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Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agricola e Ambiental - Agriambi is the property of Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agricola e Ambiental and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Caatinga is the property of Revista Caatinga and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The watermelon (Citrullus lanatus L.) is a cucurbitaceous plant of great social and economic importance in Brazil, especially in the north-eastern region. However, anthropic actions through the practice of irrigation, fertigation and fertilization in an inadequate way, have potentiated the salinization of the soil becoming this one of the main factors that limit the production and the quality of the fruits. In this work, the effects of the application of mineral fertilization on the salinization of soil cultivated with watermelon were evaluated. The experiment was performed in the city of Petrolina-PE, with four repetitions, using five treatments: (T0) no fertilization, (T1) NPK fertilization, (T2) average dose of NPK practiced by producers, (T3) maximum dose of NPK from producers having potassium chloride as a source of potassium and (T4) maximum dose of NPK from producers having potassium sulfate as a source of potassium, at two different depths: 0.00 - 0.20 m and 0.20 - 0.60 m. The soil chemical attributes analyzed were pH, electrical conductivity (EC), organic matter, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, calcium and magnesium. The increase in the continuous application of mineral fertilizers raised the electrical conductivity values of the soil to levels prejudicial to the crop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agricola e Ambiental - Agriambi is the property of Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agricola e Ambiental and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agricola e Ambiental - Agriambi is the property of Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agricola e Ambiental and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Climate change intensifies soil salinization and jeopardizes the development of crops worldwide. The accumulation of salts in plant tissue activates the defense system and triggers ethylene production thus restricting cell division. We hypothesize that the inoculation of plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) producing ACC (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate) deaminase favors the development of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), promoting the growth of maize plants under saline stress. We investigated the efficacy of individual inoculation of PGPB, which produce ACC deaminase, as well as the co-inoculation of PGPB with Rhizophagus clarus on maize plant growth subjected to saline stress. The isolates were acquired from the bulk and rhizospheric soil of Mimosa bimucronata (DC.) Kuntze in a temporary pond located in Pernambuco State, Brazil. In the first greenhouse experiment, 10 halophilic PGPB were inoculated into maize at 0, 40 and 80 mM of NaCl, and in the second experiment, the PGPB that showed the best performance were co-inoculated with R. clarus in maize under the same conditions as in the first experiment. Individual PGPB inoculation benefited the number of leaves, stem diameter, root and shoot dry mass, and the photosynthetic pigments. Inoculation with PGPB 28–10 Pseudarthrobacter enclensis , 24–1 P. enclensis and 52 P. chlorophenolicus increased the chlorophyll a content by 138%, 171%, and 324% at 0, 40 and 80 mM NaCl, respectively, comparing to the non-inoculated control. We also highlight that the inoculation of PGPB 28–10, 28–7 Arthrobacter sp. and 52 increased the content of chlorophyll b by 72%, 98%, and 280% and carotenoids by 82%, 98%, and 290% at 0, 40 and 80 mM of NaCl, respectively. Co-inoculation with PGPB 28–7, 46–1 Leclercia tamurae , 70 Artrobacter sp., and 79–1 Micrococcus endophyticus significantly increased the rate of mycorrhizal colonization by roughly 50%. Furthermore, co-inoculation promoted a decrease in the accumulation of Na and K extracted from plant tissue, with an increase in salt concentration, from 40 mM to 80 mM, also favoring the establishment and development of R. clarus. In addition, co-inoculation of these PGPB with R. clarus promoted maize growth and increased plant biomass through osmoregulation and protection of the photosynthetic apparatus. The tripartite symbiosis (plant-fungus-bacterium) is likely to reprogram metabolic pathways that improve maize growth and crop yield, suggesting that the AMF-PGPB consortium can minimize damages caused by saline stress. [Display omitted] • PGPB from temporary ponds in the tropical semiarid alleviate salt stress in maize. • PGPB protected the photosynthetic apparatus of maize under saline stress. • PGPB enhanced the development of mycorrhiza in maize under saline stress. • Co-inoculation of PGPB with R. clarus promoted maize growth through osmoregulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agricola e Ambiental - Agriambi is the property of Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agricola e Ambiental and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Corn (Zea mays L.) is one of the most cultivated crops in the world. In Brazil, this cereal has a wide diversity of use. Most of the areas where maize production is used is irrigation, however, when performed inadequately it becomes preponderant for salinization of soils. The effect of proline foliar application on the growth and physiology of the green maize cultivated in salinized soil was evaluated. The experiment was conducted at the Center for Agro-Food Science and Technology (CCTA), belonging to the Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), Pombal, PB, from March to April 2015, using maize variety AG 1051. The treatments consisted of two levels of soil salinity (3.26 and 0.86 dS/m) and five concentrations of proline (0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10 mmol L -¹) applied by leaf on corn plants. The experimental design was completely randomized, in the 2 x 5 factorial scheme, with four replications. A higher growth and mass accumulation was observed when the plants were conducted in soil of lower salinity (CE = 0.86 dS/m). Transpiration was influenced by salinity and proline concentration. The highest rate of intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) was obtained at the concentration of 7.5 mmol L-¹ proline. Proline concentrations did not influence the growth and mass accumulation aspects of maize. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our objective was to evaluate the physicochemical parameters of waste brine from reverse osmosis desalination plants and to evaluate the physicochemical parameters of soils where it is discharged in rural communities in the western Potiguar region of the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. Soil samples of two types (Eutrophic Red Argisol and Fluvic Neosol) were collected in the dry and rainy seasons in two communities at two distances from the discharge point (1 and 2 m) and at the point itself, in two layers for each point (0–20 and 20–40 cm). In addition, samples of waste brine were taken from the desalination plants for the evaluation of the physicochemical quality and contamination risks. All brine samples were classified as C3 or C4, which is, extremely high risk of salinization, needing special practices for salinity control. The two soils that received the brine presented significant alterations of their attributes and quality throughout the periods. This was more pronounced in the dry season and the layers of soils with a greater amount of clay, which resulted in the soil receiving different classifications, which were influenced directly by the brine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chemical composition and the impacts of reject brine disposal from desalination plants on soils of the west of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, were evaluated. Soil samples in the 0.0-0.2 and 0.2-0.4 m profiles were collected at three points of reject brine influences (0, 0.8 and 1.6 m of reject brine site) and a point in the native forest (without the influence of reject brine) for chemical characterization. The analysis showed that 25% of the native forest soils have problems of salinity and/or sodicity, suggesting that salt-affected soils already existed in some communities even without the disposal of brine. The variability between the results on analysis of soil chemical properties from study lands suggests an individual assessment of potential risk of soil salinization due to the disposal of reject brine from desalination plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While soil salinization is a major concern for agriculture worldwide, the application of sodium (Na) can stimulate growth in many plant species, due to its ability to replace potassium (K) in some physiological functions. We present an overview of the potential and risks associated with replacing KCl fertilizer with a mixture of KCl and NaCl in tropical plantations, with a focus on Eucalyptus. A wide range of responses of Eucalyptus species to the salinization of the soil is well documented and the planting of Eucalyptus rows in salinity-damaged landscapes has been used in Australia to lower the water table and reduce soil salinization. A positive effect of NaCl application on Eucalyptus growth in K-deficient environments has been demonstrated in hydroponics, which is consistent with comprehensive studies conducted on entire rotations in Brazil. The addition of NaCl to K-deficient soils increased above-ground biomass at harvest in E. grandis plantations by a factor of 1.4, whereas the addition of the same amount of KCl increased biomass by a factor of 2. A comparison between KCl and K 2 SO 4 applications suggested a positive response of E. grandis to Cl, in addition to the response to Na. The effects of Na application on the physiology of E. grandis support the hypothesis of a functional role for Na in K-deficient soils. Consistent results have been reported on the physiology of olive tree, coconut palm and cocoa tree. Atmospheric inputs of Na depend on the distance from the ocean, ranging from approximately 30 to 5 kg ha-1 yr-1 in coastal and inland forests, respectively. Na is an essential nutrient for animals, maintaining homeostasis and playing a crucial role in neural networks. Substantial quantities of Na are routinely fed to animals in extensive livestock farming. A growing body of evidence suggests that a shortage of Na can limit the activity of insects, particularly plant decomposers. The application of Na in tropical plantations could therefore accelerate the release of nutrients during litter decomposition, thereby promoting tree growth. However, Na application could also stimulate herbivory and lead to leaf area losses. We recommend setting up multi-location experiments covering a wide range of soils and climates in tropical regions, for perennial species of commercial interest. In-depth studies should be carried out on certain sites to understand how tree physiology, soil functioning and herbivory are influenced by the addition of NaCl. • The application of NaCl greatly enhances Eucalyptus growth in K-deficient soil. • Consistent results were reported for Eucalyptus , coconut, olive and cocoa trees. • A shortage of Na can limit insect activity and influence litter decay and herbivory. • Multi-site experiments are needed to understand the response of perennial species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dynamics of land use together with deforestation contributes significantly to the desertification process. In this context, the objective of this article is to analyze the levels of degradation of the caatinga vegetation and the current state of land use in the N-11 Irrigation Project, located in a susceptible area desertification, in the municipality of Petrolina, state of Pernambuco - Brazil. The study was developed from field information as plant collections, soil conductivity, and land cover mappings upon RapiEye images. The impacts associated with the structure of use and the vegetation cover were varied as soil, vegetation, and biodiversity loss, and salinization of soils, among other problems. Areas with irrigation projects must be under differentiated management to prevent or slow the desertification process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stillage is the main wastewater from ethanol production, generated specifically in the step of distillation. Regardless the feedstock, stillage contains high concentrations of organic matter, potassium and sulfates, as well as acidic and corrosive characteristics. Currently almost the entire volume of stillage generated in Brazilian distilleries is directed to the fertigation of sugarcane fields, due to its fertilizer character. However, the polluting potential of stillage characterizes its land disposal as problematic, considering probable negative impacts on the soil structure and water resources in case of excessive dosages. Since the literature lacks critical content describing clearly the cons related to the reuse of stillage in agriculture in the long-term, this review aimed to assess the real polluting potential of stillage, and the implications of its land disposal and/or discharge into water bodies. Evidence from the literature indicate that the main obstacles to reuse stillage in natura include risks of soil salinization; clogging of pores, reduction in the microbial activity and the significant depletion of dissolved oxygen concentrations in water bodies; contamination per nitrates and eutrophication; soil structure destabilization due to high concentrations of potassium and sodium; and, possible acidification of soil and water resources, considering the low pH of stillage (~4,5). Toxic metals, such as cadmium, lead, copper, chromium and nickel, were also identified in concentrations above the recommended limits in stillage samples, increasing risks to human health (e.g. carcinogenic potential) and to crops (e.g. productivity loss). In short, although some studies report benefits from the land application of stillage, its treatment prior to disposal is essential to make fertigation an environmentally suitable practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• In native vegetation, ions contents are not able to increase saline properties. • Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, and Cl- are the dominant ions in cultivated and desertified areas. • Cluster analysis was effective in identifying sites prone to desertification. • Na+ and Cl- ions were the main contributors to soil desertification by salinity. Soil salinization and sodification, caused by inadequate land management, is one of the main threats to the semiarid agroecosystems. It is essential to investigate saline levels under different land-use conditions to maintain the sustainability of agricultural production. The main objective of this study was to diagnose the salinity status of the soil in different land-use conditions in the semiarid region of Northeast Brazil. Soil samples were collected in the surface layer (0–5 cm) of three different land-use conditions: areas of low salinity (native vegetation – Caatinga), areas of different saline levels (cultivated areas), and areas of very high salinity (desertified by salinity), and compared regarding the chemical attributes of the soils by descriptive and multivariate analysis. The results showed that sodium and chloride were the predominant soluble ions in cultivated and desertified areas due to saline waters commonly used in the study region. Increases in electrical conductivity values of 1219 and 23207% were observed for cultivated and desertified areas, respectively, compared to areas of native vegetation. The principal component analysis contributed to identifying parameters responsible for the variation in soil salinity, and the second factor identified that percentage of exchangeable sodium, electrical conductivity, and exchangeable and soluble sodium plays an essential role in soil desertification. However, calcium, magnesium, sodium, and chloride ions correlated positively with variables that degrade soils - EC, ESP, and SAR. We also found that in desertified areas, in addition to chloride, sulfate is also present in expressive levels, and due to the strong associations with calcium, magnesium, and sodium, our study suggests that in addition to the free forms of these ions, the forms of chlorides and sulfates of calcium, magnesium, and sodium also effectively contribute to the degradation of the areas. The combination of multivariate analysis × geochemistry × laboratory techniques was a valuable tool to identify and monitor saline levels in converting uncultivated to cultivated areas and from cultivated areas to desertified areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agricola e Ambiental - Agriambi is the property of Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agricola e Ambiental and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agricola e Ambiental - Agriambi is the property of Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agricola e Ambiental and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Aiming to evaluate leachate chemical composition and salinity from two Fluvic Entisols of Pernambuco-Brazil, cultivated with onions irrigated with saline water, an experiment was carried out in random blocks, in a factorial arrange 2 x 3 x 6 (two soil types - silty clay loam and sandy loam -, three levels of electrical conductivity - 200, 700 and 2.000 ìS cm-1 and six levels of sodium adsorption ratio - 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 (mmolc L-1)1/2), with four repetitions. After 30, 60 e 90 days of the transplanting the leached from the pots was collected for composition evaluation. Levels of cation, chlorine, electrical conductivity and leachate sodium adsorption ratio, collected at 30, 60 and 90 days after transplanting, with increasing salinity of irrigation water, were observed. Only 90 days after transplanting, the leachate from the soil of silty clay loam texture surpassed the levels of cation and chloride compared to leachate from sandy loam soil. Thus, more saline irrigation water promotes greater lose of elements in the soil because of their removal, which occur more slowly in soils of thinner texture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Caatinga is the property of Revista Caatinga and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agricola e Ambiental - Agriambi is the property of Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agricola e Ambiental and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Ambiente e Água is the property of Revista Ambiente e Agua and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

• We examined the salinity tolerance mechanism of Passiflora species. • Most of the physiological, biometric, anatomical, nutritional traits were negatively affected by salinity. • P. mucronata exhibited better salt tolerance in comparison with P. edulis and P. edulis x P. mucronata. • PCA identified 18 informative traits for the discrimination of the passionfruit population for saline stress. • NIRS allowed the separation of most genotypes under saline conditions and in the control. Passion fruit is one of the main crops produced in the irrigated areas of Northeastern Brazil. However, soil salinization in this region has limited its productivity. This work aimed to compare the effects of saline stress on three populations of passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims, P. mucronata Lam. and the interspecific hybrid P. edulis x P. mucronata) using physiological, anatomical, nutritional, agronomic traits and application of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Plants were grown on sterile washed sand and irrigated with a nutrient solution with or without NaCl (0 or 150 mM) in a completely randomized design with eight replicates. Most of the physiological traits, such as transpiration, stomatal conductance, net photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll content and leaf osmotic potential, were negatively affected by the saline stress. There was also a negative effect for the majority of anatomical traits evaluated in the presence of NaCl, except the stomatal density and upper epidermal thickness. The NaCl also induced changes in uptake of macro- and micronutrients and decreased plant growth, fresh shoot and root weights, and dry shoot weight. Based on the principal component analysis (PCA), 18 informative traits were identified for the discrimination of the passion fruit population for saline stress. P. mucronata exhibited better salt tolerance in comparison with the other populations, especially with higher values for root traits, a lower accumulation of sodium in the leaves, and maintenance of photosynthesis, conductance and stomatal functionality. Near-infrared spectrophotometry (NIRS) allowed the separation of the parental Passiflora populations submitted to the saline treatment, opening the possibility of validating its use for screening passion fruit genotypes for tolerance of salinity. Breeding for salt tolerance in passion fruit is feasible using wild species such as P. mucronata. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]