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Global Navigation Satellite System Interferometric Reflectometry (GNSS‐IR) measures water level using the interference pattern in signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) from direct and reflected signals off the sea surface, retrieved from standard geodetic antennas. Significant wave height is also measured by determining the satellite elevation angles where reflections become incoherent. We developed an approach for standard geodetic antennas to simultaneously measure sea levels and waves using a criterion for identifying coherent reflections. We tested the method at an exposed coastal environment at the E.B. Scripps Memorial Pier in California. The 1‐year test captures a broad range of sea states and benefits from several co‐located standard oceanographic sensors. By including GPS, Galileo, and GLONASS observations, the retrieval rate increases by a factor of ∼2 over GPS alone. Uncorrected water levels are estimated with a root‐mean‐square (RMS) error of 18.2 cm with respect to a conventional tide gauge. We further developed a simplified correction to remove the effect of phenomena altering the SNR oscillatory frequency and phase, which reduces RMS errors to 9.4 cm. We estimate the significant wave height with 15 cm RMS error with respect to a traditional wave gauge. The method, however, requires a short calibration. We find the wave height errors increase abruptly beyond a fixed limit when high waves are present, that may be a result of the particular deployment geometry. With this caveat, the technology could be useful to deploy in under‐sampled regions affected by compounded coastal hazards, such as in areas affected by tropical cyclones and flooding. Plain Language Summary: Signals from Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), such as the Global Positioning System (GPS), that reflect off the ocean surface, when compared to signals that arrive directly at the antenna, reveal variations in signal strength that can be used to determine the elevation of the ocean surface. When the satellite elevation angle is too high above the horizon, the method to measure sea level no longer works. However, observing the elevation angle where this transition occurs allows us to measure the height of the waves that are preventing a strong reflected signal from being recorded. We develop criteria for obtaining the closest agreement between the GNSS‐IR observations and the tide and wave gauge instruments on the Ellen Browning Scripps Memorial Pier in southern California over a 1 year period. Because it simultaneously measures changes in sea level and wave height, the method could be useful for measuring coastal hazards such as storm surge and flooding from hurricanes. Key Points: A new approach simultaneously estimates water level and wave height using Global Navigation Satellite System observations in the Pacific high wave coastal environmentLevels are determined with 9.4 cm error (RMS) and the astronomic tide (with a range over 2 m) is determined with 5.9 cm error, with respect to a traditional gaugeGiven a short calibration, significant wave height achieves an RMS error of 15 cm compared to a traditional gauge [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the history of the United Automobile Workers (UAW) during the 1960s and early 1970s from a transnational perspective, exploring the ideological overlap between the union's domestic organizing efforts and its international affairs program. The UAW believed workers and their institutions were the catalysts for economic and political development in poor communities in the United States and developing nations abroad. In the United States, the UAW attempted to address the problems facing poor urban areas with solutions that went beyond the shop floor and state anti-poverty programs. Without an industrial base to unite workers on the job, the UAW funded and staffed community unions to mobilize the largely African American neighborhood of Watts and the Mexican American community of East Los Angeles forging an alliance between poor people, workers, and the labor movement. The Watts Labor Community Action Committee (WLCAC) and the East Los Angeles Community Union (TELACU) were designed to create jobs and housing, revitalize the local economy, and ultimately raise the purchasing power and standard of living of residents in these economically and politically marginalized areas of Los Angeles. This article demonstrates the way the UAW's community union movement was influenced by ideas about race, culture, and development that transcended national boundaries, linking urban communities in the United States with developing nations abroad. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate representation of cloud microphysical processes in numerical weather and climate models has proven challenging, in part because of the highly specialized instrumentation required for diagnosing errors in simulated distributions of hydrometeors. Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) polarimetric radio occultation (PRO) is a promising new technique that is sensitive to hydrometeors and has the potential to help address these challenges by providing microphysical observations that are relevant to larger spatial scales, especially if this type of observing system can be implemented on aircraft that can target heavy precipitation events. Two numerical experiments were run using a mesoscale model configured with two different microphysical parameterization schemes for a very intense atmospheric river (AR) event that was sampled by aircraft deploying dropsondes just before it made landfall in California, during the CalWater 2015 field campaign. The numerical experiments were used to simulate profiles of airborne polarimetric differential phase delay observations. The differential phase delay due to liquid water hydrometeors below the freezing level differed significantly in the two experiments, as well as the height of the maximum differential phase delay due to all hydrometeors combined. These results suggest that PRO observations from aircraft have the potential to contribute to validating and improving the representation of microphysical processes in numerical weather forecasts once these observations become available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]