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In this paper, we discuss the development and initial validation of an instrument, namely IV-SOPRA (Index of Violence Suffered and Practiced), measuring levels of violence suffered and practiced by students in Higher Education institutions; thus, seeking to advance research into the issue of violence connected to Higher Education. Participants are undergraduate students (n = 1188), who responded to an online questionnaire from a university in the south of Brazil. This was a convenience sample. The population was from all undergraduate courses offered at the partner university (i.e. Arts and Humanities; Social Sciences; Sciences; Medicine). Data analysis was conducted using R environment (R Core Team, 2020), and lavaan package (Rosseel, 2011). Confirmatory factor analysis was carried to investigate model fit to the data according to theorised structure of the IV-SOPRA subscales. Each subscale demonstrates good to excellent fit to the data, according to fit measures and reliability indices. The instrument provides Higher Education institutions with a tool for evaluating and diagnosing levels of prejudice and bullying on campus, so that effective measures can be put in place to deal with problems at hand.

Purpose: This study aims to identify critical online teaching effectiveness factors from instructors' perspectives and experiences during COVID-19. Design/methodology/approach: This study used a qualitative phenomenology approach. In addition, the research used a snowball sample to identify faculty in the engineering and engineering technology fields with experience in online teaching and learning. All interviews were conducted online by the researchers. The interview questions were based on findings in the current literature. Further, the questions were open-ended. Findings: The analysis identified eight major themes that impact online teaching effectiveness--class recordings; course organization; collaboration; engagement; exam, assignment and quiz grades; games; valuable course content; and student timely feedback and response. Research limitations/implications: The study was not designed to be generalizable to the entire population of professors who teach online classes but to gain insights from faculty who taught online courses during the COVID-19 pandemic. Practical implications: Faculty can use the factors identified for online teaching effectiveness to enhance their course design and delivery while teaching online or blended courses. Originality/value: This research provides insights into factors that impact online teaching effectiveness during the COVID-19 pandemic.

During the first years of the new century, Latin America went through significant political changes in a period of economic growth. In education, we identify a 'regulatory governance turn' characterised by the emergence of four policy instruments: 1-New performance-based teaching career regulations with teachers' evaluations, 2-Curricular standards and increasing regulation via textbook provision, 3-Test-based accountability based on high-stakes assessments, 4-The formation of the 'school unit' as an accountable decision-making body. These policies created a new regime of accountability, control, and prescribed curriculum, which was fully developed in Chile and Mexico; and substantially in Brazil, Colombia, and Peru. Our research was based on the revision of over 500 articles and policy documents, a genealogy of the trajectories of education policies, and 134 interviews in seven countries: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Peru and Uruguay. We present the new policy landscape and analyse the paradoxes of the increasing regulation of classroom practices.

This study analysed the role of knowledge management (KM) tools used to cultivate a community of practice (CP) in its knowledge creation (KC), transfer, learning processes. The goal of such observations was to determine requirements that KM tools should address for the specific CP formed by Deaf and non-Deaf members of the CP. The CP studied is a formal knowledge organisation based on learning and the evaluation of socio-linguistic aspects pertaining to the Brazilian Sign Language (Libras). Non-Deaf and members of the Deaf community cultivated such knowledge organisation through specific collaborative meetings and the use of Internet-based tools for KM. Knowledge was created to validate an intellectual artefact (a computational description model of the phonetic structure of Libras (PSL)) to be used as basis in the development of tools to aid the Deaf community in their learning, communication, informational, educational and other needs necessary for full exercise of citizenship. The Internet-based KM tools were paramount for the cultivating of the CP. Nevertheless, additional requirements for the KM tools emerged, such as: video-conferencing, video manipulation features, better management of asynchronous communication, among others. (Contains 3 figures and 3 tables.)

Copyright of Saúde Coletiva is the property of MPM Comunicacao and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aimed to describe Pará's Prison Health. This ecological time series study was based on secondary data with unrestricted access from Institutional Reports of the Penitentiary System and information from the Pará Transparency Web Portal, the National Register of Health Facilities (CNES), and the Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN). As a result, we observed a population with a majority of less-educated young black and brown males. In absolute numbers, we observed an increase of health professionals who did not follow the prison population hike. When entered into statistical control charts, the number of medical, dental, and psychological visits varied randomly and outside the limits. The potential coverage of prison health teams linked to the SUS achieved a maximum of 45.77%. Health task forces did not increase the number of visits. The incidence of tuberculosis was much higher than the mean for the state population, and its notification is adequate. Even with restricted secondary data, we could broadly look at the state's prison health, raising issues managers and professionals should consider. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Drug Resistance Educational Program (PROERD) is Brazil's most widespread school-based prevention program; its current curriculum is based on the North American Keepin' it REAL (kiR) program. There is no evidence of the effectiveness of PROERD in preventing drug use, pointing to the need for further studies to understand these findings. The aim of the study was to synthesis the evidence of the effect of the kiR curriculum (PROERD) through a systematic review. We found 17studies that reported the effects of different versions of kiR on drug use and/or violence. Except for the Brazilian study, no studies were found that assessed the effect on drug use of the version applied by police officers (DARE-kiR), the same one implemented by PROERD. Favorable evidence of kiR in drug use prevention was found for the 7th-grade curriculum, which contradicts the PROERD's null-effect results. No international evidence of the effect of kiR was found in the 5th-grade curriculum, in the same line as the PROERD's study. It is suggested that PROERD's 7th-grade curriculum should be re-vised to reflect international results and that the 5th-grade curriculum should be reconsidered in light of the negative international evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Ciência & Saúde Coletiva is the property of Associacao Brasileira de Pos-Graduacao em Saude Coletiva and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: To evaluate the association between self-reported sleep bruxism and temporomandibular disorder in undergraduate students from Brazil. Methods: Descriptive, cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach, carried out on 600 undergraduate students of a faculty from Brazil. The Fonseca's Anamnestic Index and the Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorder-axis II were used. Results: Of the 600 students, women (63%), aged ≤23 years old (60.7%) and economy class C (48.5%) prevailed. Regarding sex, women were the most affected (67.9%) by TMD; 82% of the students who reported sleep bruxism had TMD, equivalent to 5.28 times the chance of developing temporomandibular disorder. Conclusion: Perceived sleep bruxism and TMD had a high prevalence among undergraduate students, with a statistically significant association. However, it is not possible to establish a cause-effect relationship between the two pathologies based only on questionnaires, so further studies are needed to demonstrate this association. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to identify the main characteristics of school-based drug prevention programs in Brazil and verify whether these interventions apply the prevention principles suggested by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). A cross-sectional study was conducted using a random national sample of 1,151 public and private school managers. The data were collected using an online questionnaire. Poisson regression was used to identify factors associated with the application of a greater number of prevention principles in the programs. The findings showed that programs were generally sporadic, had an average duration of one semester, incorporated different program models, and primarily directed at students. The most active organization in the delivery of programs was the Military Police. Private schools were shown to be 14% more likely to apply more good practice principles than public schools. Furthermore, programs delivered by school staff, health institutions, or departments of education were more likely to apply more prevention principles. Efforts are needed to improve drug prevention practice in Brazilian schools. Our findings show that, overall, school-based drug prevention programs do not apply the NIDA prevention principles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Ciência & Saúde Coletiva is the property of Associacao Brasileira de Pos-Graduacao em Saude Coletiva and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Aim: this study assessed the patients' perception of the outcomes of prosthetic treatment in a University of Southern Brazil. Methods: patients seeking for prosthetic treatment were invited to answer a questionnaire with 41 items about the potential risks, benefits, and consequences of no treatment. Answers were obtained according to a five-item Likert-scale varying from 1 (completely disagree) to 5 (completely agree). Sociodemographic data was included in the comparison. Mann-Whitney or Kruskal-Wallis (95%) compared data depending on the variable. Results: two-hundred twenty-five patients answered the questionnaire. Median age of participants was 45-54 years. The potential benefits were similar among participants irrespective of the variable adopted. The perception of risks was significant influenced by variables gender, age, education level, type of edentulous space, prior treatment with prosthodontics, type of prosthodontics, and prosthodontics usage in years. Consequences of no treatment were affected by age, prior treatment with prosthodontics, and prosthodontics usage in years. Conclusions: the study showed the fundamental importance of correct elucidation about the potential risks (negative perception) in the initial appointment for the studied population. Elucidation about the consequences of no treatment are relevant because some differences were seen into the variables. Prosthodontics patients from the city of Passo Fundo seem well informed about the benefits of the prosthetic treatment, besides the significant influence of some sociodemographic and prosthetic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inadequate placement and distribution of health professionals are problems that occur in various countries. The scope of the “Programa Mais Médicos” (More Doctors Program) was to reduce the shortfall of physicians and diminish regional inequalities in health. A descriptive study on the placement of physicians between 2013 and 2014 using the Ministry of Health database is presented. There was an allocation of 14,168 physicians to the 3,785 municipalities that signed up to the program: 2,377 met the priority and/or vulnerability criteria and received 77.7% of the physicians; 1,408 received 22.3% of the physicians, but did not meet the established priorities. This study reveals the reduction in the lack of physicians, mainly in the North and Northeast. These regions account for 36% of the Brazilian population and 46.3% of the physicians were allocated there. However, the introduction of an eligibility profile, which allocated 3,166 physicians in 1,408 non-priority municipalities is questionable. The conclusion drawn is that this may have hindered the ability of the Mais Médicos Program to fully achieve its objectives as a public policy aimed at reducing regional inequalities of access to primary healthcare. Further studies are necessary to evaluate the impact of the Mais Médicos Program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The drug-resistance of malaria parasites is the main problem in the disease control. The huge Brazilian biodiversity promotes the search for new compounds, where the animal kingdom is proving to be a promising source of bioactive compounds. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the antiplasmodial and cytotoxic activity of the compounds obtained from the toad venoms of Brazilian Amazon. Toad venoms were collected from the secretion of Rhinella marina and Rhaebo guttatus in Mato Grosso State, Brazil. The powder was extracted at room temperature, yielding 2 extracts (RG and RM) and a substance ('1') identified as a bufadienolide, named telocinobufagin. Growth inhibition, intraerythrocytic development, and parasite morphology were evaluated in culture by microscopic observations of Giemsastained thin blood films. Cytotoxicity was determined against HepG2 and BGM cells by MTT and neutral red assays. The 2 extracts and the pure substance ('1') tested were active against chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strain, demonstrating lower IC50 values. In cytotoxic tests, the 2 extracts and substance '1' showed pronounced lethal effects on chloroquine-resistant P. faciparum strain and low cytotoxic effect, highlighting toad parotoid gland secretions as a promising source of novel lead antiplasmodial compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Brazilian Journal of Pulmonology / Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia is the property of Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisiologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of RGO: Revista Gaúcha de Odontologia is the property of RGO: Revista Gaucha de Odontologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of RGO: Revista Gaúcha de Odontologia is the property of RGO: Revista Gaucha de Odontologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Interface - Comunicação, Saúde, Educação is the property of Fundacao UNI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract: In this study, we review the current available information on the social–ecological context of Brazilian tropical dry forests (TDFs), a vegetation type that covers approximately 3% of the country territory. For this purpose, we conducted a comparative analysis of two case studies, one study in the north of Minas Gerais state and the other in Paranã River Basin, situated in southeastern and central Brazil, respectively. We compiled published bibliographical and census-based data for the two regions, concerning the historical human occupation and land use and the environmental and development policies affecting TDF management and sustainable use. Brazilian TDFs usually occur in semi-arid climates, and have been intensely converted mainly to extensive pasturelands in large farms, thus leading to high income concentration in those areas. Our case studies involve less-developed regions that support populations with very low human development indices, which is the norm for Brazilian TDFs. Many of these are traditional populations, such as indigenous and slave descendents, with peculiar cultural practices only recently considered in government policies proposed for the forest management. Though the two regions have similar land use histories, current social–ecological scenarios are very different. In the north of Minas Gerais, TDF conversion policies were debated intensely for the last 15 years, recently resulting in a state law specifically generated to regulate TDF use. Also, this region has 20 conservation units (CUs), some of them delimited inside the territories of the several traditional populations that inhabit TDF areas. This process caused enduring conflicts that can affect both CUs’ effectiveness and the sustenance of these populations. In the Paranã River Basin, there is no specific policy towards TDFs, whose use is regulated by the 43-year-old Brazilian Federal Forest Code. There are only four CUs in this region, and most traditional populations were expelled from their original territories and consequently lost their cultural identity. Government sustainability strategies are limited to the establishment of CUs, a response that may disregard social demands and cultural practices, depending on the local context. Given the uniqueness and threat level to TDFs, specific and more diversified policies towards land use should be established for these ecosystems in order to stimulate low-impact activities that maintain ecosystem services and improve the livelihoods of TDF inhabitants. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Three sediment cores were sampled at Sepetiba Bay and four cores at Ribeira Bay, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Sediment accumulation rates and chronologies were obtained from 210Pb activity-depth profiles. Sediment accumulation rates in Ribera Bay ranged from 1.2mmy−1 in the inner bay to 2.6mmy−1 close to its entrance. In Sepetiba Bay two sediment accumulation rates were observed: a lower rate of 0.35cmy−1 before the 1960s and 0.76cmy−1 since then. The cause of this change is due to the construction of the Santa Cecília impoundment (1955) that brings water from the Paraíba do Sul Basin into the Guandu River, which increased its flow from the original 20m3 s−1 to 160m3 s−1. Concentration of 44 elements was obtained by ICP-MS after total dissolution of samples from two selected cores. The relative differences between the concentrations of crustal elements, such as Al, Fe and Ti are only about 20% (p <0.05). Cd and Zn are 15 and four times larger in Sepetiba Bay than in Ribeira Bay, respectively. Other major and minor elements show lower statistically significant differences. The enrichment factors and metal inventories show that Sepetiba Bay can be considered polluted with Bi, Cd, Cr, Cu, Sb and Zn. Particularly, Cd and Zn present concentrations three and four times higher than the Brazilian existing limits. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This study assesses the contribution of the implementation of the Calcium Looping (CaL) process to capture carbon dioxide (CO 2) from coal power plants in Brazil, as a strategy to meet the established environmental goals for 2030. A multi-objective linear programming model based on Input-Output analysis (IO-MOLP) is developed to evaluate the interrelations of economic, energy and environmental systems. Three objective functions are considered: maximization of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), minimization of Greenhouse Gas emissions (GHG), and minimization of energy consumption for exclusively energy purposes (CFE). Two scenarios are analyzed: (i) a baseline scenario (BL) which does not incorporate CaL in coal power plants, (ii) a scenario (S1) which incorporates CaL systems. In general, the implementation of CaL in coal power plants improves the overall environmental impact; however, in our results, this reduction was not found significant. On the other hand, a contraction in the economic system and an expansion in the consumption of energy resources may be triggered by this strategy. These results reaffirm the importance of assessing the effects of the environmental and energy decisions and policies on the country's economic system, by means of multi-objective models able to unveil the trade-offs at stake between multiple, conflicting and incommensurate evaluation axes of the merits of those policies. • In the short and medium term, fossil resources will represent a significant portion of the Brazilian energy supply. • The definition of policies aimed at the sustainable development involves environmental, economic and energy objectives that are conflicting. • The proposed framework allows exploring the effect of environmental and energy estrategies and policies on the country's economic system. • A contraction of some sector's total output and an expansion in the consumption of energy resources is triggered by the implementation of calcium looping (CaL) process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The specification of user rights and the devolution of fisheries management and allocation decisions to the local fisher and community level has been found to be an effective approach to improved fisheries management. Rare's Fish Forever's policy and governance work supports and strengthens legal and functional community rights-based management and exclusive access rights to coastal fisheries through managed access with reserves (MA+R). This paper presents an analysis of the legal, regulatory and institutional pathways undertaken to establish MA+R in Brazil, Indonesia and the Philippines for local communities to secure and strengthen both legal and functional access rights to fisheries resources. The pathways used involved interpreting and adapting a mix of fisheries, marine conservation, marine protected area and government administrative and legal instruments at national and local levels. Several common pathways to establishing and implementing MA+R were identified including partnerships and engagement with leaders and community members, committed local champions and scaling up from experience. • Analysis of the legal, regulatory and institutional pathways to establish managed access and reserves. • Partnerships and engagement with communities, decision-makers, managers and NGOs. • Need to interpret a range of legal and policy frameworks to support MA+R. • Harmonizing local initiatives with national legal and policy frameworks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epidemiological studies consistently reported significant associations between ambient particle levels and morbidity/mortality in the exposed population, specially among those individuals with preexisting pulmonary or cardiovascular diseases. Outdoor fine particles were shown to penetrate in the indoor environment, thus contributing to increase the time and dose of exposure in areas with significant levels of air pollution.The present work was designed to investigate the association between outdoor and indoor levels of particles with an aerodynamic diameter below 10 μm (PM10), in 4 points of the complex Faculty of Medicine/Clinics Hospital of the University of São Paulo, Brazil, an spot where thousands of patients with different kinds of disease are concentrated. Measurements were done in the period between 24 of october to 13 of december 2002.Outdoor PM10 levels were obtained from the CETESB automatic air pollution monitoring station located at the gardens of the School of Public Health (400 meters from our medical center). Indoor levels of PM10 were estimated by means of the determination of optical absorbance fiberglass filters coupled to medium volume particle total particle samplers, which presents a noise during its operation low enough to allow its use in the hospital setting. Measurements of optical absorbance are mainly affected by the levels of black carbon, which is the carbonaceous core of particles produced high temperature combustion processes. Previous studies showed an excellent agreement between optical absorbance and PM10. Analysis was made by determining the coefficient of correlation between the daily levels (24-hour mean) simultaneously measured indoor and outdoor. The results disclosed a significant association (r = 0.712, p < 0,001) between indoor and outdoor estimates of inhalable particles. These findings indicate that outdoor particles derived mainly from automotive emissions penetrate quite freely in areas where severely ill people were housed. In addition we conclude that outdoor measurements of PM10 reflects well the level of exposure of urban inhabitants, even in a town where most of the time is spent indoors. Study funded by LIM05-FMUSP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) is a widely used measure of parenting. Recent studies have proposed different factor structures. There is a disagreement in the literature about whether the PBI is best used as a two-factor or a three-factor measure., Method: Two hundred and fifty-seven female adults were recruited from a clinical population (139 psychiatric patients and 118 controls) and were requested to complete the PBI. Maximum likelihood confirmatory factor analyses were performed to compare the five different factor structures in terms of model fit., Results: The poorest fit to the data was obtained by the Parker et al. model. The Kendler model was the only model that had an adjusted goodness-of-fit index >0.8 regarding both paternal and maternal PBI. When considering invariance of factor structure across age subgroups, the Kendler model was also the only acceptable model., Conclusion: Three-factor structures are preferable to two-factor structures. The Kendler model was the only one to provide an acceptable fit, but it must be considered that it was a female sample, and when considering gender subgroups other studies have found the same results. Despite the gender limitation, the present study contributes to a better understanding and use of the PBI in Brazilian samples.

The mutagenicity of airborne particulate matter at three different sites within the São Paulo urban area and the Cubatão industrial area, São Paulo State, Brazil, was evaluated using the Salmonella mutagenicity assay over a year's period (June 1990-May 1991). Total suspended particles (TSP) were collected using a Hi-vol sampler and extracted with methylene chloride by ultrasonication. Pooled seasonal extracts were tested using S. typhimurium TA98 and TA100 with and without metabolic activation (S9) and TA98NR and TA98/1,8-DNP6 without metabolic activation. Organic extracts of the samples with the highest monthly TSP concentration were also assayed for mutagenicity. All samples collected at São Paulo and Cubatão showed mutagenicity with strain TA98, and in general the addition of S9 did not modify the mutagenic response, suggesting the prevalence of direct-acting frameshift mutagens in the atmosphere of these sites. The mutagenicity detected in the urban areas of São Paulo (mainly downtown) was much higher than in the Cubatão industrial area and similar to the more urbanized cities in the world, where vehicle emissions are the major pollution source. Results obtained with the strains TA98NR and TA98/1,8-DNP6 suggested the presence of mononitro- and dinitroarenes contributed to the mutagenicity of these atmospheric samples. A seasonal variation was observed with higher levels of frameshift mutagens during Spring in São Paulo and Summer in Cubatão. During the Winter, more significant responses were found with strain TA100 in the presence of S9 at all sites. Monthly samples presented high levels of mutagenicity during the period of June to November. Results from this research provide support for Air Pollution Control Programs in the detection of the more potent organic mutagenic compounds in the atmosphere and may help in the establishment of priorities for control and regulatory actions.

Mussels (Perna perna) harvested on the coast of Ubatuba, in three different stations in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, were examined for Vibrio spp. over a 1 year period. The ranges of most probable number (MPN 100 g-1) were: Vibrio alginolyticus (< 3-24,000), V. parahaemolyticus (< 3-24,000), V. fluvialis (< 3-1100), V. cholerae non-O1 (< 3-23), V. furnissii (< 3-30), V. mimicus (< 3-9) and V. vulnificus (< 3-3). The highest incidence was observed for V. alginolyticus (92-100%), followed by V. parahaemolyticus (67-92%), V. fluvialis (34-67%), V. vulnificus (8-17%), V. furnissii (0-17%), V. mimicus (0-17%) and V. cholerae non-O1 (0-8%). Tests for virulence factors were positive in 34.1% of the vibrios in the rabbit ileal loop and 31.7% in the Dean test. Positive results in the Kanagawa test were obtained with 0.51% of V. parahaemolyticus strains. The mean values (MPN 100 g-1) of faecal coliforms in mussels from the three regions varied from 1100 to 44,000, and seawater collected at the same stations gave average values for faecal coliforms in the range 18-3300 MPN 100 ml-1. These results highlight the potential risks of food poisoning associated with raw or undercooked seafood.