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Background/Aim. Resuscitation and surgical medical aid are the most important medical procedures in disaster relief operations. The limited time frame available for lifesaving activities in such circumstances demands that resuscitation and surgical medical teams be established and trained for timely reaction and disaster medical support prior to disaster occurrence. The aim of the study was to analyze the awareness among the hospital medical staff in the Plovdiv Region of the hospital response plan in case of disaster, which concerns surgical and resuscitation team composition and tasks for disaster medical support. Methods. An anonymous survey, consisting of 55 questions about hospital staff awareness of the medical activities described in the hospital disaster medical support plan, was conducted between July and September 2019 among 295 hospital medical professionals in the Plovdiv Region, Bulgaria. Descriptive statistics and Pearson's χ2 test were used in the statistical analysis of results. Results. The survey showed that the majority of medical staff demonstrated complete ignorance regarding the presence, number, and tasks of the specialized medical teams planned for hospital disaster response. Employees of multidisciplinary hospitals for active treatment were more familiar with the aforementioned plans than their colleagues from the university multidisciplinary hospitals. Conclusion. Insufficient awareness about human resources foreseen for disaster medical support negatively impacts the hospital surge capacity, leading to inadequate medical assistance in such cases. Hospital tactical disaster preparedness must be ameliorated by conducting a more rigorous training program among medical staff related to the planned hospital activities in case of disastrous events, especially for those working in emergency departments, intensive care units, and surgical departments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effects of defoliation caused by fungal pathogens on the tree vitality and growth of a 33-year old Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) provenance plantation in northwestern Bulgaria was presented. The results of the conducted surveys in 2011 and 2020 showed that there were significant differences between the individual provenances of Douglas-fir concerning their susceptibility to the needle cast diseases, caused by the fungal pathogens Rhabdocline pseudotsugae and Phaeucryptopus gaeumannii. The extent of damage, expressed as the amount of Douglas-fir needles cast, varied among provenance groups in individual years. A serious degree of defoliation was assessed among all continental provenances. In 2011, all examined trees from the group of continental provenances had severe symptoms of the needle cast disease. In 71.5% of them, the defoliation of the crowns was over 25% – moderately to severely affected. The average degree of defoliation varied from 18.3% (32 Wаrm Springs) to 89.3% (55 Alamogordo). In 2020, severe defoliation was found among all continental provenances. Both fungal pathogens were found as causes of the defoliation of 64.3% of the trees. The growth indicators: average height, average diameter at breast height, average height- and diameter increment for survived provenances in 2011 (at age 24) and 2020 (at age 33) were evaluated. The loss of needles and the reduced physiological function of the trees affected their vitality in the following years. Relationships between the average current annual height and diameter increment by provenance groups for 2003–2011 and 2011–2020 were calculated. It was found that with an increase in the degree of defoliation, the height and diameter increment of the provenances decreases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the middle of the last century, a system of field protective forest belts was created in North-Eastern Bulgaria to protect agricultural lands and increase yields from cereals and other agricultural crops. Forest roads were also built, ensuring the implementation of silvicultural activities in field protective forest belts. It was found what part of the forest roads in the region of Dobrudzha are stabilized with crushed stone, and the rest are dirt roads without stabilization. It has been established what part of the forest roads in the region are stabilized with crushed stone, and what part are dirt roads without stabilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacter spp. Serratia marcescens, Citrobacter freundii, Providencia spp., and Morganella morganii (CP-ESCPM) are increasingly identified as causative agents of nosocomial infections but are still not under systematic genomic surveillance. In this study, using a combination of whole-genome sequencing and conjugation experiments, we sought to elucidate the genomic characteristics and transferability of resistance genes in clinical CP-ESCPM isolates from Bulgaria. Among the 36 sequenced isolates, NDM-1 (12/36), VIM-4 (11/36), VIM-86 (8/36), and OXA-48 (7/36) carbapenemases were identified; two isolates carried both NDM-1 and VIM-86. The majority of carbapenemase genes were found on self-conjugative plasmids. IncL plasmids were responsible for the spread of OXA-48 among E. hormaechei, C. freundii, and S. marcescens. IncM2 plasmids were generally associated with the spread of NDM-1 in C. freundii and S. marcescens, and also of VIM-4 in C. freundii. IncC plasmids were involved in the spread of the recently described VIM-86 in P. stuartii isolates. IncC plasmids carrying blaNDM-1 and blaVIM-86 were observed too. blaNDM-1 was also detected on IncX3 in S. marcescens and on IncT plasmid in M. morganii. The significant resistance transfer rates we observed highlight the role of the ESCPM group as a reservoir of resistance determinants and stress the need for strengthening infection control measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Previous research done in Bulgaria demonstrated a fivefold reduction in mortality from COVID‐19 with increased doses of colchicine from two hospitals in the country. We report here a further 333 cases of COVID‐19 inpatients, treated with different doses of colchicine and its effect on mortality. Materials and Methods: A case‐control comparison from two additional hospitals was conducted between increased doses of colchicine and added bromhexine to standard of care (SOC) versus current SOC. Risk and odds ratio, as well as subgroup analysis, was conducted with newly reported data, alongside aggregate data from all hospital centers to determine the extent of mortality reduction in COVID‐19 inpatients. Results: There was a clear reduction in the mortality of inpatients with increasing doses of colchicine—between twofold and sevenfold. Colchicine loading doses of 4 mg are more effective than those with 2 mg. Despite these doses being higher than the so‐called "standard doses," colchicine inpatients experienced lower mortality than SOC patients (5.7% vs. 19.53%). This mortality benefit was evident in different age subgroups, with a 4‐mg loading dose of colchicine proving slightly superior to a 2‐mg loading dose. Colchicine led to an overall relative risk reduction of 70.7%, with SOC patients having 3.91 higher odds of death. The safety of the doses was not different than the reported in the summary of product characteristics. Conclusion: Inpatients in Bulgaria with added colchicine and bromhexine to SOC achieved better clinical and mortality outcomes than those on SOC alone. These results question the World Health Organization—recommended strategy to inhibit viral replication. We posit that our treatment strategy to inhibit the Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 entry into the cell with inhaled bromhexine and the hyperactivated NLRP3 inflammasome with higher doses of colchicine, prevents the development of cytokine storm. The timing of the initiation of treatment seems critical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the period 2019-2020, parasitoids of invasive oak lace bug (Corythucha arcuata) were studied in Bulgaria. Biological material (larvae of C. arcuata) was collected from European oak (Quercus robur) or Austrian oak (Quercus cerris) in five localities of the country. Five eulophid specimens (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) were reared from the host larvae: Tamarixia pubescens, Elasmus sp., Minotetrastichus sp., Pnigalio sp. and Sympiesis sp. The impact of the parasitoids on the host number was very low (0.1-0.3%). The present records in Bulgaria are the first documented case of adaptation of native parasitoids to the host in the newly occupied areas in Europe and Asia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This two-year field study aims to investigate the impact of organic pesticides used in organic Damask rose (Rosa damascena Mill.) fields on Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal (AMF) colonization. Conducted in the renowned Rose Valley of Bulgaria, specifically in the village of Kliment, the experiment employed a randomized complete block design with two rows of 21 plants each in organic certified plots. The results revealed low AMF colonization in the first year, ranging between 14.78% and 20.89%, with no significant differences between treatments. In the second year, while no significant differences were observed between treatments (ranging from 48.00% to 76.49%), there was a notable increase in AMF colonization compared to the initial sampling. The study concluded that specific organic pesticides, including Neemazal, Limocide, Phytosev, and Nano sulfur, had minimal negative effects on AMF colonization. These findings contribute to understanding the implications of organic farming practices on AMF and soil health in the context of Damask rose cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the middle of the 20th century, a system of field protective forest belts was created in northeastern Bulgaria to protect agricultural lands from wind erosion, improve moisture storage and increase yields from agricultural crops. The study traces the chronology of the creation of those belts and their management to the present. The main mistakes and omissions made due to the lack of experience and expertise are outlined. Problems and challenges related to environmental conditions, protection of the belts and regulatory weaknesses have been identified. The most serious problem at the moment is the mass drying of the Fraxinus spp. belts, and in the medium term - the need to reconstruct large areas of different kinds of degrading belts. Despite the many problems and mistakes made, valuable experience has been gained over the years, important aspects of which are also presented. It is evident that there is a need to develop a comprehensive concept for management of the field protective forest belts, including: a scientifically based methodology for assessing their condition, a differentiated approach for their management, and provision of a stable financial mechanism for restoration of degraded belts and their subsequent cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a very commonly spread disease, not only in Bulgaria, but all over the world. One of the reasons for this is that patients suffering from OSA find it difficult to share their problem with their treating doctor (sleep doctor or ENT specialist). Doctor-patient communication is extremely important when gaining the patient''s trust, for the early detection and diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep disorders lead to a decrease in the quality of life, due to frequent anxiety, fatigue, depressive states, reduced cognitive and motor functions, lack of energy, headaches and sleepiness throughout the day. Improving the quality of life of patients is a primary goal of the health care system, which is conveyed in patient care aimed at reducing or eliminating the effects of diseases and their associated negative psychological and social effects. Prevention, screening and effective communication with the patient are extremely important for a successful diagnosis and treatment of sleep disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crithmum maritimum L. is a perennial halophyte plant that is a medicinal herb known by people from different cultures since ancient times. However, the therapeutic potential of this halophyte has not been completely investigated, and the scientific data on it are limited. The purpose of the present study was to estimate the chemical composition of the essential oil (EO) obtained from the aerial parts of Crithmum maritimum L. growing wild in Bulgaria, as well as the histolocalization of secretory structures for the synthesis and accumulation of volatile oils. The results obtained on the EO composition of Bulgarian Crithmum maritimum L. provide an opportunity to reveal potential future applications in various fields, such as medicine, pharmacy, agriculture, food, and the cosmetic industry. Gas chromatography with mass spectrometry was performed to assess the chemical profile of the isolated EO. The phenylpropanoid dillapiole was identified as the major compound in the EO, accounting for 34.09% of the total EO. Monoterpene hydrocarbons represented 62.07% of the total oil composition. γ-Terpinene, D-limonene, and β-pinene were the most abundant monoterpene hydrocarbons in the composition of the EO. In addition, histochemical localization of EO in the stem and leaves of Crithmum maritimum L. was carried out. The secretory structures were located in the cortical region of the stem and in the mesophyll tissues of the leaves in the form of secretory ducts. The performed histochemical analysis confirmed the lipophilic nature of the secretion from the duct cells. This is the first report related to the histolocalization and chemical composition of the EO from Bulgarian Crithmum maritimum L. Furthermore, our data indicate some potential possibilities for the evaluation of the therapeutic activity of the EO obtained from this plant species and outline its future applications as a therapeutic agent. Also, the EO from the studied halophyte plant has prominent potential to be used as a biopesticide, which is an environmentally friendly option compared to standard pesticides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2018, an increase in echovirus 30 (E30) detections was reported in some European countries. To assess the circulation and phylogenetic relationships of E30 in Bulgaria, E30 samples identified at the National Reference Laboratory for Enteroviruses, National Centre of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Bulgaria (NRL for Enteroviruses) in 2017 and 2018 were subjected to sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. The present study revealed that sample positivity did not significantly increase in Bulgaria during the European upsurge. E30 was identified in six patients, two of whom were epidemiologically linked. The maximum-likelihood phylogenetic tree showed that sequences from five patients belonged to the G1 lineage (clades G1a and G1b). The sequence from one patient belonged to the G2 lineage and was grouped closer to sequences from the last E30 outbreak in Bulgaria in 2012. No recombination events were detected. The European E30 upsurge in 2018 was caused by two clades, and one of them was G1. The fact that the majority of the Bulgarian samples belonged to G1 indicated that the virus was present in the country but did not cause a local upsurge. Phylogenetic and epidemiological data indicated sporadic E30 cases and a possible shift towards G1 lineage in 2017 and 2018. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the recent years of 2016, 2020, 2021 and 2022, the Bulgarian Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, through its six state-owned enterprises, has been conducting procedures for the purchase by the state enterprises of forest territories -- owned by natural persons, according to the Rules approved by Orders of the Minister of Agriculture and Forestry. Interested owners offer forest properties to the state enterprises for purchase at prices determined by them. As a result of that activity under the above procedure for "consolidation of small private property", the share of state property in the country increases. In the present work, the essence of the forest purchase procedure is considered and an analysis of the transactions for the "consolidation of land properties in forest territories in Bulgaria" for the period of 2016-2022 is made by number, area of the properties and price of the transactions. Based on the research, conclusions and recommendations are made for improving the management of state-owned forests and forests owned by natural persons according to their size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the impact of subsidies on agricultural holdings of different economic sizes in Bulgaria for the period 2014-2020. The objective is to dissect the dispersion and repercussions of these subsidies on the gross and net earnings of these enterprises. The research is rooted in a thorough exploration of existing literature and utilizes a spectrum of analytical techniques, including comparative analysis, regression analysis, and fixed effects models. The findings underscore the substantial role of subsidies in shaping the revenue of Bulgarian agricultural producers. This validates the primary hypothesis that subsidies bolster the financial health of enterprises and foster the resilience of the agricultural sector overall. Nonetheless, it's crucial to note that the magnitude and efficacy of the subsidies' impact fluctuate based on the economic scale of the enterprises. This underscores the need for a differentiated approach in determining subsidy policies, taking into account the specific needs of different groups of agricultural producers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is a pluripotent hemopoietic stem cell malignancy characterized by the presence of a BCR-ABL1 fusion gene derived from a balanced translocation between the long arms of chromosomes 9 and 22 [t(9;22) (q34; q11)] known as the Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome. CML is an acquired hematopoietic stem cell disease common to myelo- and lymphopoiesis, characterized by uncontrolled proliferation of granulopoiesis (Shuvaev et al. 2015; Yordanov and Varbanova 2019). Relevance and goals: Second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) (nilotinib, dasatinib, and bosutinib) have an advantage over imatinib (first-generation) in the frequency and speed of achieving cytogenetic and molecular responses in the treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), but they cause severe adverse effects and are much more expensive than imatinib, especially if we compare them to the prices of the registered generic products of Imatinib and Dasatinib. "Novartis Tasigna® trial shows superior results to Glivec® in patients with early-stage chronic myeloid leukemia", reported on 10/20/2021 by Pierre Perrin-Montlouis. In the first direct comparison of these two oral therapies back in 2009 (Tasigna (nilotinib) 2009), as first-line treatment for CML, the results of Tasigna showed statistically significant improvement over Glivec in every measure of efficacy, including major molecular response (MMR), complete cytogenetic response (CCyR) and prevention of progression to accelerated or blast phase, with responses achieved faster in the Tasigna group than in the Glivec group. Furthermore, in the last ten years, CML patients who have achieved a stable deep molecular response for at least 2 years have been included in clinical trials for the management of treatment-free remission (TFR) (Kim et al. 2013; Saußele et al. 2016). On the other hand, the ever-increasing costs of diagnosis, treatment and monitoring of the response of CML to the various therapeutic strategies require conducting pharmacoeconomic analyses of the cost-effectiveness and cost-utility types in order to evaluate which are the cost-effective strategies with a view to introducing them into therapeutic practice. The present study aims to analyze the pharmacoeconomic efficiency of the TKI inhibitors used by the patients with CML-CP in the first and second lines, treated in the hematology clinic at UMHAT "St. George", MU- Plovdiv during the period 2018-2022. Methods: An economic analysis of the medicinal use of TKIs for a 5-year period (2018-2022) was performed at the national level according to data from the National Health Insurance Fund and the availability, accessibility, and usability of original and generic TKIs in Bulgaria were evaluated. The direct medical costs for the therapy of all patients were calculated, including the costs of the TKI therapy, laboratory tests, and monitoring of the molecular response for the entire treatment period from the appointment of the TKI therapy until the end of 2022. A comparative analysis was conducted to assess the cost-effectiveness of the different therapeutic strategies with TKIs on the first and second lines of treatment of patients with CML-CP in the hematology clinic at UMHAT "St. George" Medical University, Plovdiv, using the decision analysis method and conducting one-way and probalistic sensitivity analyses. Results: The sensitivity analyzes of all pharmacoeconomic models showed the robustness and reliability of the obtained results. The threshold limits of medical costs and the frequency of achieving a deep molecular response determining the choice of first- and second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors as first- and second-line therapy for patients with chronic myeloid leukemia in the chronic phase have been determined. Prescribing doctors prefer the original MPs to generic analogues, which is also assumed by the current regulations, according to which even for expensive MPs dispensing by protocols, the prescription is by trade and not by international non-proprietary names (INN), which is why the use of the much cheaper generic MPs is negligibly low compared to original MPs. A personalized approach to the patient's therapy and monitoring the patient's molecular response to it, as well as stopping therapy in 25-30% of patients suitable to stop it safely when in TFR phase with a probability of more than 50% of not having a relapse will save additional costs that, by improving the cost-effectiveness of therapy for patients with CML, will be directed towards the treatment of new patients with this or other diseases. Conclusion: These pharmacoeconomic models can be applied to improve diagnostic and therapeutic standards in clinical practice and for the efficient use of the very limited resources for health care in countries like Bulgaria. The conducted cost-effectiveness analyses confirmed that the hematologists at the University Center in Plovdiv adhere to the recommendations of Leukemia Net and the Bulgarian Medical Society of Hematology and achieve not only good therapeutic but also pharmacoeconomic efficiency in the treatment of CML-СР patients in first- and second- line therapy [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The major and trace-element chemistry of two pyrite generations (Py1 and Py2) from the Kandilka epithermal prospect was studied by EDS-scanning electron microscopy and laser ablation ICP-MS techniques. Both generations of pyrite are distinguished by occurrence and chemical properties. Pyrite from the first generation (Py1) is established as trace-element poor, sub- to euhedral (mainly single) crystals up to 200 µm. The later As-bearing pyrite (Py2) forms fine-grained semi-massive aggregates with increased contents of trace-elements. Except for arsenic, Py2 is enriched in gold and antimony. The As content of Py2 increases in an oscillatory manner from core to rim, reflecting changes in As activity and the chemical evolution of ore-bearing fluids. The oscillatory-zoned pyrite is composed of complex rhythmic overgrowths of alternating As-rich and As-poor bands. Positive correlation between As- and Au-content in Py2 is characteristic. According to the current results, the Kandilka prospect could be concerned as a low-sulphidation deposit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficiency and full utilization of natural resources, including natural grass associations, is essential for the development of plant and animal production. In the present study, an assessment was made of the productivity, stability and botanical composition of 8 natural swards in the region of Central Northern Bulgaria with a view to their effective use for the needs of animal husbandry. The variance analysis of the data shows a very high level of probability of the influence of the factor of grassland and the interaction of grassland × environment on the formation of yield. The most productive is sward 6, located in the area of Kateritsa - an average of 1004.21 kg ha-1, and the excess compared to the average value for other grasslands is 54.8%. In terms of botanical composition, plant populations show significant variation - from 57 to 78% participation for cereal components and from 1 to 17% for legume components. The assessment of ecological stability carried out by the methods of regression, dispersion and non-parametric analysis determines different stability for grasslands, as these methods are based on different concepts of stability. GGE-biplot analysis, which allows for a comprehensive assessment of the studied grass associations in terms of their stability and productivity, identifies grassland 5 with location Lukovit as the closest to the ideal type, combining stability with relatively high productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the possibility of significantly increasing the quality of the learning process by using innovative tools in the students' curriculum. Modern technologies have the potential to help create quality lasting knowledge in learners. An entrance test was made to establish the knowledge the students had before the training. The group of student volunteers was then randomly divided into two groups: a control group that was trained using traditional methods (giving a lecture) and an experimental group that was trained using the innovative training methodology created. A study of the acquired knowledge of the two studied groups was carried out according to a previously prepared test and knowledge assessment methodology. The degree of assimilation of new knowledge was assessed by absorption rate and a comparison was made between the studied groups of students. The study shows a significantly better acquisition of the learning material by the students whose education included innovative means of the studied subject. The obtained results show that modern innovative interactive technologies can be used in the educational process of health care students, as a supplement and continuation of classical pedagogical methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stachys germanica L. (Lamiaceae) is a plant associated with a rich history in the traditional medicine of Iran, Turkey, and Serbia. However, researchers have not fully investigated the pharmacological potential of the herb, and scientific data on this plant species are limited. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the chemical composition of the essential oil (EO) obtained from the aerial parts of S. germanica L. growing wild in Bulgaria and to perform a comparative analysis of the chemical composition of EOs obtained from the same plant species from other geographical regions. For the evaluation of the chemical profile of the isolated EO, gas chromatographic analysis with mass spectrometry was performed. The most abundant terpene class was oxygenated monoterpenes, which accounted for 59.30% of the total EO composition. The bicyclic monoterpene camphor, as a compound of this class, was identified as the major constituent in the EO, accounting for 52.96% of the total oil composition. The chemical profile of Bulgarian EO is quite different compared to that of EOs from other regions. It is the only one to contain more than 50% camphor. In addition, EO contains significant amounts of the diterpene geranyl p-cymene (10.49%). This is the first study describing the chemical composition of EO from Bulgarian Stachys germanica L., and our results reveal some future perspectives for the evaluation of the biological activity of EO from the studied plant species as a new therapeutic agent or natural remedy targeting different medical conditions. The EO has a promising potential to be used as a biopesticide and repellent as well, an environmentally friendly and safer alternative to standard pesticides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim. The aim of this study is to evaluate treatment retrospectively, response to the therapy and outcomes in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and to what extent the European recommendations of LeukemiaNET (ELN) are followed at the Hematology Clinic, University Hospital “St. Georgi”, MU Plovdiv. Methods. All patients with Ph+, BCR-ABL1+ CML who were treated and observed between 01.01.2018 and 12.31.2022 at the clinic were included in the study and were analyzed retrospectively. Results. One hundred and eighty-eight patients with a mean age of 61.26 (21–91) years were analyzed. 151 (80.3%) were in chronic phase (CP), 27 (14.4%) in accelerating one and 10 (5.3%) in blast crisis. The actual overall survival rate was 79.26%, while for CP it is very high – 86.75%, and the mortality rate is 20.74%. All patients received some form of tyrosine kinase inhibitors therapy (TKIs-therapy). The first line TKI was imatinib in 120 patients (64%), and 68 (36%) received a second-generation TKI. Treatment response was monitored with TKIs by RT-qPCR. Conclusion. CML patients treated in the hematology clinic receive standard care in accordance with ELN and BMSH recommendations. Overall survival (OS) in routine care is comparable to published data from international studies. Molecular monitoring provides a good basis for disease control in CP. There are unmet needs in the treatment of patients in advanced stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Burnout is described as an emotional, mental and physical exhaustion observed in healthy people and directly related to their professional context. The objective is to study the level of burnout among community pharmacists and to identify the workplace factors affecting it. Materials and methods: Using a questionnaire, specifically designed by the authors of the study, an anonymous survey was conducted in the region of Varna, as the largest region of Northeastern Bulgaria. The questionnaire contains questions about the demographic characteristics; a standardised burnout measure tool (MBI-HSS-MP), and questions regarding the specifics of the work environment. According to MBI-HSS-MP, burnout is associated with high levels of emotional exhaustion (EE) and depersonalisation (DP) and low level of personal accomplishment (PA). Results: The participants in the pilot study were 127 masters of pharmacy. Regarding individual factors, a statistically significant relationship was found between age and the scales emotional exhaustion EE (p = 0.012), depersonalisation DP (0.028) and personal accomplishment PA (p = 0.028). Most susceptible to ЕЕ (p = 0.014) and DP (p = 0.008) were the age group 25–45 years while most satisfied with their PA were in the age group 46–55 years (p = 0.016). From the organisational factors, the large number of patients had the greatest impact on burnout (DP р = 0.000 /ЕЕ р = 0.006). The other key factors for burnout were an insufficient number of pharmacy staff, a heavy administrative burden and a wide range of medicinal products. Conclusion: It is necessary to develop training courses for young professionals to introduce them gradually into the work process and build up skills for effectively coping with stress. Proposals need to be made for reducing the administrative burden of pharmacists and maintaining staffing levels that are adequate to the patient flow and expanding the capabilities of The Specialised Electronic System for Tracing and Analysis System of Medicinal Products (SETASMP). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The communication practices of general practitioners in relation with vaccines have not been a topic of wide scientific interest. In this article, we outline them in the context of Bulgaria. A representative, cross-sectional, quantitative, face-to-face survey was conducted among 358 Bulgarian general practitioners in 2022 using simple random sampling. We conducted an exploratory factor analysis using questions about the role of the GPs, which measure models of communication. Based on the factor analysis, we distinguished four communication styles. They were called: active communicator, restrictive communicator, informing communicator, and strained communicator. One-way ANOVA and the T-test were carried out to explore the connections between factor scores (communication styles) and other variables. One of the most important results in the study was that the informing physician (emphasizing the choice of the parents) was the most common model in Bulgaria. This is somewhat contradictory, because of the mandatory status of most vaccines. We found connections between the communication styles and other variables—such as the type of settlement, having a hesitant parent in the practice, recommendations of non-mandatory vaccines, and experience with vaccine-preventable diseases. On the basis of the factor analysis and analysis of relationships with other variables, we reached the conclusion that in Bulgaria, hesitant parents are not sufficiently involved in active, effective communication about vaccines by GPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzes the tax relief for fuels used in agricultural production in EU member states, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), and other countries. Primary attention is paid to the state aid for excise duty refund of the fuels used in agriculture in Bulgaria. Previous researches prove that fossil fuel subsidies are inefficient. According to UNDP research, for every dollar pledged to tackle the climate crisis for the world's poor, four dollars are spent on fossil fuel subsidies that keep the climate crisis alive. These circumstances require a different approach and a solid need to reform fossil fuel subsidies. The main goal of the research is to identify the possibilities for the practical application of alternative approaches for economic impact in different aspects based on research and analysis of the tax policy regarding the fuels used by agriculture. Reforming energy subsidies remains a major political challenge as societies and economies experience tensions from the Covid-19 pandemic. But the prospects for recovery after the crisis are inextricably linked to the proper alternative mechanisms, especially if subsidy reform is combined with a broader range of political and economic measures to create a more stable, secure, and sustainable agricultural sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The region of Gyumyurdzhinski Snezhnik in the Eastern Rhodopes is the closest in Bulgaria to the Aegean Sea. However, the climate is characterized by specific parameters that are determined by its relief. It is poorly protected from the invasion of cold air masses from the north. From the south, the Gyumyurdzhinski Snezhnik hill restrains the Mediterranean influence. The orography of the area favors the retention of cold air masses and a further drop in temperatures. The experimental material for the study includes 5 generations of Thaumetopoea pityocampa (2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, and 2022), collected in 31 locations of four State Forestry Enterprises: Kirkovo, Ardino, Momchilgrad, and Zlatograd. The sample for analysis included 693 egg batches with 148420 eggs in them. Seven primary egg parasitoids were established in this region: Ooencyrtus pityocampae, Baryscapus servadeii, Pediobius bruchicida, Anastatus bifasciatus, Eupelmus vesicularis, E. vladimiri, Trichogramma sp. and one hyperparasitoid (B. transversalis). Dominant parasitoids were B. servadeii and O. pityocampae, and E. vladimiri and P. bruchicida - occasional parasitoids. The hyperparasitoid B. transversalis participated in the complex with a relatively low share. The survival of the egg parasitoids in the laboratory conditions, in which the samples were kept, was low. The total mortality of the parasitoids in larval and adult stages was 47.8%. After collecting the samples, in laboratory conditions, a total of 442 individuals of the hyperparasitoid B. transversalis emerged, of which 56.3% were females and 43.7% were males. The average number of pine processionary moth eggs in a batch was 214.2. 70.8% of all the eggs in the samples hatched successfully. The egg para- sitoids are a very serious natural factor, regulating the density of the pine processionary moth, but their impact varied from 2.1% to 30.3%. The natural characteristics of the area, the air temperature during the stages of eggs and young larvae, are favorable for the development of the pine processionary moth. Unhatched larvae without the influence of entomophages were 7.2%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the period 2017-2023, a survey for the assessment of the phytosanitary condition of sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa) was conducted in a permanent sample plot (PSP) Belasitsa, which is part of the European large-scale network for monitoring the health status of forest ecosystems under the International Co-operative Program 'Forests. The PSP is set in a natural chestnut stand in Belasitsa mountain at an altitude of 643 m. Data collected from the first years of the monitoring determined a slight deterioration in the health status of the chestnut trees caused by an infection with the fungal pathogen Cryphonectria parasitica. An improvement in trees' vitality and lack of active necrosis were observed in 2022-2023. On the wounds, initiation of callus along the wounded edges was reported. Currently, the intro duction of new and dangerous invasive insect pests Dryocosmus kuriphilus, Corythucha arcuata, etc., has not been detected. Attacks of both pests could further deteriorate the health status of the sweet chestnut in Belasitsa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The skarn alteration is poorly preserved at the Elatsite, restricted to the hornfelses from the East, Southeast and Southern part of the deposit. The rocks are defined as exoskarns, with a mineral composition including garnets, epidote, pyroxene, amphiboles, carbonates, prehnite, quartz, sulphides. The newly formed minerals occur in poorly preserved layers. The garnet grains are subhedral with inclusions of epidote and quartz, while some of them are corrode with carbonate and zeolites formed in the fractures. The garnets are grossular-andradite type, with higher values for HREE over LREE, and low values for Rb, Sr, Ba, Pb and U. The skarn formation is related with the intrusion of the magma which causes the heating of the metamorphic rocks (rich in carbonate material -- chlorite-sericite-carbonite, sericite-carbonate schists, etc.) from the low-grade metamorphic rocks. The Fe+3--Al+3 exchanges in the cores of the garnets indicate their formation from fluids with high oxygen fugacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relative durations of ammonite biozones and selected ammonite taxa, as well as some bioevents associated with coeval Lower--Middle Jurassic benthic taxa are represented herein. Based on linked Sr-isotope data, we found a notable difference in the time spans of the zones and in the relative longevity of the guiding ammonite genera around the Pliensbachian/Toarcian (P/T) boundary. The last occurrences of the well-known late Pliensbachian bivalve taxa Gryphaea gigantea and Pseudopecten aequivalvis were dated at 184 Ma and 183.8 Ma, respectively. Recently defined Toarcian--Aalenian autochtonous brachiopod taxa (Bulgariarhynchia and Capillirhynchia brezenensis) were found to have significant taxonomic durations (2 Ma and 5 Ma). The Sr-isotope data also revealed ~2 Ma duration of seawater warming and 0.2 Ma fossil hiatus around the P/T boundary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large pegmatite body/bodies are outcropping in the "Suhata Reka" quarry, near the town of Rakitovo. Their bulk mineral composition with dominant K-feldspar (40%), plagioclase (30%), quartz (25%) and mica (≤ 5%) is complemented by (REE+Y)-bearing association of primary and secondary accessories. Zircon, monazite, xenotime, scarce apatite and noticeable amount of garnet are among the pegmatite primary minerals. The cm-sized almandinespessartine crystals contain numerous fractures which host secondary (REE+Y)-bearing phosphate (xenotime, cheralite) and silicate minerals (e.g. REE-epidote). Formation of the late-stage REE-mineralization in garnet is due to its hydrothermal alteration and redistribution of REE+Y in the secondary phases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The geochemistry of Triassic metacarbonate rocks from the Sakar unit, Sakar-Strandzha zone recorded condition on deposition environments and primary (protoliths) composition. The metacarbonate yielded trace element distribution that conform seawater condition on shallow shelves under oxic conditions and coincide interpretation of Chatalov (1990). The REE pattern determines low to moderate contamination of terrigenous material. The significant variation of Sr can be efficient for distinguish the metacarbonates in SE Bulgaria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Common tansy (Tanacetum vulgare L.) is a plant with medicinal properties that has traditionally been used in folk medicine for its anthelmintic, antispasmodic, and choleretic effects, for the treatment of diarrhea and digestive problems, and externally, as an insecticide in veterinary practices. In the current study, we investigated, for the first time, the chemical profile and antioxidant activity of essential oil from a wild population of T. vulgare L. growing in Bulgaria. Common tansy essential oil (EO), which is rich in bicyclic monoterpenes, was obtained using hydrodistillation and characterized by using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Thirty-seven compounds were identified in Bulgarian tansy EO. Among the major constituents were oxygenated monoterpenes, including compounds such as camphor (25.24%), trans-chrysantenyl acetate (18.35%), cis-verbenol (10.58%), thujone (6.06%), eucaliptol (5.99%), and α-campholenal (5.98%). The analysis results identified the essential oil from T. vulgare L. grown in the western Rhodope Mountains of Bulgaria as the camphor chemotype. Furthermore, its antioxidant activity was analyzed using the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) method and was found to be 605.4 ± 49.3 µmol TE/mL. The essential oil was also tested for single-dose acute toxicity on Wistar rats and was found to be non-toxic by oral administration. The mean lethal dose by intraperitoneal administration was LD50 i.p. = 14.9 g/kg body weight. The results of the conducted study can serve as a basis for the evaluation and subsequent exploration of other pharmacotherapeutic effects of the essential oil obtained from the inflorescences of the Bulgarian species T. vulgare L. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to evaluate the level of genetic diversity in a collection of broad bean accessions for the needs of the combinative breeding, a field experiment was carried out during the period 2016-2018, at the Institute of forage crops (Pleven). The studied 17 accessions had different origin: Portugal, Spain, Bulgaria. It was used a randomized block method. Plants were grown under conditions of organic farming, without using fertilizers and pesticides. The results showed considerable differences between the accessions regarding the main quantitative traits. The impact of environmental conditions was well expressed and exceeded the impact of the factor of genotype. The level of genetic variance was lower for the traits of seed weight (6.84%), pods number (9.49%) and 1st pod height (9.77%). The coefficient of genetic variance was higher than the coefficient of phenotypic variance for pod length. In terms of the traits of pod length (84.32%, 1.33), 100 seeds mass (69.08%, 7.87) and 1st pod height (52.76%, 1.26) was found high heritability, coupled with medium to high genetic advance, which is a prerequisite for increasing the productive potential of the broad bean in these traits. Positive correlations were established between seed productivity and all quantitative traits, especially 100 seeds mass (r = 0.574), pod length (r = 0.568) and plant height (r = 0.411). From the breeding point of view, accessions BGE 041470 and Fb 2486, which were distinguished by high values of pods number, seeds number and 100 seeds mass, were of interest. Also, attention deserves to be paid to FbH 14, which formed a large number of pods and seeds per plant, as well as FbH 16, which was characterized by a good balance between the traits of seeds number, seed weight, and 100 seeds mass. These accessions are definitely of interest for hybridization programs and can be recommended as parent components in selection for increased productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plastic pollution in seawaters is ubiquitous, but quantitative estimates on the floating microplastics in the Black Sea are still limited. Plastics may adsorb persistent environmental contaminants, thus representing a potential risk for marine organisms. Aim: Thе aim of the study was evaluation of the presence and characteristics of microplastic particles (MPs) in waters from the Black Sea coast of Bulgaria. Materials and methods: Samples of coastal waters were collected from March 2021 to April 2022 from different stations on the Black Sea coast, including protected, aquaculture and industrial areas. In order to determine the number of plastic particles, 23 samples were collected from the surface waters at depth of 1-3 m close to the Bulgarian shore. Samples were treated with H2O2, plastic particles were isolated by density separation and filtered over a membrane filter. Identification analysis of micro particles (< 5 mm) was performed visually by microscopy. Main results: Results indicated widespread presence of microplastics in coastal waters. Mean MPs concentration was calculated 7.3 ± 4.9 pt/l. The comparison of the North, Varna and South sampling area showed that there is no significant difference in the abundance of plastic particles. The most dominant type forms were fibres followed by fragments. The most abundant size class of fragments was 101-500 μm Ferret diameter. Conclusion: Further studies are needed in order to fill knowledge gap and to evaluate distribution of plastic particles in the Black Sea and their potential ecological risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rhinoviruses (RV) are one of the most common causative agents of respiratory infections, with significant socioeconomic impact. RV infections are not notifiable in Bulgaria, and little is known about the different RV genotypes circulating in the country. This study aims to investigate the diversity of RV genotypes that were circulating in Bulgaria in the period 2018–2021 in samples from ILI/ARI patients. Genotype assignment was based on sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the 5′ untranslated region and the VP4-VP2 region. Out of a total of 1385 nasopharyngeal swabs tested, 166 were RV-positive (RV detection rate: 11.99% (166/1385)). Those with a cycle threshold <25 were selected for genotyping (n = 63). RV isolates were successfully genotyped and classified into 34 genotypes within Rhinovirus A (RV-A), Rhinovirus B (RV-B) and Rhinovirus C (RV-C) species. Presumptive recombination events between the 5′UTR and VP4-VP2 regions were detected in three of the isolates. RV-A and RV-C were the prevalent RV species, with significantly more frequent detections of RV-A in the years before the COVID-19 pandemic compared to the post-pandemic period, when RV-C prevailed. The present study is the first to determine RV genotypes in Bulgaria and the circulation of RV-C has been described for the first time in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the study is to determine the influence of fertilization on the growth and development of Triticum monococcum L. A three-year field experiment was conducted at the Agricultural University - Plovdiv. A block method was used in four replications, with a plot area of 15 m² . The main factors of the study are: year (2018-2019; 2019-2020 and 2020-2021), and fertilization (Control - no fertilization; Italpolina - soil fertilizer, Naturamin WSP - foliar fertilizer). The phenological development of the crop was analyzed, as well as interphase periods. The growing season was 231 days in which they accumulated 1512.2°C effective temperature sums. Growth in height is highly dependent on the year. Plants reach sizes of 81.19 to 113.18 cm. The year has a strong influence on tillering - the most number of tillers per plant (4.4- 4.6) develop in the second and third years. Italpolina - soil fertilizer has a better effect on this indicator. The influence of soil fertilizer is stronger compared to foliar fertilizer both on the number of productive tillers/plant and on the number of productive stems/m² . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the study is to establish the growth and development of Triticum monococcum L. in organic farming conditions. The main factors of the study were: year (2018-2019; 2019-2020 and 2020-2021) and seeding rate (500, 700 and 900 germinated seeds/m² ). A three-year field experiment was conducted at the Agricultural University - Plovdiv, using the block method, with a plot of 15 m², in 4 repetitions. Phenological development was analysed. Vegetation takes place for 230-233 days. With increasing seeding rate, the number of sprouted plants/m² has been proven to increase, reaching up to 506 plants/m² at 900 germinated seeds (g.s.)/m² . The plants develop a height of up to 102.4 cm at a seeding rate of 700 g.s./m² . With an increase in the seeding rate from 500 to 900 g. s./m², the productive tillering decreases from 4.1 to 3.9 number of tillers/plant. The number of productive stems/m² varies from 902 (at 500 g.s./m² ) to 968 numbers/m² (at 700 g.s./m² ). The year affects all tested factors, as proven - with worse conditions for developing Triticum monococcum L., 2018-2019 stands out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Propolis is a natural mixture of resins, wax, and pollen from plant buds and flowers, enriched with enzymes and bee saliva. It also contains various essential oils, vitamins, mineral salts, trace elements, hormones, and ferments. It has been found that propolis possesses antimicrobial, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory properties. We have studied the antiviral activity of six extracts of Bulgarian propolis collected from six districts of Bulgaria. The study was conducted against structurally different viruses: human coronavirus strain OC-43 (HCoV OC-43) and human respiratory syncytial virus type 2 (HRSV-2) (enveloped RNA viruses), human herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) (enveloped DNA virus), human rhinovirus type 14 (HRV-14) (non-enveloped RNA virus) and human adenovirus type 5 (HadV-5) (non-enveloped DNA virus). The influence of the extracts on the internal replicative cycle of viruses was determined using the cytopathic effect (CPE) inhibition test. The virucidal activity, its impact on the stage of viral adsorption to the host cell, and its protective effect on healthy cells were evaluated using the final dilution method, making them the focal points of interest. The change in viral infectivity under the action of propolis extracts was compared with untreated controls, and Δlgs were determined. Most propolis samples administered during the viral replicative cycle demonstrated the strongest activity against HCoV OC-43 replication. The influence of propolis extracts on the viability of extracellular virions was expressed to a different degree in the various viruses studied, and the effect was significantly stronger in those with an envelope. Almost all extracts significantly inhibited the adsorption step of the herpes virus and, to a less extent, of the coronavirus to the host cell, and some of them applied before viral infection demonstrated a protective effect on healthy cells. Our results enlarge the knowledge about the action of propolis and could open new perspectives for its application in viral infection treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study presents mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of pegmatite bodies from the Govedarnika Pb-Zn deposit, situated in Laki district, South Bulgaria. The studied pegmatites are composed mainly of K-feldspar, plagioclase, quartz and accessories of titanite, apatite, allanite and zircon. Intensive hydrothermal alteration resulted in specific mineral assemblage of chlorite, hematite, epidote and carbonates. According to the mineral relationships, it preceded or coincided with the time of base metal ore formation and affected both pegmatites and host metamorphic rocks. Both pegmatite accessories and post-pegmatite hydrothermal silicates often show enhanced contents of some strategic elements such as Sr, Li, V, Ga, Ni and REE. Pilot U-Pb geochronology of titanite from the studied pegmatites yielded a lower intercept age of 39.9±2.3 Ma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arginase deficiency is an autosomal recessive urea cycle disorder caused by pathogenic variants in the ARG1 gene. The clinical features of the disease include spasticity, tremour, ataxia, hypotonia, microcephaly and seizures. Growth delay can also be observed in the affected individuals. Here we describe the results from molecular-genetic analysis of two patients with arginase deficiency. In the first case, we reported a novel homozygous missense variant c.775G>A p.(Gly259Ser) in a patient with Bulgarian ethnic origin. In the second case, a novel homozygous splice site variant c.329+1G>A was detected in a patient from a consanguineous family of Roma ethnic origin. A hundred samples of newborns of Roma origin were screened for variant c.329+1G>A and one individual was found to be a heterozygous carrier of variant c.329+1G>A. The results from this study indicated the necessity for screening of the Roma population with respect to the disease arginase deficiency in Bulgaria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Distribution of individual heterozygosity was studied in 9 natural populations of Platanus orientalis L. in Bulgaria. The heterozygosity was assessed by using isoenzyme genetic markers. The study of distribution of individual heterozygosity in populations is an indirect indicator of the way of crossing and how much actual genetic structure of the populations approaches the theoretically expected one. In the present study, the average number of heterozygous loci per individual of all populations was 2.81 (21.58% of all tested loci). The results show that, in general, in the studied populations of Platanus orientalis there is a crossing that is close to the panmixi?, corresponding to the model of "ideal population". This means that the studied populations produce seed with high heterozygosity and may, if necessary, be used for harvesting of seed materials for forestation purposes and for conservation of valuable gene pool ex situ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review aims to summarize the possibility of using mussels (Mytilus spp.) as bioindicators to assess aquatic pollution in the Black Sea in Bulgaria. In addition, the main responsive biomarkers that could be applied to study the negative effects of different toxicants on these species in terms of using the Marine Strategy Framework Directive and implementation of environmental quality standards (EQS) in marine biota are also discussed. A specific reference is made to plastic pollution, transplant mussel caging, and mussel watch programs - their application, challenges, and future perspectives in Bulgaria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hepatitis D virus (HDV) is a satellite virus that causes the most aggressive form of all viral hepatitis in individuals already infected with HBV (hepatitis B virus). In recent years, there has been a negative trend towards an increase in the prevalence of chronic hepatitis D in Europe, especially among immigrant populations coming from regions endemic for the virus. The aim of this review is to analyse the current epidemiology of chronic HDV, routes of transmission, prevalent genotype, its management, prevention, fighting stigma and options for viral control in European countries, such as Bulgaria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biological control of gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) was carried out in 2021 in the field protective forest belts at the territory of the State Hunting Enterprise Balchik by introducing the entomopathogenic fungus Entomophaga maimaiga (Entomophthorales: Entomophthoraceae). In the same year a mortality rate of 26.1% of the pest population was registered. In 2022 E. maimaiga and multiple nuclear polyhedrosis virus of L dispar (LdMNPV) caused a population collapse of the pest in the region. Azygospores of E. maimaiga were reported in the cadavers of about 5% of middle- and late-instar dead host larvae with LdMNPV polyhedra, which is an indirect indication of initial infection by the fungal pathogen. The epizootic of gypsy moth in the Balchik region is the first recorded case of coinfection by E. maimaiga and LdMNPV in Bulgaria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research analyses practically proved model of text centered model of pedagogic and phycological profile of the students based on maximal effect in using of static and dynamic features of created/creating texts. Traditionally in university education in Bulgaria is related active participation with written texts-group work, solitary work, assuming resume or syllabus, report or research on specific problem, developing of conspectus of lessons, analysis of viewed lessons, summary of texts used in different situations, etc. The article suggests a model of slightly different model of analyzing and using of texts, created by students in the context of realization of the educational model based on reflexibility. The research is based on 284 texts created from March 2017 to October 2018 by students first and second year of education in The University of the Town of Shumen Bishop Konstantin Preslavski - Primary school teaching with a foreign language, Preparatory class teaching and Preparatory and primary teaching. The texts of the students have been viewed in two contexts static as a whole verbal product and dynamic as realized actions of producing and analyzing of the texts. The analysis of students' texts is done due to division either as a monologue or soliloquy with specific content, structure, formal and functional specifics. The effect of research and evaluating the texts with pedagogical themes is proved in the context of ruling educational motives-activity, reflexibility, motivation,responsibility in self education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation from the inflorescences of Tanacetum macrophyllum (Waldst. & Kit.) Schultz Bip. originating from Bulgaria was analysed by GC-MS. Thirty-nine components were characterized, representing 84.4% of the total oil components detected. The extracted essential oil was found to be enriched in oxygenated monoterpenes (65.5%). The main constituents were identified as 1,8-cineole (23.7%), camphor (22.8%), borneol (5.9%), bornyl acetate (4.4%) and camphene (3.8%). This is the first report describing the chemical composition of a Tanacetum macrophyllum essential oil of Bulgarian origin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Municipal waste management is one of the most complex flows to manage. It is usually delegated to local authorities and funded by the revenue from the municipal waste charge. The critical introduction of the polluter pays principle raises the question of how to reasonably set the municipal waste charge. It should be structured so that it generates sufficient revenue to cover the costs of waste management. At the same time, it should influence human behaviour to reduce waste even at the source. Achieving both at the same time requires a strong link to the tax base of the charge. The fairest one is linked to the amount of household waste. Such a link is necessary to incentivise taxpayers to effectively reduce and manage the waste generated. Bulgaria is among the countries that have postponed such a reform for many years, but it is now becoming inevitable. The main objective of this study is to assess and analyse the current financial instruments and tax legislation related to municipal waste management in the Republic of Bulgaria. The critical point is to evaluate the link between the tax base and the taxpayers' behaviour by setting the municipal waste charge in the Republic of Bulgaria. The methods of retrospective analysis and synthesis, inductive and deductive methods and comparative analysis are used to achieve the aims and objectives of the study. In Bulgaria, an unfair tax base has always been applied in determining the municipal waste charge. It depends not on the amount of waste but on the property's tax assessment. The fiscal policy in Bulgaria related to the municipal waste management needs to be updated to achieve the targets set in the Bulgarian National Waste Management Plan 2021-2028. The change should affect both the methodology of calculating the waste charge to apply the "polluter pays" principle and the system of tax preferences and reliefs to encourage the rational treatment of household waste, such as recycling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Echinophora tenuifolia L. subsp. sibthorpiana is a perennial, aromatic plant used in traditional folk medicine and cuisine of the Mediterranean and the Middle East. However, scholars have not fully studied the pharmacological potential of the herb, and the scientific data on this plant species are limited. This study aimed to evaluate the chemical composition of the essential oil (EO) obtained from the aerial parts of E. tenuifolia subsp. sibthorpiana growing wild in Bulgaria and to perform histochemical analysis. Methods: A microscopic histochemical analysis and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry were performed. Results: The histochemical analysis confirmed the presence of terpenes in the stem and leaf of E. tenuifolia subsp. sibthorpiana. The phenylpropanoid methyleugenol was identified as the main compound in the EO, representing 48.13% of the total oil composition. There were also found considerable amounts of monoterpene hydrocarbons, representing 41.68% of the total EO. Alpha-phellandrene, o-cymene, and β-phellandrene were the most abundant monoterpene hydrocarbons. Conclusion: This is the first histochemical analysis performed on E. tenuifolia subsp. sibthorpiana. This is the first report of the EO composition from Bulgarian E. tenuifolia subsp. sibthorpiana, and our results indicate some future possibilities for evaluating of the biological activity of the EO of E. tenuifolia subsp. sibthorpiana and highlight the potential future use of the EO of this plant species. E. tenuifolia L. subsp. sibthorpiana EO possesses a good potential for use as a biopesticide and repellent an environmentally friendly alternative of synthetic pesticides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]