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Aim: The objective was to identify if family social exclusion is associated with child motor and social development delay in Southeastern Brazil. Design: A cross‐sectional study was conducted using data from a sample of 348 children under 3 years, proportional to the number of children registered in the primary care centres of the municipality. Methods: Child development was measured using the "Developmental Surveillance Instrument" which was developed by the Ministry of Health in Brazil and is used for public health nurses and clinicians in their practice. An index was used to evaluate social exclusion. Results: The prevalence of child motor and socioemotional developmental delay was 27.6% and 17.2%, respectively. Children in the most social excluded group were more likely to have delayed motor development (OR = 3.4; 95% CI = 1.14; 10.55) and socioemotional developmental delay (OR = 3.9; 95% CI = 1.05; 9.02) than children in the least social excluded group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In Brazil, there are 55 million people living in extreme poverty. People with disabilities are doubly impacted by low income and the presence of the disability. The Continuous Cash Benefit Program (BPC) is an aid granted by the Brazilian federal government to people who attest to the condition of disability as an impediment to a life on an equal basis with other individuals. Requests to BPC are made to the national competence body that carries out an expert medical and social assessment, by means of an instrument that determines the degree of the disability. Our objective was to analyse the standard of BPC concessions for children and young people with disabilities and to identify the prevalence of major diseases in the concessions. Methods: The exploratory, cross‐sectional and retrospective research used primary data collected from 332 expert medical assessments of children under 16 years old. The standard and determinants of the concessions were established through Cluster Analysis by Ward's criterion and Euclidean distance, specifying the homogeneous groups of dysfunction classes. The prevalence of major diseases was performed by frequency analysis according to the International Classification of Diseases (ICD). The socioeconomic profile of BPC requirements and the main causes of BPC rejection were analysed through descriptive analysis. Results: There was a predominance of male, preschoolers and illiterate individuals in the requirements and concessions. In the granting standard for impaired function class, problems related to congenital changes received benefits even in the absence of impairment, with childhood autism being the most prevalent diagnosis. Conclusions: The concessions seemed more dependent on the diagnosis itself and on the age of the beneficiaries than on the degree of dysfunction suffered, without exclusions, by the individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) can negatively affect children's current and future health. Objectives: This study aims to analyse the impact of ACE on the health of 12‐month‐old infants assessed by a Physical Health and Maternal Care Indicator (ISCM). Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort including 170 infants born in two public services for high‐risk births in Brazil. ISCM gathers information that reflects maternal care and the child's health throughout the first year of life, such as vaccination, nutrition, growth, illnesses and accidents. The ACE impact on ISCM was analysed by multiple linear regression, and the d‐Cohen test estimated its effect size. Spearman's correlation was used to analyse the cumulative ACE effect, measured by a score reflecting events such as family dysfunction, maternal mental health, poverty and exposure to violence. Results: Most infants were born prematurely (71.7%), had low birthweight (64.7%) and were exposed to three ACEs on average. The ISCM was lower in children exposed to maternal depression (P < 0.001, d‐Cohen = 0.08), substance abuse by family members (P = 0.02, d‐Cohen = 0.6) and marital conflicts (P = 0.03, d‐Cohen = 0.7). The Spearman's correlation showed that the greater the exposure to ACEs, the lower the ISCM (r = −0.40, P < 0.0001). Conclusion: Exposure to ACE, especially in the family environment, had negative effect on maternal care and child health. The impact could be detected in the first year of life and had cumulative effect. Our findings indicate the need for a broader approach to child health to minimize ACE's impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The study presented here focuses on northeastern Brazil and aims to analyse the relationship among children's situation of social disadvantage -as reported by children-, subjective well-being and coping. The sample analysed comprises 864 pre-adolescents in the final year of primary and first year of secondary education (age range 10–15) attending 27 randomly-selected state-run and private schools in the province of Ceará. The administered questionnaire contains: (a) items related to situations of multidimensional social disadvantage combined within an index, (b) three psychometric scales of subjective well-being, and (c) a measure of coping strategies and styles (cognitive-behavioural distraction, acting out and active strategies). Results indicate that the social disadvantage index predicts subjective well-being as measured by any of the three indicators used here; however, the perception of social disadvantage reported by children using different indicators seems to increase with age. Children reporting situations of greater social disadvantage according to this index exhibit significantly lower subjective well-being scores; children using the distraction coping strategy tend to display higher scores and children using the acting out coping strategy tend to display lower scores on the subjective well-being indicators. Surprisingly, girls in this sample report using acting out coping estrategies more frequently than boys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article aims to investigate patterns of association between social origins and educational destinations in primary, secondary and higher education, throughout the modernization of Brazilian society. The analysis is based on the research agenda on educational transition models and on the international comparative agenda derived from it. Results of the estimation of educational transition models are presented, using demographic census data from 1960 to 2010, and the main findings evidence different inequality parameters by educational level - relative decline in completion of primary education, persistent inequalities in the completion of secondary education and increasing inequalities in higher education entrance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses statistical data about the implementation of the quota system in the State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ). In spite of the huge national debate about the legal foundations of quotas, little attention has been paid to the way quotas actually work where the system has been implemented. Against expectations, figures suggest that quota students perform similarly to other students and show lower dropping out rates. In addition to this, UERJ starts developing a new identity around the fact that quotas diversify the pool of students and mix people of different social and racial background. However, the percentage of quota students enrolling every year in academic courses has constantly decreased since quotas were introduced in 2003. Reasons for this phenomenon have been hardly explored and are presented as hypotheses due to the lack of research and the difficult access to the pool of statistical data held by the University. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]