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Purpose: A chasm exists between the expanding mental health needs of school-aged youth and the school resources available to address them. Education agencies must efficiently allocate their limited resources by adopting innovative public health models. The need for these effective approaches is acute in rural regions, where resources tend to be scarce. This mixed-methods study of school superintendents illuminates key opportunities to optimize access to care for students struggling with mental health needs in rural communities. Method: Superintendents serving rural California school districts were targeted for a web-based, mixed response-type, 53-item survey designed to examine their perceptions across three school mental health-related categories: (a) strengths and gaps in community ethos and district infrastructure, (b) school personnel groups' knowledge and skills, and (c) predominant barriers. Of the targeted respondents, 16.7% completed the survey (N = 62). Quantitative data were analyzed using a series of descriptive analyses and paired-sample "t" tests. Qualitative data were analyzed using a constant comparative method with an open-coding approach. Findings and Implications: Budget constraints and access to trained school-based and community-based mental health personnel are the most frequently cited barriers to addressing mental health in schools. Knowledge and skills related to mental health are perceived to be more pronounced in district and school leadership than in other personnel groups, including staff typically responsible for providing mental health services, such as school psychologists. Our findings suggest a need to improve superintendent knowledge of innovative public health models for delivering mental health services within the constraints of rural school district settings.

In reports on stock assessments for rockfish species on the West Coast of the United States, the need for additional biological data to provide more accurate estimates of population abundance is commonly cited. Improvement of population estimates is important because those data are used to set catch quotas along this coast of the nation. The recreational charter boat fleet in the state of California has historically landed large amounts of rockfish species; however, vessels in this fleet discard carcasses once fillets have been removed from fish. These carcasses could be a valuable source of age, length, and sex data, with a standardized measurement method used to relate the post-fillet length of carcasses to the pre-fillet length. To determine the feasibility of a program to collect rockfish carcasses for biological data, specimens of 4 rockfish species were captured off the central coast of California and measured before and after filleting. Pre-fillet lengths were accurately predicted on the basis of post-fillet elongate length for blue (Sebastes mystinus), gopher (S. carnatus), copper (S. caurinus), and vermilion (S. miniatus) rockfish. A high percentage (87.5%) of the carcasses had identifiable gonads, a fortunate result because the availability of sex data on measured specimens is an important consideration for species with dimorphic growth. This new data source based on information from carcasses can be used to enhance the length-at-age and life history data available for stock assessments or other biological studies of rockfish populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A variety of criteria may influence the efficacy of networks of marine protected areas (MPA) designed to enhance biodiversity conservation and provide fisheries benefits. Meta‐analyses have evaluated the influence of MPA attributes on abundance, biomass, and size structure of harvested species, reporting that MPA size, age, depth, and connectivity influence the strength of MPA responses. However, few empirical MPA evaluation studies have used consistent sampling methodology across multiple MPAs and years. Our collaborative fisheries research program systematically sampled 12 no‐take or highly protective limited‐take MPAs and paired fished reference areas across a network spanning 1100 km of coastline to evaluate the factors driving MPA efficacy across a large geographic region. We found that increased size and age consistently contributed to increased fish catch, biomass, and positive species responses inside MPAs, while accounting for factors such as latitude, primary productivity, and distance to the nearest MPA. Our study provides a model framework to collaboratively engage diverse stakeholders in fisheries research and provide high‐quality data to assess the success of conservation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthropogenic stressors from climate change can affect individual species, community structure, and ecosystem function. Marine heatwaves (MHWs) are intense thermal anomalies where water temperature is significantly elevated for five or more days. Climate projections suggest an increase in the frequency and severity of MHWs in the coming decades. While there is evidence that marine protected areas (MPAs) may be able to buffer individual species from climate impacts, there is not sufficient evidence to support the idea that MPAs can mitigate large-scale changes in marine communities in response to MHWs. California experienced an intense MHW and subsequent El Niño Southern Oscillation event from 2014 to 2016. We sought to examine changes in rocky reef fish communities at four MPAs and associated reference sites in relation to the MHW. We observed a decline in taxonomic diversity and a profound shift in trophic diversity inside and outside MPAs following the MHW. However, MPAs seemed to dampen the loss of trophic diversity and in the four years following the MHW, taxonomic diversity recovered 75% faster in the MPAs compared to reference sites. Our results suggest that MPAs may contribute to long-term resilience of nearshore fish communities through both resistance to change and recovery from warming events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although research has examined various correlates of weapon and gun carrying at school and among adolescents, it has yet to consider the relationship between gun stores around schools and the carrying of guns at school. This study uses data from the 2015–2016 California Healthy Kids Survey, the California Department of Education, and geocoded data on public high schools and gun stores in Orange County, California, to examine the association between proximity of gun stores to schools and the carrying of guns by high school students. Using geographic information system analysis and hierarchical logistic regression, results indicate that the proximity of gun stores to schools is significantly associated with self-reported gun carrying at school. Implications for policy and practice are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the considerations of federal participation within the housing market of the United States within the 1945-1950 period. Particular intervention and control over the direction of the mortgage financing process is cited and identified as an important subject of evaluative study. Case data taken from the San Francisco Bay Area is provided and analyzed to highlight examples of typical federal involvement. The roles of the Federal Housing Administration, Federal National Mortgage Association, and Veterans Administration in the home loan market are each discussed. Conclusions are offered citing elements of the federal policy which are advantageous and which are undesirable.

The article examines a sample of term loans issued by three large branch banks to small businesses in California during the period 1945-1946. Empirical data are presented showing the types of loans made, and the sizes of the businesses they were made to. Specific attention is paid to information gleaned from 6,893 loans outstanding at one bank as of September 23, 1946. The author discusses various characteristics of these loan arrangements and notes several techniques adopted by banks to help them successfully manage their increasing volume of term loans.

The article presents the results of a study conducted by the Bureau of Business and Economic Research of the University of California on the capital availability for postwar investment in California, with an emphasis on the concerns of small business. The article outlines the methodology, presents a survey of previous studies, the criteria for measuring the availability of capital, the data detailing the available capital from 1945-1946, a summary of the findings, and a discussion of the implications. The findings showed a large number of concerns raising capital through equity funds from owner's savings or the sale of stock, bank loans, and some manufacturing firms with intense capital needs found greater difficulty in capitalization. Proposals and recommendations are presented.

Barn owls ( Tyto alba ) have the potential to remove significant numbers of rodent pests in vineyards, which has prompted viticulturists in California to erect artificial nest boxes to attract owls. This study examined the habitat factors influencing barn owl nest box occupancy as well as farmers’ perceptions of barn owls in vineyards in Napa Valley, CA. Nest boxes of variable design and placement were distributed across 65 vineyards that varied in local and landscape habitat composition. We monitored 297 nest boxes in 2015 to develop an occupancy model. We evaluated the performance of the 2015 model by revisiting 150 boxes in 2016 and comparing observed occupancy to the predicted probability of occupancy for each nest box. Barn owls occupied approximately one third of the nest boxes we monitored each year. We used variance decomposition to address cross scale correlations among three nested spatial scales and to analyze the variation in nest box occupancy explained uniquely by predictors at each spatial scale. The home range and nest box scales were the most important spatial scales. At the home range scale, barn owls selected nest boxes surrounded by more hectares of grassland, riparian and mixed forest, and fewer hectares of oak scrub within 1 km of the box. Owls were more likely to occupy nest boxes if they were constructed of wood, facing north and positioned higher off the ground. The model developed in 2015 performed well in 2016, correctly classifying 81.3% of the boxes, and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.86. In addition, we surveyed farmers to gauge their perceptions of the utility of barn owls as a component of an integrated pest management scheme in winegrape vineyards. The majority of farmers surveyed installed barn owl nest boxes for the perceived pest management services instead of the potential positive public appeal of improving barn owl habitat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: In California, about 80% of tuberculosis disease is caused by untreated latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI), and the rate of LTBI is higher among incarcerated persons (16%) than among nonincarcerated persons (6%). We compared 2 regimens to treat LTBI in an adult prison population in California: 9 months of twice-weekly isoniazid (9H; previous standard of care) and 12 once-weekly doses of isoniazid and rifapentine (3HP; introduced in 2011). Methods: We evaluated the rates of completion and discontinuation caused by hepatotoxicity among randomly selected patients with LTBI prescribed the 9H regimen in 2011 and among patients with LTBI prescribed the 3HP regimen who entered California prisons during September 2013–March 2014. We compared the cost per fully treated patient for the 2 regimens. Results: Of 92 patients treated with the 9H regimen, the treatment completion rate was 42% and discontinuation due to hepatotoxicity was 14%. Of 122 patients who accepted the 3HP regimen, the completion rate was 90% and discontinuation due to hepatotoxicity was 2%. The cost per fully treated patient for the 9H regimen was $981 and for 3HP was $652. Conclusions: In an incarcerated population, the 3HP regimen had a higher completion rate, lower hepatotoxicity, and lower cost per fully treated patient than the 9H regimen. If coupled with a high treatment initiation rate, the high rate of LTBI treatment completion with 3HP may contribute to reducing tuberculosis morbidity in California. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on the proposal to conserve the name Gilia splendens with a conserve type for the species of plants in California. Reason for preserving the name; Subspecies composing Gilia splendens; Authors of the proposal to conserve the classification.

The article reviews the exhibit "Mapping the Pacific Coast: Coronado to Lewis and Clark" at the Gould Gallery in Berkeley, California.

Marine protected areas (MPAs) have been established across the globe to mitigate the effects of multiple stressors on marine communities. In many locations, MPAs have generated positive effects on fish communities, but the impacts of fishing pressure—the primary stressor MPAs seek to manage—have not been well investigated. We examined changes in fish biomass inside and outside of no-take MPAs over 14 years in central California, USA. Using data from the community-based science program, the California Collaborative Fisheries Research Program, we tested which environmental and human-induced stressors most influence the strength of MPA responses. While temperature and productivity were included in the best fit model, we found that fine-scale fishing effort data, following reserve implementation, best explained the spatial variation in fish community responses to MPAs. Specifically, differences in fish biomass between MPAs and sites open to fishing were larger for reserves near heavily fished locations and these areas exhibited the highest rate of change in fish biomass, indicating strong positive effects of the MPA on the most heavily exploited fish communities. As MPAs continue to be used as a prominent conservation strategy in coastal systems, managers should consider both the suite of human-induced (socio-ecological interactions) and environmental conditions that may alter MPA success as well as establish long-term monitoring programs to fully assess the functionality of marine reserves into the future. [Display omitted] • Positive effects of no-take marine reserves did not accumulate until 7 years post-implementation and varied by location. • Fishing effort in reference sites after reserve establishment best explain spatial variation in fish responses to protection. • Both human-induced and environmental conditions that may alter reserve success should be considered in future reserve design. • Long-term monitoring programs are vital to fully assess the functionality of MPAs into the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Recruitment of pelagic larval fishes to the nearshore environment is dependent on a suite of biological and physical processes operating at many spatial and temporal scales. Nearshore circulation processes associated with coastal upwelling are widely upheld as major determinants of year class strength for many rockfishes (Sebastes spp.), but the mechanism by which these processes drive recruitment is largely unknown. We used Standard Monitoring Units for the Recruitment of Fishes (SMURFs) to monitor recruitment of two rockfish complexes (Sebastes spp.) and cabezon (Scorpaenichthys marmoratus) from March to September of 2004 and 2005 at 3 sites along the central California coast. We examined the relationship between recruitment of these fishes and measurements of oceanographic variability associated with upwelling dynamics, including in situ water temperature, AVHRR sea surface temperature, the Bakun upwelling index, and an index of alongshore surface water transport. We found that rockfish comprising the KCGB complex (Sebastes atrovirens, Sebastes caurinus, Sebastes carnatus, Sebastes chrysomelas) recruit during early summer, while fishes of the BYO complex (Sebastes melanops, Sebastes flavidus, Sebastes serranoides), as well as cabezon recruit during late summer. Our results provide limited support for an association between the arrival of juvenile pelagic rockfish and cabezon to the nearshore environment and physical processes related to upwelling and relaxation. Beyond the limitations of our bimonthly sampling scheme, the lack of a clear pattern may be related to the near absence of upwelling–relaxation cycles along this stretch of coast during these two study periods. Moreover, the settlement and recruitment of nearshore fishes may be closely tied to processes occurring earlier in the larval stage. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]