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Purpose: To evaluate dentists' professional experience and knowledge of emergency management of tooth avulsion injuries in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil., Materials and Methods: A total of 100 questionnaires were evaluated. The first part of the questionnaire consisted of questions regarding personal information. The second part evaluated dentists' knowledge of emergency management in cases of dental avulsion. The responses for each question were counted and expressed as percentages., Results: All dentists had a college degree or above. Only three dentists had a Master's or PhD degree. Most of the dentists (94.5%) considered time and storage media important for the prognosis of avulsed teeth. However, the dentists did not show consistent responses about the adequate time and ideal storage media to transport avulsed teeth., Conclusion: The study highlighted Brazilian dentists' need for continuing education in order to improve current knowledge in emergency management of avulsed teeth.

The potential use of CRISPR loci genotyping to elucidate population dynamics and microevolution of 146 Yersinia pestis strains from different biovars and locations was investigated in this work. The majority of strains from the Orientalis biovar presented specific spacer arrays, allowing for the establishment of a CRISPR signature for their respective isolates. Twenty-one new spacers were found in the Y. pestis strains from plague foci in Brazil. Ninety-three (64%) strains were grouped in the G1 genotype, whereas the others were distributed in 35 genotypes. This study allowed observing a microevolutionary process in a group of Y. pestis isolated from Brazil. We also identified specific genotypes of Y. pestis that were important for the establishment of the bacteria in plague foci in Brazil. The data have provided supporting evidence for the diversity and dynamics of CRISPR loci present in the genome of Y. pestis strains from plague foci in Brazil.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to analyze and characterize root canal morphology of mandibular molars of the Brazilian population by using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT)., Methods: Patients who required CBCT radiographic examinations as part of their routine examination, diagnosis, and treatment planning were enrolled in the study. A total of 460 healthy, untreated, fully developed mandibular first and second molars were included (234 first molars and 226 second molars). The following observations were recorded: (1) number of roots and their morphology, (2) number of canals per root, (3) C-shaped canals, and (4) primary variations in the morphology of the root canal systems., Results: First molars showed a higher prevalence of 2 canals in the mesial root and 1 in the distal root with 2 separate roots (74%). In the mandibular second molars, the presence of 2 separate roots with 2 canals in the mesial root and 1 canal in the distal root represented 54% of the total. In 32% of the cases, 2 separate roots with 1 canal each in the mesial and distal roots were presented. The incidence of C-shaped canals was 1.7% of first molars and 3.5% of second molars., Conclusions: A higher prevalence of 2 separate roots with 2 canals in the mesial root and 1 canal in the distal root was observed in mandibular first and second molars (74% and 54%, respectively). Also, a lower incidence of C-shaped canals and 3-rooted teeth was observed in a Brazilian population. CBCT is a clinically useful tool for endodontic diagnosis and treatment., (Copyright © 2013 American Association of Endodontists. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Scientific publications focusing on the results of pancreatic resections in Brazil are scarce., Aim: To present the surgical results of pancreatic resections., Methods: Were analyzed prospectively 54 consecutive cases of patients undergoing consecutive pancreatectomy evaluating the occurrence of postoperative complications (pancreatic fistula, delayed gastric emptying and postoperative hemorrhage) based on the criteria of the International Study Group on Pancreatic Fistula Definition and International Study Group of Pancreatic Surgery., Results: Of the 54 pancreatectomy, 32 occurred in women (59,26%) and 22 in men (40,74%). The mean age of patients was 54,5 years. The most performed procedure was the Whipple operation, in 38 patients. In eight of those cases, mesenteric-portal confluence was ressected. The mean period of hospitalization was 20,7 days. The hospitalization in 51% of patients was up to 10 days. A pancreatic fistula was observed in 50% of the cases submitted to the Whipple surgery. The postoperative hemorrhage and delayed gastric emptying in patients undergoing the surgery occurred respectively in 13,15% and 18,41%. The overall morbidity and mortality was respectively 62.9% and 5.5%., Conclusion: There is a need for the national publications to assimilate the concepts and criteria presented by the ISGFP(2) and ISGPS(23,25) to enable comparison of the results obtained with surgical treatment of pancreatic disorders, in the Brazilian context. Who knows, therefore, whether the great advanced seen in the last 40 years in terms of the reduction in mortality rates associated with pancreatic resections may also occur with the persistently high levels of postoperative complications.

Introduction: The diarrhea associated with gastroenteritis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, affecting mainly infants. The characterization of both viral and bacterial agents associated with gastroenteritis can establish policies for surveillance, prevention and treatment of infections. Group A rotaviruses are the major infectious agent associated with dehydration in children, followed by pathotypes of Escherichia coli. There are three main types of clinical infections caused by E. coli strains that have acquired virulence genes: (i) enteric and diarrheal diseases, (ii) urinary tract infections, and (iii) sepsis and meningitis., Methodology: In this study, the objective was to identify the presence of rotavirus and diarrhogenic E. coli in the feces of children 4 to 14 months of age who displayed no gastroenteritis symptoms and stayed all day in a day-care center. We analyzed 188 samples using PAGE and PCR to identify rotaviruses and E. coli virulence genes, respectively., Results: Thirty-six samples (19.1%) were positive for at least one pathotype of E. coli. Nineteen were identified to be of the EPEC group and fifteen of the EAEC group. Rotaviruses were not identified., Conclusions: As EPEC and EAEC are potential pathogens for children less than one year of age or immunocompromised individuals, our results show the importance of appropriate monitoring by public health agencies. In the situation that we have studied, children can be considered asymptomatic carriers of these pathogens and can transmit them to other susceptible children.

This study was conducted in the Cotriguaçu district, situated on the bank of the Juruena River, in Mato Grosso state. The collects were carried out from August 22 to 25, 2007 with chemical baits to attract male orchid bees. The bees were captured on a daily basis, from 8 a.m. to 12 p.m. Of the 89 males captured three belonged to Eufriesea pulchra Smith. Before the present study, E.pulchra had been reported in the states of Pará, Amazonas, Amapá, (dubiously) São Paulo, and Maranhão. This occurrence extends its geographical distribution range by 900 to 2,000 km southwards in South America, as it is now recorded in the Amazon and Platina basins.

This study was conducted in the Chapada dos Guimarães National Park and in the Província Serrana of Mato Grosso state, from May 2003 to July 2005 and involved the use of chemical baits to attract male orchid bees. A total of 498 males were captured, of which 38 were Eulaema (Apeulaema) pseudocingulata Oliveira. Twenty-nine of these were collected in the national park and nine in the Província Serrana. E. pseudocingulata was reported as endemic to the Amazon Basin, however in the Platina Basin the species is sympatric to E. cingulata (Fabricius), a sibling species of similar morphology and color pattern but with a broader geographic distribution.

In Brazil, research is scarce on multiple disabilities and hearing disability in particular. Researchers began a pioneering study in 1992, evaluating students from public special education programs, currently focused on hearing disability. The authors evaluated 232 students ranging from 1 to 39 years of age (mean 10.9 years), with male gender prevailing. Consanguinity was present in 7.6% and a family history of deafness in 19%. Gestational complications were recorded in 33% of cases. Normal labor occurred in 72%, and delivery at term in 75%. Neonatal complications were present in 35% of the sample. Environmental causes accounted for 56% of the sample, genetic causes 20.7%, and the remaining 20.7% were classified as idiopathic. The current findings corroborate those from the literature. We believe that this study can spark greater concern for the hearing-disabled and that through increased knowledge of this group's characteristics it may foster strategies to facilitate interaction with society as a whole.

In a study conducted in the gallery forest of the Vale doVeu de Noiva in the Parque Nacional da Chapada dos Guimarães, Mato Grosso state, chemical baits were used to attract and sample male orchid bees. From September 2003 to July 2005, male euglossine bees were captured monthly, from 8:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. as they arrived at the baits. Of the 264 males captured, eight males belonged to Aglae caerulea Lepeletier & Serville, a cleptoparasitic euglossine species that presumably occurred only in the Amazon basin. Therefore, the occurrence of A. caerulea in this study area extends its geographical distribution range by approximately 2,400 km southwards in South America, as it is now recorded in both the Amazon and Platina basins.

The objectives of this study were to determine both the prevalence of microsporidial intestinal infection and the clinical outcome of the disease in a cohort of 40 HIV-infected patients presenting with chronic diarrhea in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Each patient, after clinical evaluation, had stools and intestinal fragments examined for viral, bacterial and parasitic pathogens. Microsporidia were found in 11 patients (27.5%) either in stools or in duodenal or ileal biopsies. Microsporidial spores were found more frequently in stools than in biopsy fragments. Samples examined using transmission electron microscopy (n=3) or polymerase chain reaction (n=6) confirmed Enterocytozoon bieneusi as the causative agent. Microsporidia were the only potential enteric pathogens found in 5 of the 11 patients. Other pathogens were also detected in the intestinal tract of 21 patients, but diarrhea remained unexplained in 8. We concluded that microsporidial infection is frequently found in HIV infected persons in Rio de Janeiro, and it seems to be a marker of advanced stage of AIDS.