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The complex behaviors of lizards remain poorly documented, especially in tropical species. We compiled the behaviors of the diurnal Bridled Forest Gecko Gonatodes humeralis through 52 hours of direct field observations performed during the day. In most observations (11%), we observed G. humeralis in pairs (a male and a female). We recorded nine behaviors from four categories: antipredator behavior, courtship, territorial behavior, and foraging; behaviors were recorded in different situations. Males exhibited all behaviors and interacted with most individuals they encountered. Females did not exhibit tail wagging (antipredator behavior). The most common behaviors were gular extension (territorial) for males and feeding for females (foraging). Tail displays were performed by both males and females and may function during courting, territorial, and antipredator behaviors. Tail displays (undulation, curling, raising, and wagging; this latter is not shown by females) may function during courting, territorial, and antipredator behavior. Our observations expand our knowledge of the complex repertoire of behavior patterns shown in the courtship, territorial, antipredator, and foraging exhibited by G. humeralis, suggesting that intrasexual selection in this species is an important factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parental care is a behavioural repertoire exhibited by parents to their offspring to ensure their survival. In anurans, parental care may be optional, maternal, paternal, alloparental or biparental, towards eggs, larvae and/or juveniles. Frostius pernambucensis is a bufonid species exclusively endemic to the Brazilian Atlantic Rainforests of northeastern Brazil, occurring in the states of Paraiba, Pernambuco, Alagoas and Bahia. This study describes the behavioural parental care repertoire displayed by F. pernambucensis at the Dois Irmãos State Park (Parque Estadual Dois Irmãos – PEDI), the species type locality, in the municipality of Recife, Pernambuco. Fieldwork was carried out between June 2015 and March 2017, in which parental care was observed for three F. pernambucensis males. In total, 45 behavioural acts were recorded (n = 526), distributed in six subcategories: agonistic behaviour (n = 228; 43.35%), vigilance (n = 92; 17.49%), offspring manipulation (n = 78; 14.82%), dislocation (n = 68; 12.93%), vocalisation (n = 51; 9.70%), and maintenance behaviours (n = 9; 1.71%). Descriptive parental care records for Brazilian amphibians are considered rare, emphasising the importance of the present study, which provides relevant information about this poorly known taxon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyrtomon luridus (Boheman) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Entiminae) is a serious pest of Duboisia sp. (Solanaceae) in Brazil. However, our knowledge of the reproductive behavior and the chemical ecology of this curculionid is based on very limited data. The aim of this study was therefore to describe the mating behavior of C. luridus and the olfactory response of males and females to volatiles of conspecifics alone or conspecifics with a host plant. The mating behavior was observed in newly emerged pairs for 9 days in the laboratory. A Y-tube olfactometer was used to evaluate the responses of beetles to odor sources. The paired adults began to mate 2 days after emergence, and they displayed repeated matings that increased in frequency with age. The males were the most active sex in the mating system of C. luridus. The mating sequence in this species was divided into precopulatory, copulatory and postcopulatory phases. In the olfactometer bioassays, the volatiles emitted from males that fed on Duboisia sp. were attractive to conspecific weevils. The evidence from this result indicates that chemical communication in C. luridus is likely mediated by an aggregation pheromone produced by males. Our findings provide new insights into the mating system and chemical ecology of C. luridus and may serve as a foundation for future studies to develop strategies for the management of this curculionid in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated the activity pattern of males and females of the neotropical barvestman Neosadocus maximus Giltay 1928 focusing on behavioral variations between day and night and also between summer and winter. Our study also proposes a new method for quantifying arthropod behavior in captivity based on totally random samplings, which minimizes problems of pseudoreplicabon, so common in studies of behavioral repertoires. Eighteen individuals (nine males and nine females) collected at the Parque Estadual Intervales, São Paulo state, Brazil, were maintained in the laboratory from June 2003 to February 2004 for qualitative and quantitative observations. Thirty-four behavioral acts grouped in five behavioral categories were recorded, with "resting" (53.1%) and "exploration" (30.8%) being the most frequent. The behavioral repertoire of males (32 acts) was more diversified than that of females (29 acts). Moreover, there was a significant effect of sex (male x female) on the frequency of the behavioral categories: females expended more time resting than did males, whereas males expended more time in exploration and grooming activities than did females. There was also a significant effect of time of day (day x night) and of season (winter x summer) on the frequency of the behavioral categories: individuals were most active at night and during summer, Finally, temperature, but not humidity, had a positive effect on the activity of the individuals, In conclusion, the activity of N. maximus has sexual, daily, and seasonal variations, which are both quantitative and qualitative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nonverbal behaviors exhibited by patients with depression in their interactions with others may reflect social maladjustment and depression maintenance. Investigations of associations between unipolar depression and both patients' and interviewers' behaviors have been scarce and restricted to European samples. This study examined whether nonverbal behavior in patients and their interviewers is associated with depression severity and recovery. Cultural differences were explored. Seventy-eight depressed outpatients (28 Brazilians, 50 Dutch) were evaluated before and after 8-week pharmacological treatment. Patients were videotaped during the Hamilton Depression Scale interview before treatment, and the Brazilians were also videotaped after treatment. Nonverbal behaviors (patients' speaking effort and interviewers' encouragement) were analyzed using a two-factor ethogram. Results revealed that speaking effort was associated with encouragement and both are not influenced by baseline depression severity. However, from before to after treatment, whereas encouragement remained unchanged, speaking effort increased among unrecovered patients. Speaking effort was associated with patients' culture: Brazilians exhibited higher speaking effort than Dutch. These findings highlight that whereas the supportive nonverbal behavior of the interviewer may be stable, the set of nonverbal behaviors composed by head movements, eye contact and gestures displayed by the patients during their speaking in clinical interviews reflects depression persistence after treatment., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.)