48 results on '"ENVIRONMENTAL standards"'
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2. The Healthy and High Performance School: A Two-Part Report Regarding the Scientific Findings and Policy Implications of School Environmental Health
- Author
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Healthy Schools Network, Inc., Albany, NY. and Healthy Schools Network, Inc., Albany, NY.
- Abstract
This document is comprised of two reports: (1) "Science-Based Recommendations to Prevent or Reduce Potential Exposures to Biological, Chemical, and Physical Agents in Schools" by Derek G. Shendell, Claire Barnett, and Stephen Boese (supported by grants from the Rockefeller Foundation, the National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences, and the National Clearinghouse for Educational Facilities of the U.S. Department of Education); and (2) "The Healthy and High Performance School: Improving Student Health Improving Student Achievement and Saving Money for Schools" (supported by grants from The Rockefeller Foundation and the National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences). The first report, commissioned by Healthy Schools Network, provides a concise review of scientific literature related to school indoor environmental quality (IEQ). It is a state-of-the-art review of peer-reviewed scientific literature that demonstrates the impact that school environments have on student health and learning. It concludes with over a dozen recommendations for improving school environmental health and safety based on today's known science regarding school indoor air quality and related environmental health issues. The second second report describes the policy implications of the first report for New York state and draws together existing knowledge, data and research regarding school facilities, children's environmental health, and school facility impact on student achievement, to demonstrate that school facility issues are integral to the school reform and equity debates. It concludes with policy options for New York State leaders to improve student productivity and health through greater attention to school facility issues. (The first report contains 301 references and 3 appendixes; the second report contains a list of 49 endnotes.)
- Published
- 2004
3. Lead Safety and School Modernization.
- Author
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Dewey, Robin and Harrington, David
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This factsheet is for anyone responsible for modernization projects in California's public schools where materials containing lead may be disturbed or where lead abatement is planned. It explains the state requirements for properly dealing with lead hazards so that children and workers are protected. Its sections address why to be concerned about lead in schools, what lead regulations apply to school districts, non-compliance, proper procedures, and resources. (EV)
- Published
- 2001
4. School Housing for the Schooling of Children.
- Author
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California Educational Research Cooperative, Riverside. and Ortiz, Flora Ida
- Abstract
The demand for school construction and the agency regulations and practices involved in the process are described in this report. A four-part theoretical framework explains the process of school facility construction. First, school districts follow a process that consists of nine fundamental steps: (1) needs assessment; (2) long-range planning; (3) fiscal planning; (4) school building planning, which includes school-site planning and selection, architectural services, and educational specifications; (5) bidding for contractors; (6) facility construction; (7) occupying the building; (8) postoccupancy evaluation; and (9) school facility use. Second, school districts accomplish these nine steps by coordinating three functions: executive leadership, professional expertise, and representative legitimation. Third, in order for the school district to construct new schools, it is also necessary to relate to external agencies such as the state (for regulation, fiscal allocation, and technical distribution). Fourth, local school district and state officials relate to each other interpersonally as well as interorganizationally. A brief discussion of the historical evolution of school construction is followed by arguments for the importance of school environments and the school structure itself. The conclusion is an indepth review of the nine steps from stage one of the theoretical framework mentioned above. (5 tables and 204 references) (LAP)
- Published
- 1991
5. Environmental Toxins and Children: Exploring the Risks, Part I. Hearing held in Oakland, California, before the Select Committee on Children, Youth, and Families. House of Representatives, One Hundred First Congress, Second Session.
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Congress of the U.S., Washington, DC. House Select Committee on Children, Youth, and Families.
- Abstract
This report contains the proceedings of the first of two hearings that explored the risks of environmental toxins to children. Testimony concerned the special vulnerability of children to toxins; the dangers of lead poisoning; instances of childhood cancer, birth defects, and developmental problems; passive smoking; child health in the California farm workers' communities; and the relationship between environmental toxins and child health as discussed by physicians participating in a Kids and the Environment seminar. A fact sheet describes child vulnerability to environmental toxins; lead poisoning; passive smoking; cancer risk; home pesticide use; and child cancer clusters in California. A copy of "What's Gotten into Our Children," a report prepared by Children NOW, is included. The report describes children and the environment and reviews the dangers of toxins to children, depending on what they eat and where they live, learn, and play. Twelve statements were delivered in person and sixteen prepared statements or materials that supplement verbal testimony were collected. (BC)
- Published
- 1990
6. The Truth, the Whole Truth, and Nothing but the Ground-Truth: Methods to Advance Environmental Justice and Researcher-Community Partnerships
- Author
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Sadd, James, Morello-Frosch, Rachel, Pastor, Manuel, Matsuoka, Martha, Prichard, Michele, and Carter, Vanessa
- Abstract
Environmental justice advocates often argue that environmental hazards and their health effects vary by neighborhood, income, and race. To assess these patterns and advance preventive policy, their colleagues in the research world often use complex and methodologically sophisticated statistical and geospatial techniques. One way to bridge the gap between the technical work and the expert knowledge of local residents is through community-based participatory research strategies. We document how an environmental justice screening method was coupled with "ground-truthing"--a project in which community members worked with researchers to collect data across six Los Angeles neighborhoods--which demonstrated the clustering of potentially hazardous facilities, high levels of air pollution, and elevated health risks. We discuss recommendations and implications for future research and collaborations between researchers and community-based organizations.
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- 2014
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7. Pollution, Health, and Avoidance Behavior: Evidence from the Ports of Los Angeles
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Moretti, Enrico and Neidell, Matthew
- Abstract
A pervasive problem in estimating the costs of pollution is that optimizing individuals may compensate for increases in pollution by reducing their exposure, resulting in estimates that understate the full welfare costs. To account for this issue, measurement error, and environmental confounding, we estimate the health effects of ozone using daily boat traffic at the port of Los Angeles as an instrumental variable for ozone. We estimate that ozone causes at least $44 million in annual costs in Los Angeles from respiratory related hospitalizations alone and that the cost of avoidance behavior is at least $11 million per year. (Contains 5 tables, 3 figures and 38 footnotes.)
- Published
- 2011
8. Evolution of a Campus Sustainability Network: A Case Study in Organizational Change
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Kurland, Nancy B.
- Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to examine the evolution of a sustainability network at a large California public university, as an example of organizational change. Design/methodology/approach: The paper combines participant observation and case study techniques over a three-year period. From 2007 to 2010, the author helped found the university's Institute for Sustainability and sat on both the Institute's first Advisory Board and the university's first Core Green Team. The author also interviewed 19 key informants to the sustainability network, including upper administrators, physical plant management (PPM) staff, faculty, and students. Findings: This campus sustainability initiative evolved over three decades in three phases. Phase I evolved from the 1980s in facilities management and student recycling because of changing environmental demands, the 1994 Northridge earthquake, and strong leadership who believed in developing human resources. In Phase II, faculty and Academic Affairs established the Institute for Sustainability. Phase III examines the current state at May 2010. Forces driving change include leaders' core values, incentives, communication, and community outreach. Forces inhibiting change relate to funding, information, policies, shared values, time, and training. Key informants defined success in campus sustainability as actions which: increase efficiency (and reduce waste); educate and prepare graduates for a fundamentally different world; achieve broad-based support; and improve the university's sustainability image. Research limitations/implications: This study points to at least four avenues of future research. One, scholars interested in more completely revealing their organization's sustainability network can map it using social network analysis techniques. Two, scholars could seek to answer the extent to which a campus institute becomes a center of gravity or an excuse for others to step away. Three, scholars can directly measure the four parameters of success respondents in this study identified (increase efficiency/reduce waste, educate/prepare graduates, achieve broad-based support, improve image). And four, scholars can examine how an organization's commitment to recycling affects its image. Originality/value: This paper provides a longitudinal look at the evolution of a campus sustainability network. It highlights how sustainability efforts evolve in different parts of the university at different rates, and in the present case how PPM and facilities planning influenced Academic Affairs to embrace sustainability. (Contains 29 notes, 7 tables, and 1 figure.)
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
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9. Intertemporal Regulatory Tasks and Responsibilities for Greenhouse Gas Reductions
- Author
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Deason, Jeffrey A. and Friedman, Lee S.
- Abstract
Jurisdictions are in the process of establishing regulatory systems to control greenhouse gas emissions. Short-term and sometimes long-term emissions reduction goals are established, as California does for 2020 and 2050, but little attention has yet been focused on annual emissions targets for the intervening years. We develop recommendations for how these annual targets--which we collectively term a "compliance pathway"--can be set, as well as what flexibility sources should have to adjust in light of cost uncertainties. Environmental effectiveness, efficiency, equity, adaptability, and encouraging global participation are appropriate criteria by which these intertemporal policy alternatives should be judged. Limited but useful knowledge about costs leads us to recommend a compliance pathway characterized by increasing incremental reductions along it. This can be approximated by discrete linear segments, which may fit better with global negotiations. Although the above conclusion applies to any long-term GHG regulatory program, many jurisdictions will rely heavily on a cap-and-trade system, and the same pathway recommendation applies to its time schedule of allowances. Furthermore, borrowing constraints in cap-and-trade systems can impose substantial unnecessary costs. To avoid most of these costs, we recommend that sources be allowed early use of limited percentages of allowances intended for future years. We also find that a three-year compliance period can have substantial benefit over a one-year period. (Contains 2 tables, 4 figures and 46 footnotes.)
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- 2010
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10. Promoting Environmental Justice through Community-Based Participatory Research: The Role of Community and Partnership Capacity
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Minkler, Meredith, Vasquez, Victoria Breckwich, Tajik, Mansoureh, and Petersen, Dana
- Abstract
Community-based participatory research (CBPR) increasingly is being used to study and address environmental justice. This article presents the results of a cross-site case study of four CBPR partnerships in the United States that researched environmental health problems and worked to educate legislators and promote relevant public policy. The authors focus on community and partnership capacity within and across sites, using as a theoretical framework Goodman and his colleagues' dimensions of community capacity, as these were tailored to environmental health by Freudenberg, and as further modified to include partnership capacity within a systems perspective. The four CBPR partnerships examined were situated in New York, California, Oklahoma, and North Carolina and were part of a larger national study. Case study contexts and characteristics, policy-related outcomes, and findings related to community and partnership capacity are presented, with implications drawn for other CBPR partnerships with a policy focus. (Contains 3 tables and 1 figure.)
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- 2008
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11. Community Capacity for Environmental Health Promotion: Determinants and Implications for Practice
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Freudenberg, Nicholas
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The human response to an environmental hazard can either reduce or exacerbate its impact on health. This article reviews determinants of community-level responses to environmental health hazards. The aim is to identify factors that can enhance a community's capacity to protect itself and to suggest public health strategies that can increase such capacity. Four case histories of community environmental health action are presented to test a theoretical model for understanding the determinants of community capacity to promote environmental health. Specific actions public health professionals can take to strengthen community capacity include increasing access to accurate science, building strong relationships between communities and local health departments, and supporting political reforms that level the playing field for communities that seek to challenge corporate or government practices. (Contains 3 tables and 1 figure.)
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- 2004
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12. Stakeholder Partnerships as Collaborative Policymaking: Evaluation Criteria Applied to Watershed Management in California and Washington
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Leach, William D., Pelkey, Neil W., and Sabatier, Paul A.
- Abstract
Public policymaking and implementation in the United States are increasingly handled through local, consensus-seeking partnerships involving most affected stakeholders. This paper formalizes the concept of a stakeholder partnership, and proposes techniques for using interviews, surveys, and documents to measure each of six evaluation criteria. Then the criteria are applied to 44 watershed partnerships in California and Washington. The data suggest that each criterion makes a unique contribution to the overall evaluation, and together the criteria reflect a range of partnership goals--both short-term and long-term, substantive and instrumental. Success takes time--frequently about 48 months to achieve major milestones, such as formal agreements and implementation of restoration, education, or monitoring projects. Stakeholders perceive that their partnerships have been most effective at addressing local problems and at addressing serious problems--not just uncontroversial issues, as previously hypothesized. On the other hand, they perceive that partnerships have occasionally aggravated problems involving the economy, regulation, and threats to property rights. (Contains 4 tables, 7 figures and 14 footnotes.)
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- 2002
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13. The Effect of Personal and Impersonal Rewards on the Learning Performance of Field Independent-Dependent Mexican-American Children.
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Ortiz, Flora Ida and Morelan, Steve J.
- Abstract
The effect of cognitive style and learning conditions on the rote verbal learning performance of Mexican American subjects classified as field independent or field dependent was investigated. Field dependent referred to a strong perceptual influence caused by the context or background while field independent referred to an ability to overcome the influence of a surrounding perceptual field. The sample consisted of 44 Mexican American children, 9 1/2 to 12 years, enrolled in a Southern California public school. The Portable Rod and Frame Test classified subjects as field independent or dependent. The learning component consisted of 3 stages: (1) the response learning stage, which reflected when the subject recalled the response as a unit, (2) the associative one stage, which reflected the first correct association between stimulus and response, and (3) the associative two stage, which indicated actual mastery of the correct association. The subjects were tested in a distraction free room within the school by Mexican American experimenters. One half of the subjects from each group were randomly assigned to one of 2 learning conditions: personalized and impersonalized rewards. Results demonstrated that Mexican American children, regardless of cognitive style, required fewer trials when personal rewards were employed. The present study failed to reflect field independence/dependence as a major dimension of individual differences. (NQ)
- Published
- 1974
14. State Policy Toward Independent Postsecondary Institutions.
- Author
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California State Postsecondary Education Commission, Sacramento.
- Abstract
The statement of state policy toward independent degree-granting colleges and universities in California addresses these issues: independent institutions as a public resource (enrollment, degrees awarded, levels of support, tuition and fees, government revenues, program diversity, and geographic location); state policy toward independent institutions through student financial aid; financial conditions of independent California colleges; enrollment predictions; special concerns about public policy (educational and employment opportunity, information reporting requirements, disclosure by public officials and trustees, low public college tuition, expansion of public institution programs, and environmental concerns); alternatives in state assistance to independent institutions; and recommendations for state policy toward independent institutions. Financial and statistical data are included. (MSE)
- Published
- 1978
15. Mass Media and the Environment: Volume Two, The Environmental information Explosion: The Press Discovers the Environment.
- Author
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Stanford Univ., CA. Dept. of Communication., Stanford Univ., CA. School of Medicine., Sachs, David Peter, and Rubin, David Mark
- Abstract
In an interdisciplinary study the role of the news media in environmental problems is examined. A description of the environmental problems of the San Francisco Bay Area and of the many news media which serve this area introduces this second volume of the study. The dimensions of the information explosion in the Bay Area news media are documented in quantitative terms. The study identifies the groups in the Bay Area which can be expected to use the information offered by the news media and the implications of this for the press. The difficulties for the press in reporting environmental deterioration and the damage caused by "environmental" advertising are pointed out. The study also examined: the difficulties of gaining access to information about the plans of public utilities; the interrelationship of a growing community and its newspapers and the possible effects of newspaper coverage of urban land use patterns; and the possibilities of getting along without the news media and becoming informed on one's own. The study concludes that the media have alerted the public to environmental hazards, but that continued efforts to pinpoint local problems will be necessary. For the extensive background study of the environmental problems of the Bay Area, see volume one of the study (EM009436). (JY)
- Published
- 1971
16. Mass Media and the Environment: Volume One, San Francisco and Monterey Bay Water Resources.
- Author
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Stanford Univ., CA. Dept. of Communication., Stanford Univ., CA. School of Medicine., Sachs, David Peter, and Rubin, David Mark
- Abstract
In an interdisciplinary project graduate students from several fields--including medicine and communication--conducted an assessment and critique of media performance in the are of environmental problems. The project had no direct faculty supervision--the first such student project funded by the National Science Foundation. This volume presents an extensive background on the various environmental problems in the San Francisco Bay Area. Specific attention is paid to the political history of the California State Water Project, the water resources in the Bay Area, the problem of optimal resource allocation, and the unique quality of the San Francisco Bay. Comprehensive waste water management plans in the San Francisco Bay Area are surveyed and an examination is made of the environmental problems of the Monterey Bay Area. The question of access to information on nuclear power plant siting is also discussed at some length. For a study of the role of the media in these environmental problems see volume two (EM009437). (JY)
- Published
- 1971
17. Handbook of Techniques and Guides for the Study of the San Francisco Bay-Delta-Estuary Complex, Part 1. Monitoring Techniques for the Measurement of Physico-Chemical and Biological Parameters.
- Author
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Alameda County School Dept., Hayward, CA. and Contra Costa County Dept. of Education, Pleasant Hill, CA.
- Abstract
Project MER (Marine Ecology Research) is aimed at improving environmental education in the San Francisco Bay Area schools. As part of meeting this goal, it is hoped that students and teachers can see the results of their efforts being put to practical use. This guide is the first of a series produced to help the students and teachers gather data concerning the San Francisco Bay-Delta-Estuary Complex and to organize these data in a form that could be a contribution to the literature of science and serve as the groundwork upon which knowledgeable decisions about the environment could be based. Presented in this guide are techniques and procedures for measuring and evaluating the ecology of aquatic environment of the Bay. Chapter I deals with how physical and chemical factors affect the distribution of aquatic life. General information on the effect of a particular factor precedes a technical presentation on how to measure or evaluate that factor. The second chapter discusses techniques for studying the plankton population and the third discusses techniques for studying bacterial populations. Field data sheets for recording data are included in the appendices. Related documents are SE 016 646--SE 016 650. (JP)
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- 1971
18. Poisoning Farmworkers
- Author
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Swartz, Joel
- Abstract
The use of highly toxic agricultural chemicals in California has made fieldwork one of the most hazardous occupations in the state in terms of time lost to occupational illness. Despite this problem, state standards to protect farmworkers are inadequate, inefficiently enforced, and based on incomplete research. (Author/MA)
- Published
- 1975
19. Water Distribution System Operation and Maintenance. A Field Study Training Program. Second Edition.
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California State Univ., Sacramento. School of Engineering. and Kerri, Kenneth D.
- Abstract
Proper installation, inspection, operation, maintenance, repair and management of water distribution systems have a significant impact on the operation and maintenance cost and effectiveness of the systems. The objective of this manual is to provide water distribution system operators with the knowledge and skills required to operate and maintain water systems effectively. This manual was developed to serve as a home-study or self-paced instructional course. The document contains information on: (1) what water distribution operators do; (2) procedures for operating and maintaining clear wells and storage tanks; (3) characteristics of distribution system facilities; (4) how to operate and maintain distribution facilities; (5) how to maintain water quality in distribution systems; (6) disinfection of new and repaired facilities as well as water delivered to consumers; and (7) techniques for recognizing hazards and developing safe procedures and safety programs. The appendices include a trial final examination (with answers), tips on solving water distribution system arithmetic problemS, water abbreviations, a glossary of water words, and subject index. (TW)
- Published
- 1987
20. Small Water System Operations and Maintenance. A Field Study Training Program. Second Edition.
- Author
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California State Univ., Sacramento. School of Engineering. and Kerri, Kenneth D.
- Abstract
Proper installation, inspection, operation, maintenance, repair and management of small water systems have a significant impact on the operation and maintenance cost and effectiveness of the systems. The objective of this manual is to provide small water system operators with the knowledge and skills required to operate and maintain these systems effectively. This manual contains information on: (1) what small water system operators do; (2) sources and uses of water; (3) how to operate and maintain wells and pumps; (4) the operation and maintenance of small water treatment plants; (5) the disinfection of new and repaired facilities as well as water delivered to consumers; (6) techniques for recognizing hazards and developing safe procedures and safety programs; (7) laboratory procedures for analyzing samples of water; and (8) procedures to develop a reasonable rate structure. The document was developed to serve as a home-study or self-paced instructional course. The appendices include a trial final examination (with answers), tips on solving small water system arithmetic problems, water abbreviations, a glossary of water words, and a subject index. (TW)
- Published
- 1987
21. Treatment of Wastewater from Electroplating, Metal Finishing and Printed Circuit Board Manufacturing. Operation of Wastewater Treatment Plants Volume 4.
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California State Univ., Sacramento. Dept. of Civil Engineering.
- Abstract
One of four manuals dealing with the operation of wastewater plants, this document was designed to address the treatment of wastewater from electroplating, metal finishing, and printed circuit board manufacturing. It emphasizes how to operate and maintain facilities which neutralize acidic and basic waters; treat waters containing metals; destroy cyanide; and treat complex metal wastes. The manual contains information on: (1) need to treat metal wastestreams; (2) identification of the sources of metal wastestreams; (3) how to safely store and handle chemicals from a Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS); (4) what employers must provide for operators regarding the handling of and exposure to hazardous materials in the workplace (employee right-to-know legislation); (5) how to operate and maintain neutralization, metal precipitation, cyanide destruction, and complex metal treatment facilities; (6) how to collect, treat, and dispose of sludges generated by these treatment processes; and (7) how to troubleshoot treatment facilIties described in the manual. The document was designed as a home-study or self-paced instructional course. Included are a final examination, a glossary of terms, and tips on solving arithmetic problems relating to this topic. Numerous diagrams and black and white photographs supplement the text. (TW)
- Published
- 1986
22. Theory and Practice of Environmental Impact Analysis
- Author
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Mason, Peter F.
- Abstract
Preliminary assessment of Environmental Impact Statements in California indicate that their effectiveness is directly related to the local political structure. Environmental planning is expected to improve as environmental impact reports gain more credence as an information base for city planners. The need for uniform impact guidelines are therefore indicated. (MA)
- Published
- 1974
23. IPM: Getting Off the Pesticide Treadmill
- Author
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Rubin, Hal
- Abstract
A recommended change in pest control management in California called "integrated pest management" is discussed. The support and resistance to this issue are explored. (MR)
- Published
- 1978
24. Why comply? Farmer motivations and barriers in cannabis agriculture.
- Author
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Bodwitch, Hekia, Polson, Michael, Biber, Eric, Hickey, Gordon M., and Butsic, Van
- Subjects
CANNABIS (Genus) ,MOTIVATION (Psychology) ,ENVIRONMENTAL standards ,FARMERS ,SMALL farms ,FARMERS' attitudes - Abstract
Cannabis legalization is spreading rapidly. In California, as the plant transitions from an illegal drug to agricultural product, regulations have been implemented to manage its production and associated environmental impacts. Yet, at the early stages of this process, many of the state's cannabis farmers continue to operate illicitly. This study examines why some cannabis farmers are engaging in the state's licensing initiative while others are not. Through an anonymous survey of cannabis farmers in California, we analyzed socio-normative and cost-related factors influencing farmers' decisions to participate in legal markets, or not. Approximately one third of the 362 cannabis farmers who completed the survey reported that they had never applied for a license. These non-compliant farmers were likely to be smaller cultivators who grew cannabis as part of a diversified livelihood strategy. Farmers' non-compliance was primarily attributed to an inability to overcome barriers to participation. These included not only financial barriers but also administrative and psychological ones, all of which disproportionately affect farmers with fewer resources. Socio-normative factors, including pressure from neighbors and perspectives on the benefits of environmental regulations, were not found to motivate non-compliance. As a result, policy efforts to mitigate the administrative burdens of compliance, such as streamlining permitting processes, extending agricultural support services, and supporting farmer collectives, warrant further attention to enhance compliance, public safety, environmental outcomes, and rural development in cannabis cultivating communities. Reforms to promote compliance, particularly among smaller farmers, may prevent the kinds of industrial consolidation seen in agricultural and in other governmental efforts to regulate informal resource use and trade. • California's cannabis policies hold farmers to high environmental standards. • Despite legalization many cannabis farmers engage in illicit, informal economies. • A survey of 362 cannabis farmers examined compliance motivations and barriers. • Compliance costs and administrative burdens were primary barriers to compliance. • These costs exclude smaller farms from legal markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
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25. Uncooperative Environmental Federalism: State Suits Against the Federal Government in an Age of Political Polarization.
- Author
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Lin, Albert C.
- Subjects
FEDERAL government ,GOVERNMENT policy ,COOPERATIVE federalism ,ENVIRONMENTAL standards ,STATE governments - Abstract
The conventional account of most U.S. environmental regulation goes something like this: cooperative federalism schemes accommodate state and federal interests while tapping into the respective strengths of centralized and decentralized regulation. In cooperative federalism arrangements, the federal government sets minimum environmental standards and invites the states to participate in achieving them, even by setting their own more stringent standards. In recent years, however, states and the federal government have displayed a distinct lack of cooperation on environmental matters. With increasing frequency, they turn to the courts to resolve environmental policy disagreements. Under the Obama Administration, Texas emerged as a leading litigant in opposition to federal environmental policies. Under the Trump Administration, California has assumed a similar role. Though these recent suits have attracted much attention, state-versus-federal lawsuits are not a new phenomenon. As this Article demonstrates, states and the federal government have clashed in the courts almost since the beginning of the modern era of environmental law. State-initiated environmental lawsuits against the federal government can be sorted into three categories: (1) challenges to the federal government's handling of public resources, (2) disputes over state prerogatives under cooperative federalism statutes and preemption provisions, and (3) litigation over national policy. Suits in the third category, which have exploded in recent years, have raised the greatest concerns about state standing and the appropriateness of such suits. Standing doctrine, however, generally does not bar such suits, and these suits may not be as problematic as might first appear. Even if states did not sue, private parties would likely challenge the same federal actions. Rather than causing political polarization, state suits are more likely a symptom of an already polarized society. Ultimately, state suits against the federal government might be viewed not as a problem, but as an important mechanism for articulating states' concerns, promoting accountability, and maintaining checks and balances against excessive federal power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
26. The Welfare Implications of Bankruptcy Allocation of the Colorado River Water: The Case of the Salton Sea Region.
- Author
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Rightnar, Jacob and Dinar, Ariel
- Subjects
WATER supply ,BANKRUPTCY ,ENVIRONMENTAL standards ,WATER ,RIVERS ,WATER rights - Abstract
This paper focuses on assessing a policy for reallocation of Colorado River water for major stakeholders in the state of California, to set a standard for sustainable long-term public and environmental use. We address the policy of allocating scarce water resources to competing stakeholders of different sectors in the Salton Sea region under over-committed water rights agreement. We determine the value of water applied to the agricultural, urban and tourist sectors to estimate the regional welfare under different allocation frameworks. We use two models for allocation: one involving a social planner approach that maximizes regional welfare, the second focusing on the bankruptcy rules of proportional deficit (cutback), and constrained equal award. We find the proportional cutback framework to be less conducive to regional welfare, although it presents a more politically feasible and robust option. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Greenhouse gas, water, and land footprint per unit of production of the California dairy industry over 50 years.
- Author
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Naranjo, A., Johnson, A., Rossow, H., and Kebreab, E.
- Subjects
- *
ENVIRONMENTAL standards , *DAIRY industry , *ENVIRONMENTAL impact analysis , *GREENHOUSE gases , *GREENHOUSE gas mitigation , *DAIRY processing , *GLOBAL environmental change , *DAIRY farm management - Abstract
Food production including dairy has been associated with environmental impacts and resource use that has been steadily improving when adjusted per unit of product. The objective of this study was to conduct a cradle-to-farm gate environmental impact analysis and resource inventory of the California dairy production system to estimate the change in greenhouse gas emissions and water and land use over the 50-yr period between 1964 and 2014. Using a life cycle assessment according to international standards and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations guidelines, we analyzed contributions from dairy production in California to global environmental change. Production of 1 kg of energy- and protein-corrected milk (ECM) in California emitted 1.12 to 1.16 kg of CO 2 equivalents (CO 2 e) in 2014 compared with 2.11 kg of CO 2 e in 1964, a reduction of 45.0 to 46.9% over the last 50 yr, depending on the model used. Greater reductions in enteric methane intensity (i.e., methane production per kilogram of ECM) were observed (reduction of 54.1 to 55.7%) compared with manure GHG (reduction of 8.73 to 11.9%) in 2014 compared with 1964. This was mainly because manure management in the state relies on lagoons for storage, which has a greater methane conversion factor than solid manure storage. Water use intensity was reduced by 88.1 to 89.9%, with water reductions of 88.7 to 90.5% in crop production, 55.3 to 59.2% in housing and milking, and 52.4 to 54% in free water intake. Improved crop genetics and management have contributed to large efficiencies in water utilization. Land requirements for crop production were reduced by 89.4 to 89.7% in 2014 compared with 1964. This was mainly due to dramatic increases in crop yields in the last 50 yr. The increases in milk production per cow through genetic improvements and better nutrition and animal care have contributed to reductions in greenhouse gas emissions and land and water usage when calculated per unit of production (intensity) basis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
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28. Promoting Sustainable Government Regulation: What We Can Learn From California.
- Author
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Vogel, David, Delmas, Magali A., Lyon, Thomas P., and Maxwell, John W.
- Subjects
GOVERNMENT regulation ,ENVIRONMENTAL quality ,ENVIRONMENTAL policy ,GOVERNMENT policy ,POLITICAL participation ,ENVIRONMENTAL standards - Abstract
This article describes and explains why the state of California has long played a leadership role in adopting innovative and stringent environmental standards. It argues that critical roles have been played by the state's attractive natural environment, the extent of threats to its environmental quality, the material interest of citizens in protecting the natural environmental around where they lived, and the support of business interests who stood to benefit from protecting the state's many environmental amenities. These dynamics are illustrated by several historical examples, which have laid the basis for the state's current environmental policy initiatives. It concludes by generalizing from the experiences of California in order to explore the role of politics and public policies in promoting more sustainable business practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
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29. Technology-Forcing and Law-Forcing: The California Effect in Environmental Regulatory Policy.
- Author
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Klepetar, Dillon
- Subjects
- *
ENVIRONMENTAL law , *ENVIRONMENTAL standards , *ENVIRONMENTAL policy , *PRIVATE sector , *ENVIRONMENTAL economics , *POLICY diffusion , *STATE laws - Abstract
The diffusion of environmental laws across U.S. states has become the subject of some theoretical debate. Much of the empirical work surrounding environmental law in a federalist system has focused on the "race to the bottom". In order to attract business investment, the patchwork system of state laws supposedly creates perverse incentives for the most lenient environmental standards. Others believe the federalist system engenders a "race to the top" through contagion. In this alternative scenario, adoption of new environmental laws acts as a catalyst for surrounding states to do the same. These divergent views oversimplify the responses of private firms to the threat or enactment of state environmental regulations. This paper develops a theoretical framework wherein private sector responses to state laws are conditioned by the mobility of firms and the relevance of jurisdictional boundaries. Several pioneering laws in California are examined to better understand if and when environmental policies and consumer standards are diffused or extended to other states. The findings suggest the federalist system can operate under a "lowest common denominator" mechanism in which firms adhere to the strictest state-specific regulations across the country or push for more consistent federal standards. This is because cost-minimizing firms operating under economies of scale will opt to produce and market similar products nation-wide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
30. Assessment of Technologies to Meet a Low Carbon Fuel Standard.
- Author
-
YEH, SONIA, LUTSEY, NICHOLAS P., and PARKER, NATHAN C.
- Subjects
- *
GOVERNMENT policy , *GREENHOUSE gas mitigation , *TECHNOLOGY assessment , *BIOMASS energy , *ENVIRONMENTAL standards , *MOTOR fuels , *ENERGY consumption , *LAW - Abstract
California's low carbon fuel standard (LCFS) was designed to incentivize a diverse array of available strategies for reducing transportation greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. It provides strong incentives for fuels with lower GHG emissions, while explicitly requiring a 10% reduction in California's transportation fuel GHG intensity by 2020. This paper investigates the potential for cost-effective GHG reductions from electrification and expanded use of biofuels. The analysis indicates that fuel providers could meet the standard using a portfolio approach that employs both biofuels and electricity, which would reduce the risks and uncertainties associated with the progress of cellulosic and battery technologies, feedstock prices, land availability, and the sustainability of the various compliance approaches. Our analysis is based on the details of California's development of as LCFS; however, this research approach could be generalizable to a national U.S. standard and to similar programs in Europe end Canada. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. California's new hard line on smog.
- Subjects
SMOG ,ENVIRONMENTAL standards ,AUTOMOBILES & the environment ,PREVENTION - Abstract
The article reports on the efforts made by the authorities in California to control smog emission in April 1975. It mentions that state officials led by Governor Edmund G. Brown petitioned for the restriction of hydrocarbons on 1977-model cars by 0.41 grams-per-mile to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). However, it notes that EPA Administrator Russell Train asked the Congress to postpone the adoption of the state's proposed standards for two years.
- Published
- 1975
32. Back in Stock.
- Author
-
Dutter, Greg
- Subjects
CHIEF executive officers ,ENVIRONMENTAL standards ,FOOTWEAR industry - Abstract
An interview with Dan Bazinet, chief executive officer (CEO) of footwear company Birkenstock USA in Novato, California, is presented. He claims that they follow strict environmental standards and utilize sustainable or post-waste materials when manufacturing footwear products. He considers that family ownership, longevity, and age demographics are the brand's greatest strengths. He also states that Birkenstock is the reference brand in the comfort category.
- Published
- 2009
33. California's Brown to Trump: See Us in Court. We'll Outlast You.
- Author
-
Varghese, Romy and Winkler, Matthew
- Subjects
PRIVATE police ,EMISSION standards ,COURTS ,IMMIGRANTS' rights ,ENVIRONMENTAL standards - Abstract
California's Brown to Trump: See Us in Court. The legal battle over California's nation-leading auto emissions standards, which U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Administrator Scott Pruitt has threatened to dismantle, may continue throughout President Donald Trump's tenure in office, Governor Jerry Brown said. Pruitt said last month that Obama administration regulations to boost fuel efficiency to roughly 50 miles per gallon on average by 2025, developed in close cooperation with California, are too aggressive and need to be revised. [Extracted from the article]
- Published
- 2018
34. Electric Dreams.
- Author
-
Sperling, Dan
- Subjects
- *
ALTERNATIVE fuels , *ALTERNATIVE fuel vehicles , *AUTOMOBILE industry , *GOVERNMENT policy , *ENVIRONMENTAL standards - Abstract
The article offers the author's insights regarding alternative transportation fuels, which he referred as a cycle of media and political hype. The author states the challenge of replacing petroleum, which creates barriers for new fuels in terms of legal liability, media sensationalism, and economics. He suggests the need for strong national standards for new vehicles, which correspond to regulations being studied by California and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
- Published
- 2011
35. California Sets First Low Carbon Fuel Standard in U.S.
- Subjects
- *
GREENHOUSE gas mitigation , *ENVIRONMENTAL standards , *GOVERNMENT policy , *GREENHOUSE gases - Abstract
The article reports on the adoption of Low Carbon Fuel Standard by the California Air Resources Board in Sacramento, California. It mentions that the standard mandates a 10% reduction in the carbon content of transportation fuels sold in California by 2020. It adds that the adoption of the regulation is part of the state's effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 25% by 2020. It also states that the standard is the first in the world and is said to serve as an example for federal policy.
- Published
- 2009
36. Construction truckers to continue legal fight against CARB, US EPA.
- Subjects
TRUCKING ,ENVIRONMENTAL policy ,EMISSION control ,ENVIRONMENTAL standards ,ACTIONS & defenses (Law) ,SOCIETIES - Abstract
The article reports on the lawsuit filed by California Construction Trucking Association (CCTA) against the California Air Resources Board (CARB). CCTA has filed a notice of appeal to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit for CARB's heavy-duty, on-road truck and bus regulation. The association argues that the regulation will force the replacement of most diesel powered commercial motor vehicles that do not meet the 2010 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) emission standards.
- Published
- 2013
37. Federal Judge Finds California's Low Carbon Fuel Standard Unconstitutional.
- Subjects
ACTIONS & defenses (Law) ,ENVIRONMENTAL standards ,ETHANOL as fuel ,CORN - Abstract
The article discusses a court case wherein a Federal District Court in Fresno, California ruled that State of California's Low Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS) is unconstitutional in favor of the ethanol industry. The suit filed on December 24, 2009 asserted that LCFS violates the Commerce Clause that forbids state laws discriminating against out-of-state goods and regulating out-of-state conduct. With an injunction, the court found LCFS discriminating against out-of-state corn-derive ethanol.
- Published
- 2011
38. CARS IN THE COURTROOM.
- Author
-
Robb, Alyssa
- Subjects
- *
ENVIRONMENTAL policy , *AUTOMOBILE industry & the environment , *ENVIRONMENTAL standards - Abstract
The article reports that 17 states have adopted or are in the process of adopting auto emissions standards. However, on one state has been able to implement the standards. California has filed a lawsuit against the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for withholding permission to implement its new standards. Meanwhile, automobile manufacturers persist in their efforts to block California's standards.
- Published
- 2008
39. California: Golf Course Named Eco-Friendly.
- Subjects
- *
GOLF courses , *ECOLOGICAL integrity , *ENVIRONMENTAL standards , *GOLF course architects - Abstract
The article discusses Golf Digest's naming of Los Lagos Golf Course in San Jose, California as the most eco-friendly golf course in the United States. The course was designed to protect the native ecosystem and wildlife while still maintaining a high quality of golf offered to users. The course is one of three public courses in the San Jose area and was opened in April, 2002.
- Published
- 2006
40. Pharmaceutical Firm Finds Green Is Good as Gold.
- Author
-
Long, Jessica
- Subjects
CERTIFICATION ,ENVIRONMENTAL standards ,PHARMACEUTICAL industry - Abstract
Reports on the certification granted to several companies for its environment-friendly operations in La Jolla, California. Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design award received by Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development LLC; Requirements and purpose of the certification given; Other recipients of the certification.
- Published
- 2005
41. California's Big 'Green' Monster.
- Author
-
Hudgins, Matt
- Subjects
WAREHOUSE design & construction ,ARCHITECTURE & energy conservation ,ENVIRONMENTAL standards ,FOOTWEAR industry - Abstract
The article reports that the footwear retailer Skechers USA Inc.'s 1.8 million square feet (sq. ft.) distribution center in California will set a new standard for automated, energy efficient warehousing when it opens in October 2011 in the industrial market. The warehouse was constructed by Highland Fairview Properties. The structure will enable Skechers to consolidate operations from 1.6 million sq. ft. in six Ontario warehouses to a single distribution hub serving Canada and the U.S.
- Published
- 2011
42. CALENDAR May 16-22, 2006.
- Subjects
CONFERENCES & conventions ,INDUSTRIAL advertising ,CUSTOMER satisfaction ,BUSINESS-to-business transactions ,ENVIRONMENTAL standards - Abstract
The article presents calendar of congresses and conventions for May 2006 in California. A "B2B Power Exchange Leads Group for True B2B Business Developers," breakfast programs will take place in Irving on May 16. A luncheon seminar on "How to Win Clients and Influence Referrals," will take place in Irvine on May 17 and lastly, "Understanding the International Environmental Standard," day seminar will take place at the University of California, Irvine Extension on May 18.
- Published
- 2006
43. California Greenin'.
- Author
-
Johnson, David
- Subjects
ENVIRONMENTAL standards ,WATER supply in construction industry ,ENGINEERING standards - Abstract
The article discusses the California Green Standards (CalGreen) from the California Building Standards Commission, which will take effect in January 2011 that will continue the environmental leadership of California. It asserts that CalGreen may indulge toward integration of selected water and material concerns within the construction industry framework. The author is also critical on the new requirements within the existing green standards, codes and rating systems.
- Published
- 2010
44. California Air Board Unveils Proposal For Next-Generation Vehicle Standards.
- Subjects
ENVIRONMENTAL standards ,VEHICLES ,GOVERNMENT policy - Abstract
The article offers information on the new California Air Resources Board (CARB) proposal issued on February 8, 2010 concerning on greenhouse gas emission standards to be implemented for next generation vehicles in California.
- Published
- 2010
45. California Should Follow Europe's Lead.
- Author
-
Zoia, David E.
- Subjects
AIR quality standards ,ENVIRONMENTAL policy ,ENVIRONMENTAL standards - Abstract
The author believes that California and other states can attain cleaner air if they follow the example of European countries in working the problem from the consumer instead of the manufacturer side. Like the U.S., the European is about to set a carbon emission standard, but individual countries are establishing graduated carbon taxes that increase the cost of gasoline and encourage consumers to shift to fuel efficient vehicles. He believes that the government should push car makers on technology while encouraging citizens to change buyer behavior.
- Published
- 2008
46. California Adopts Emission Standards For Formaldehyde From Wood Products.
- Subjects
ENVIRONMENTAL standards ,RELEASE of formaldehyde from wood products ,FOREST products - Abstract
The article reports on standards to lessen exposure to formaldehyde emissions from wood products used in composite and plywood wood products released by the California Air Resources Board (CARB) on April 27, 2007. According to CARB, the air toxics control measure will reduce formaldehyde emissions by about 680 tons a year when fully implemented in 2012. The standards will reduce formaldehyde emissions to the maximum amount feasible.
- Published
- 2007
47. California's Schwarzenegger Proposes Low-Carbon Standard for Transportation Fuel.
- Subjects
ENVIRONMENTAL standards ,CARBON ,GLOBAL warming laws ,GOVERNORS - Abstract
The article reports on the plans of California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger to establish a low-carbon standard for transportation fuels. The standard will reduce carbon intensity of fuels used in passenger cars. Schwarzenegger also implemented the Global Warming Solutions Act in 2006. The governor believes that the standard is an innovative action.
- Published
- 2007
48. Product Standards Have National Impact.
- Subjects
ENVIRONMENTAL standards ,COMMERCIAL products & the environment ,AIR pollution ,INDOOR air pollution prevention - Abstract
The article reports on the national impact of a California program that sets environmental standards for products sold to the state government according to Robert Blaisdell, chief of exposure modeling for the Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment of the California Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The EPA Children's Health Protection Advisory Committee has been briefed about the efforts to reduce indoor air pollutants. Companies must comply with the Section 01350 standards.
- Published
- 2006
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