and bilingual professional.

Background: Although multiple professional organizations encourage minimally invasive surgical approaches whenever feasible, nationally, fewer than half of myomectomies are performed via minimally invasive routes. Black women are less likely than their non-Black counterparts to have minimally invasive surgery.Objective: This study aimed to assess the trends in surgical approach among women who underwent minimally invasive myomectomies for uterine leiomyomas within a large integrated healthcare system as initiatives were implemented to encourage minimally invasive surgery, particularly evaluating differences in the proportion of minimally invasive surgery performed in Black vs non-Black women.Study Design: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of women, aged ≥18 years, who underwent a myomectomy for a uterine leiomyoma within Kaiser Permanente Northern California between 2009 and 2019. Generalized estimating equations and Cochran-Armitage testing were used to assess myomectomy incidence and linear trend in the proportions of myomectomy by surgical route-abdominal myomectomy and minimally invasive myomectomy. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to assess the associations between surgical route and (1) race and ethnicity and (2) complications, controlling for patient demographic, clinical, and surgical characteristics.Results: A total of 4033 adult women underwent a myomectomy during the study period. Myomectomy incidence doubled from 0.12 (95% confidence interval, 0.12-0.13) per 1000 women in 2009 to 0.25 (95% confidence interval, 0.24-0.25) per 1000 women in 2019 (P<.001). During the 11-year study period, the proportion of minimally invasive myomectomy increased from 6.0% to 89.5% (a 15-fold increase). The proportion of minimally invasive myomectomy in Black women remained lower than in non-Black women (54.5% vs 64.7%; P<.001). Black women undergoing myomectomy were younger (36.4±5.6 vs 37.4±5.8 years; P<.001), had a higher mean fibroid weight (436.0±505.0 vs 324.7±346.1 g; P<.001), and had a higher mean body mass index (30.8±7.3 vs 26.6±5.9 kg/m2; P<.001) than their non-Black counterparts. In addition to patient race, surgery performed between 2016 and 2019 compared with surgery performed between 2009 and 2012 and higher surgeon volume compared with low surgeon volume were associated with an increased proportion of minimally invasive myomectomy (adjusted relative risks, 12.58 [95% confidence interval, 9.96-15.90] and 6.63 [95% confidence interval, 5.35-8.21], respectively). Black race and fibroid weight of >500 g each independently conferred lower rates of minimally invasive myomectomy. In addition, there was an interaction between race and fibroid weight such that Black women with a fibroid weight of ≤500 g or >500 g were both less likely to have minimally invasive myomectomy than non-Black women with a fibroid weight of ≤500 g (adjusted relative risks, 0.74 [95% confidence interval, 0.58-0.95] and 0.26 [95% confidence interval, 0.18-0.36], respectively). Operative, perioperative, and medical complications were low during the 11-year study period. In regression analyses, after controlling for race, age, fibroid weight, parity, low-income residence, body mass index, surgeon volume, and year of myomectomy, the risk of complications was not markedly different comparing abdominal myomectomy with minimally invasive myomectomy. Similar results were found comparing laparoscopic minimally invasive myomectomy with robotic-assisted minimally invasive myomectomy except for women who underwent laparoscopic minimally invasive myomectomy had a lower risk of experiencing any medical complications than those who underwent robotic-assisted minimally invasive myomectomy (adjusted relative risk, 0.27; 95% confidence interval, 0.09-0.83; P=.02).Conclusion: Within an integrated healthcare delivery system, although initiatives to encourage minimally invasive surgery were associated with a marked increase in the proportion of minimally invasive myomectomy, Black women continued to be less likely to undergo minimally invasive myomectomy than their non-Black counterparts. Race and fibroid weight alone did not explain the disparities in minimally invasive myomectomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An essay is presented on the negative effect of colonialism on indigenous gender relations. This piece is said to focus on a 1935 field note which tells the story of a priest who raped a young Indian woman at the Carmel mission in California 100 years before, told by Native consultant Isabel Meadows. This story is said to show the corruption of authority and power by Europeans, and the vocal resistance of an Indian woman. It raises how elements and acts of narrative resistance by the indigenous subjects can be found in the notes of ethnographers.

Abstract: The management of burnt wood after a fire may affect seed predation by vertebrates due to the change produced in habitat structure. We analyze the effect of burnt wood management on post-dispersal seed predation in the Holm oak. Three plots were established in a burnt forest, with three treatments per plot: (1) non-intervention (NI, all trees left standing), (2) “partial cut plus lopping” (PCL, felling 90% of trees, cutting their main branches, leaving all the biomass in situ), and (3) “salvage logging” (SL, felling the logs for their removal and masticating the woody debris). Acorns were buried to mimic dispersal by jays or rodents two and three years after fire, with two trials per year (7200 monitored acorns), and the predation rate was evaluated until the time of seedling emergence. The spatial patterns of acorn predation were assessed by computing a transformed-Ripley''s K function and Moran''s I correlograms. There was a large spatial and temporal variability in acorn predation, with differences among trials, plots, and replicates within treatments and plots. Overall, PCL showed the lowest predation values (83.0% versus 87.4 in NI and 88.0 in SL). Predator species (mice versus wild boar) also differed among treatments, wild boar having a negligible effect in PCL, presumably due to the physical barrier of felled logs and branches. The results support that: (1) salvage logging offers no advantage against predators and (2) that post-fire burnt wood management alters the guild of acorn predators and may reshape the pattern of seedling establishment. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background: Fetomaternal hemorrhage is associated with severe fetal morbidity and mortality. The recurrence risk of fetomaternal hemorrhage is unknown.Objective: We sought to establish the recurrence rate of fetomaternal hemorrhage in a large integrated healthcare system over a 10-year period.Study Design: In this retrospective study within the Kaiser Permanente Northern California medical system, cases of fetomaternal hemorrhage were defined by either an elevated fetal hemoglobin level as determined by flow cytometry for a concerning pregnancy outcome (preterm delivery, perinatal demise, neonatal anemia, or transfusion within the first 2 days of life) or by perinatal demise with autopsy findings suggestive of fetomaternal hemorrhage. The outcomes of subsequent pregnancies were reviewed for features of recurrence.Results: Within the 2008 to 2018 birth cohort of 375,864 pregnancies, flow cytometry testing for fetal hemoglobin levels was performed in 20,582 pregnancies. We identified 340 cases of fetomaternal hemorrhage (approximately 1 in 1100 births). Within the cohort of 340 affected pregnancies, perinatal loss was recorded for 80 (23.5%) pregnancies and 50 (14.7%) pregnancies delivered neonates who required transfusion. The affected patients had 225 subsequent pregnancies of which 210 were included in the analysis. Of these, 174 (82.9%) advanced beyond the threshold of viability and were delivered within our healthcare system. There was 1 case of recurrent fetomaternal hemorrhage identified. The recurrent case involved a spontaneous preterm delivery of an infant who was noted to have an elevated reticulocyte count but was clinically well.Conclusion: Within our large integrated healthcare system, approximately 1 in 1100 pregnancies was affected by fetomaternal hemorrhage within a 10-year period, which is comparable with previous studies. We identified 1 case of recurrence, yielding a recurrence rate of 0.5%. This infant did not have features of clinically important fetomaternal hemorrhage. This information can inform counseling of patients with affected pregnancies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Every year, wildfires destroy thousands of buildings in the United States, especially in the rapidly growing wildland-urban interface, where homes and wildland vegetation meet or intermingle. After a wildfire there is a window of opportunity for residents and public agencies to re-shape patterns of development, and avoid development in locations that are inherently at higher risk of wildfire destruction. We examined 28 of the most destructive wildfires in California, the state where most buildings are destroyed by wildfires, to evaluate whether locations of rebuilt and newly constructed buildings were adaptive (i.e., if building occurred in lower risk areas). In total, these fires burned 7,075 buildings from 1970 to 2009. We found minimal evidence for adaptation both in the number and placement of buildings post-fire. Rebuilding was common: 58% of the destroyed buildings were rebuilt within three to six years, and 94% within thirteen to twenty-five years after the fire. Similarly, we found minimal trends toward lower risk areas in the placement of 2,793 rebuilt and 23,404 newly constructed buildings over the course of 13–25 yr. In fact, long-term data revealed that relative risk of new construction either did not change significantly over time or increased. A destructive wildfire could provide an opportunity to assess and change building practices, yet our results show that such change is largely not occurring. As wildfires increasingly threaten communities, this lack of change could result in growing rates of destruction and loss of life. • Buildings are rebuilt after wildfire: half within 6 yr and nearly all within 25. • Adaptation limited for rebuilding and new building locations after wildfire. • New building locations often became increasingly maladaptive through time. • While there may be an opportunity for change after wildfire, it is not occurring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author ponders on the role of educators in California. She cites some of the challenges faced by the education system in the state. She relates her experience joining the California Reading Association (CRA). She expresses gratitude to CRA members for their commitment to literacy and promotion of reading and writing.