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This study aimed to estimate the economic costs of excessive sodium consumption in terms of hospitalizations and outpatient procedures of medium and high complexity (OPMHC) for the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS) and its states in 2019. Ecological study. This study used population attributable fractions (PAFs) of excessive sodium consumption estimated by the Global Burden of Disease study based on the theoretical minimum risk exposure level (3 g of sodium per day), the average population consumption, and relative risks of sodium–outcome pairs. PAFs were applied to the total costs of hospitalizations and OPMHC paid by SUS for each outcome obtained from the Outpatient and Hospital Information Systems. The costs per 10,000 inhabitants in all the Brazilian states were calculated and converted into international dollars (Int$), considering the purchasing parity power in the year 2019. Excessive sodium consumption resulted in Int$ 98,882,386.36 (95% uncertainty interval: Int$ 3,398,343.53–312,065,319.80) in hospitalizations and OPMHC costs in Brazil in 2019. Males and the 55- to 69-year-old age group had the highest expenditures attributable to excessive sodium consumption. Cardiovascular diseases were the most significant contributors to the costs associated with the risk factor. Southern and southeastern states had the highest costs of diseases attributable to sodium. Excessive sodium consumption has a significant economic burden on SUS, particularly among men and more developed states. This underscores the inequalities in socio-economic factors and access to health services throughout the country. Economic analyses at the subnational level can provide evidence for public policy planning to define the most appropriate actions for the population's sociodemographic reality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leishmaniases are neglected diseases with limited therapeutic options. Diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis can occur in Brazil due to Leishmania amazonensis. This study details the antileishmanial activity and cytotoxicity of complexes of sodium usnate (SAU) with lanthanide ions ([LnL3 (H2O)x] (Ln = La(III), Nd(III), Gd(III), Tb(III), Eu(III) and Sm(III); L = SAU). All lanthanide complexes were highly active and more potent than SAU against L. amazonensis promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes (Pro: IC50 < 1.50 μM; Ama: IC50 < 7.52 μM). EuL3·3H2O and NdL3·3H2O were the most selective and effective on intracellular amastigotes, with a selectivity index of approximately 7.0. In silico predictions showed no evidence of mutagenicity, tumorigenicity or irritation for all complexes. Treatment with EuL3·3H2O triggered NO release even at the lowest concentration, indicating NO production as a mechanism of action against the parasite. Incubating promastigotes with the lanthanide complexes, particularly with SmL3·4H2O and GdL3·3H2O, led to a change in the mitochondrial membrane potential, indicating the ability of these complexes to target this essential organelle. The same complexes caused cell death through cell membrane disruption, but their relationship with early or late apoptotic processes remains unclear. Thus, the inclusion of lanthanide ions in SAU improves selectivity with a promising mechanism of action targeting the mitochondria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Early and accurate preoperative diagnosis of complicated appendicitis mandates the identification of new markers. The aim of this study is to determine whether preoperative serum sodium levels are useful for predicting the severity of acute appendicitis. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 475 patients who underwent emergency appendectomies between January 2018 and February 2023 in a general hospital in Brazil. The patients were divided into 2 groups: complicated (n = 254) and uncomplicated (n = 221). Hyponatremia was defined as serum sodium levels < 136 mEq/L. The primary outcome was to evaluate if hyponatremia is associated with complicated appendicitis. Results: The patients had a median age of 22 years, and the median serum sodium level was 137 mEq/L in patients with complicated appendicitis and 139 mEq/L in uncomplicated appendicitis (P < 0.001). The analysis of the receiver operating characteristic curve used as the best cutoff value of serum sodium of 136 mEq/L with a sensitivity of 45.7%, specificity of 86.4%, positive predictive value of 79.5%, and negative predictive value of 58.1% for the diagnosis of complicated AA. Of the 254 patients with complicated appendicitis, 84 (33.1%) had serum sodium levels below 136 mEq/L, while only 12 (5.4%) patients with uncomplicated appendicitis had values ​​below this cutoff. Patients with hyponatremia were 5 times more likely to develop complicated appendicitis. (odds ratio: 5.35; 95% confidence interval: 3.39–8.45) Conclusions: Preoperative serum sodium levels are a useful tool for predicting the severity of acute appendicitis. Due to its low cost and wide availability, it has become an extremely relevant marker. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Fundão Dam rupture in Mariana, Brazil spilled contaminated tailings across the Doce River basin reaching several towns such as Ipaba. Ibapa's agricultural and fishing activities declined by 50% due to the toxicity of sodium and ether-amine, followed by a reduction of nitrate resulting in inhibition of plant growth and biota. A settler's community in Ipaba composed of 51 families whose main sources of income were agriculture and fishing activities have abandoned their properties because the land became unproductive after the Fundão dam rupture, and the rural exodus is a current concern in the town. However, previous research has demonstrated that the remediation of sodium and ether-amine, as well as the recovery of soil fertility is feasible, enabling the establishment of the native Atlantic Forest and crop species. Such procedures are recommended to recover the agricultural production in Ipaba. Aiming at protecting these cropping areas against flooding, we propose the creation of riparian forests in the floodplains. In order to make the settlers able to properly manage their lands in a post-disaster scenario, a recovery plan for Ipaba may be implemented via nature based solutions supported by social capital actions such as agroforestry technical training schools and social association, which are shown through schemes and three-dimensional modelling. [Display omitted] • Fundão Dam rupture spilled contaminated tailings in the Doce River. • Agricultural and fishing activities declined by 50% at Ipaba town. • A settler's community of Ipaba have been severely affected by the disaster. • Soil remediation may help recover the agricultural production at settler's land. • A post-disaster recovery plan for Ipaba via social capital actions is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brazil has a large number of degraded areas due to iron mining and other elements. In 2015, an iron mining tailings dam belonging to "Samarco Mineração SA", located in the municipality of Mariana, state of Minas Gerais, collapsed, causing the greatest environmental disaster in the country's history, due to the spill of 62 million m3 of red mud. The red mud was deposited on slopes, foothills of mountains, intermountain depressions and floodplains, contaminating soils and waters with amines, amides and sodium from the flotation of iron mining residues and causing the formation of surface crusts on the land and hard-setting formation. Different researches were carried out to evaluate and recover degraded soils—Leptosols, Cambisols, Ferralsols, Gleysols and Fluvisols, however the problems are still present and phytoremediation techniques were practically not applied. Phytoremediation is the use of plants to extract, filter, degrade, stabilize, or otherwise reduce mobility, bioavailability, or concentrations of pollutants and stands out as an example of a low cost, minimally invasive approach for the remediation of large-scale contaminated areas. In view of the degraded areas due to the collapse of the "Samarco Mineração SA" tailings dam, this article suggests phytoremediation strategies to rehabilitate the soils in different geomorphological units and the challenges to be faced in the future, pointing out research and the need for the involvement of professionals from different areas of knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the sodium content of the meals offered in a public school of the state of Minas Gerais (Brazil) and its adequacy with regard to the Brazilian School Meal Program. Meal samples were collected in the morning and in the afternoon shifts in 10 nonconsecutive days. In the 10 evaluated days, the amount of sodium offered per meal in both school shifts was above the amount recommended by the program (400 mg/meal). The significant difference was found between the sodium content offered in the afternoon (1062.9 ± 231.5 mg) and in the morning meals (807.1 ± 174.2). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beef is a source of vitamins and nutrients for humans and in Brazil, there is a large production and demand for this product. From this, the objective of this work was to evaluate the quality of fresh beef, whole and ground, sold in the main butchers in the municipality of Castanhal - PA. Physicochemical analyses such as pH, Eber test for ammonia and hydrogen sulfide, filtration test, cooking test, and detection of sodium sulfite were performed. Forty-eight samples of meat, of 250 g each, were collected on alternate days, corresponding to 24 samples of whole cut and 24 samples of ground meat, performed in 3 repetitions. All samples were negative; 81.25% were positive for hydrogen sulfide; in the cooking test, 87.5% presented normal meat conditions and 12.5% presented suspect conditions; in infiltration, 39.58% of the samples were in medium conservation conditions and 60.41% were in suspect meat conditions; in the detection of sodium sulfite, 100% of the samples tested negative. In the pH results, the mean values ranged from 5.67-6.3 in the whole samples and 5.61-6.67 in the ground samples, showing a significant difference at the 5% significance level, in samples one, whole, and ground, by ANO-VA and Tukey's test. Based on the results found, it was observed that the quality of fresh beef is not marketed properly in the city's establishments, requiring more attention from inspection agencies and the consumer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The antioxidant effect of purified phytic acid (PPA) from rice bran (rice polishing by-product) combined with sodium erythorbate (SE) was evaluated for the first time in mortadella (added with 60% mechanically separated meat), a cured product with high-fat content and highly prone to oxidation, characteristic in Brazil. PPA proved effective compared to standard analytical grade phytic acid (SPA). Two central composite rotational designs (CCRD) (A and B) were employed to investigate the influence of PPA and SE, and SPA and SE, respectively, on mortadella lipid oxidation evaluated by TBARS after 30 days at 30 °C. Due to the high phytic acid's potent antioxidant capacity, the combination of PPA and SE synergistically reduced mortadella lipid oxidation. Furthermore, PPA from rice bran effectively controlled lipid oxidation in mortadella when combined with SE in the range of 5.0 to 9.0 mmol/kg of SPA and 25.0 to 50.0 mmol/kg of SE. [Display omitted] • Phytic acid & sodium erythorbate synergistically protect mortadella against oxidation. • Phytic acid reduces 15–50% erythorbate in mortadella with similar oxidation protection. • Replacement of erythorbate by phytic acid reduces synthetic additives in up to 50% in mortadella. • Phytic acid & erythorbate preserve fatty food emulsions. • Purified phytic acid replaces rice phytic acid standard in mortadella oxidation protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Possible relationship of meteor disintegration and enhancement of sodium atoms. • The sodium cloud was carried away by the horizontal wind and suggest that the increase in sodium density at São José dos Campos is a dynamical process. • The all-sky images show that the sodium cloud around 90 km was formed along the bright part of the fireball. Our observations show that on some occasions an influx of meteor ablation possibly contributes to appearance of a sudden enhancement in mesospheric sodium density. On July 05, 2013, all-sky images with a narrow sodium filter in the 589 nm emission, operating at Cachoeira Paulista (22.7° S, 45° W) and lidar observations of the mesospheric sodium layer, operating at São José dos Campos (23.1° S, 45.9° W), both observatories in Brazil, show a possible relationship of meteor disintegration and appearance of sodium enhancements on the background layer. After the meteor impact, the all-sky images showed a sodium cloud that was seen for about 10 min through the images in the NaD 589 nm emission, with initial dimensions of approximately 36 km × 9 km and initial speed of about 90 m/s southward. In addition, our observations show that the movement of sodium cloud in the horizontal plane around 90 km is relatively anisotropic and change the dimensions with time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Ciência & Saúde Coletiva is the property of Associacao Brasileira de Pos-Graduacao em Saude Coletiva and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The rupture of the Fundão dam (Brazil) spread tailings contaminated with sodium and ether-amine into the Doce River Basin. Aiming at rehabilitating a contaminated riparian site, phytoremediation with native species of the Atlantic Forest was performed under four treatments: ES-1: physical remediation (sediment scraping) + chemical remediation (organic matter) + bioremediation (double inoculation with the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) Rhizophagus irregularis and the plant growth-promoting bacteria Bacillus subtilis ); ES-2: chemical remediation + bioremediation; ES-3: physical remediation + chemical remediation; ES-4: chemical remediation. Ether-amine and sodium contents, plant growth and, soil quality parameters were compared among treatments and relative to preserved and degraded sites. Two years after planting, the outstanding plant growth was attributed to the phytoremediation of ether-amine and ammonium, followed by a significant increase in soil microbial biomass (Phospholipid fatty acids-PLFAs), particularly the Gram + bacteria and total fungi but not AMF, whose response was independent of the inoculation. While sodium and ether-amine declined, soil K, P, NO 3- contents, dehydrogenase and acid phosphatase activities, cation exchange capacity (CEC) and soil aggregation increased, especially in ES-1. Thus, such remediation procedures are recommended for the restoration of riparian areas affected by the Fundão tailings, ultimately improving sediment fertility, aggregation and stabilization.

Background: Excessive sodium consumption is one of the leading dietary risk factors for non-communicable diseases, including cardiovascular disease (CVD), mediated by high blood pressure. Brazil has implemented voluntary sodium reduction targets with food industries since 2011. This study aimed to analyse the potential health and economic impact of these sodium reduction targets in Brazil from 2013 to 2032. Methods: We developed a microsimulation of a close-to-reality synthetic population (IMPACTNCD-BR) to evaluate the potential health benefits of setting voluntary upper limits for sodium content as part of the Brazilian government strategy. The model estimates CVD deaths and cases prevented or postponed, and disease treatment costs. Model inputs were informed by the 2013 National Health Survey, the 2008–2009 Household Budget Survey, and high-quality meta-analyses, assuming that all individuals were exposed to the policy proportionally to their sodium intake from processed food. Costs included costs of the National Health System on CVD treatment and informal care costs. The primary outcome measures of the model are cardiovascular disease cases and deaths prevented or postponed over 20 years (2013–2032), stratified by age and sex. Results: The study found that the application of the Brazilian voluntary sodium targets for packaged foods between 2013 and 2032 could prevent or postpone approximately 110,000 CVD cases (95% uncertainty intervals (UI): 28,000 to 260,000) among men and 70,000 cases among women (95% UI: 16,000 to 170,000), and also prevent or postpone approximately 2600 CVD deaths (95% UI: − 1000 to 11,000), 55% in men. The policy could also produce a net cost saving of approximately US$ 220 million (95% UI: US$ 54 to 520 million) in medical costs to the Brazilian National Health System for the treatment of CHD and stroke and save approximately US$ 71 million (95% UI: US$ 17 to170 million) in informal costs. Conclusion: Brazilian voluntary sodium targets could generate substantial health and economic impacts. The reduction in sodium intake that was likely achieved from the voluntary targets indicates that sodium reduction in Brazil must go further and faster to achieve the national and World Health Organization goals for sodium intake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tailings spilled by the Fundão Dam rupture in the Doce River basin (Brazil) had a high pH, elevated sodium (Na) and ether amine, and low soil organic matter. With the aim of decreasing the toxic compounds, we established 2 remediation strategies: treatment 1, phytoremediation with tolerant native species of the Atlantic Forest cultivated on scraped sediment plus the incorporation of organic matter; and treatment 2, phytoremediation with native species plus superficial deposition of organic matter. The experimental site was compared with a degraded site that the dam tailings had reached and with a preserved site, a fragment of preserved Atlantic Forest. After 12 mo, plants showed an outstanding growth, especially after treatment 1 (~4 m), and the remediation procedures resulted in significant decreases in pH (from 8.0 to ~ 6.0), Na (from 154 to 22–35 mg/kg), electrical conductivity, and ether amine (from 6.0 to 0.5 mg/kg) in both treatments. By contrast, ammonium, a product of ether amine degradation, showed a significant increase in the experimental site, along with a significant increase in nitrate and improvement of soil microbial populations assessed by phospholipid fatty acid analysis. The treatments also improved soil fertility in the experimental site, as estimated by soil nutrients, cation exchange capacity, and soil aggregation. Based on the parameters analyzed, a principal component analysis showed that samples from the degraded site and the preserved site clustered in an opposite position and those from the experimental site clustered in an intermediate position but closer to the samples from the preserved site. Overall, our results demonstrated that the remediation procedures adopted were effective and resulted in rehabilitation of a riparian forest contaminated with dam tailings that included Na and ether amine. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:2359–2373. © 2021 SETAC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To analyse the Na content of bread by comparing the amount of salt and Na among the label, laboratory analysis and international guidelines.Design: Ten selected bakeries provided 3239 randomly selected samples of bread, which were weighed on-site. Triplicate samples were retrieved from each bakery (thirty samples) for analysis. Bread production was observed, and ingredient labels were queried to determine salt weights, which were used for comparison with the laboratory analysis. Flame photometry and the method for chlorides were utilised for analysing Na. Laboratory findings were compared to nine different international nutritional guidelines for Na consumption.Setting: Florianopolis, south of Brazil.Participants: Ninety independent bakeries locally producing Portuguese rolls were queried; rolls from ten conveniently selected bakeries were retrieved for further analysis.Results: The average weight of the rolls was 50·2 ± 5·3 g. The average amount of salt (g) per roll, by laboratory and label analyses, was 0·69 ± 0·0 and 0·62 ± 0·1 g, respectively. The mean level of Na (mg) reported on nutrient labels (478·2 ± 93·4/100 g) was significantly lower than by laboratory analysis (618·2 ± 73·8/100 g), P < 0·001. There was a difference for Na in rolls produced in the bakeries considering the unit weight of rolls (P ≤ 0·001) per 100 g (P = 0·026) and the mode of production. The consumption of two averaged units of rolls was equivalent to 51·7 % of the Brazilian guideline daily amount for Na for children and 31 % for adults.Conclusions: The nutrient labels underreported Na values. This study strengthens the importance of monitoring Na of breads in Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glycerolized Nile tilapia skin (NTS) showed promising results when used for burn treatment in phases II and III randomized controlled trials. This pilot study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of lyophilized NTS (LNTS) as a temporary skin substitute for superficial partial-thickness burns by comparing it with silver-impregnated sodium carboxymethylcellulose dressing. This was a randomized, prospective, open-label, and controlled pilot study conducted in Fortaleza, Brazil, from April 2019 to December 2019. The 24 participants had ≥18 and ≤70 years of age and superficial partial-thickness burns affecting up to 10% of TBSA. Primary outcomes were the number of dressings performed and pain intensity, assessed via the Visual Analogue Scale and the Electronic von Frey. Secondary outcomes were the level of pain-related anxiety, assessed via the Burns Specific Pain Anxiety Scale, and analgesic consumption. In the test group, the number of dressings and the patient-reported pain after dressing-related procedures were lower. Analgesic intake, pain-related anxiety, and both patient-reported and objectively measured pain before dressing-related procedures were similar for the treatment groups. No adverse effects were detected. LNTS shares the same characteristics of an "'ideal'" wound dressing demonstrated by glycerolized NTS in previous studies. Also, it demonstrated noninferiority for burn management when compared with silver-impregnated sodium carboxymethylcellulose dressing. The safety and efficacy of LNTS demonstrated in this pilot study may allow the development of larger phases II and III RCTs in a near future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excessive sodium intake is a major global public health issue and the identification of dietary sources and temporal trends in its consumption are a key to effective sodium reduction policies. This study aims to update estimates of sodium intake and its dietary sources in Brazil according to the NOVA food classification system. Records of 7-day food purchases of households from the Brazilian Household Budgets Survey of 2002-2003, 2008-2009, and 2017-2018 were converted into nutrients using food composition tables and the mean availability was estimated per 2,000kcal/day. Mean daily sodium available for consumption in Brazilian households has increased from 3.9 to 4.7g per 2,000kcal, from 2002-2003 to 2017-2018, over twice the recommended levels of sodium intake. From 2002-2003 to 2017-2018, the processed culinary ingredients, including table salt, represented the largest dietary source of sodium, although their participation in dietary sodium was reduced by 17% (66.6% to 55%), while the percentage of dietary sodium from processed foods increased by 20.3% and from ultra-processed foods increased by 47.6% (11.3% to 13.6% and 17% to 25.1%, respectively). In conclusion, the total household sodium availability remains high and has increased over time in Brazil, yet the participation of different dietary sources of sodium have gradually changed.

Reference intervals for physiologic parameters, crucial for assessing the health status of animals, have been documented for various crocodilian species across the globe. Nonetheless, the establishment of plasma biochemical reference intervals specific to Amazonian crocodilians remains incomplete. In an effort to address this gap, we procured blood samples from 65 black caimans (Melanosuchus niger) and 58 spectacled caimans (Caiman crocodilus) during the period of September-December 2019 within the Anavilhanas National Park in the Brazilian Amazon region We aimed to define reference intervals for 11 key plasma variables measured, namely glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, albumin, total protein, uric acid, and urea. In general, the determined blood reference intervals aligned closely with those established for other crocodilian species. Some specific measurements, such as total cholesterol, sodium, and magnesium, exhibited distinct variations based on the species. Furthermore, female black caimans showcased elevated cholesterol levels compared with their male counterparts. Within the spectacled caimans, disparities related to sex were evident solely in the case of electrolytes sodium and potassium, with males demonstrating higher levels compared with females. These reference intervals not only provide data for assessing potential fluctuations in the health of wild or captive Amazonian crocodilians but also hold value for veterinary management., (© Wildlife Disease Association 2024.)

The determination of Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Na, Zn, and Pb by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES) was performed on dry matter and decoctions of the medicinal plants Cordia salicifolia, Chiococca alba (L.) Hitchc., and Echites peltata used as an appetite suppressant and diuretic in Brazil. The accuracy of the measurements was analyzed by the spike recovery test. Results showed that the concentration of these seven metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Na, and Zn) in dry plant samples is below the oral concentration of elemental impurities established by the United States Pharmacopoeia Convention (USP). However, there are no concentration limits for Fe, Na, and Zn established by the USP in drug substances and excipients. Levels higher than the recommended value by the USP were observed for Pb and the lowest for Cd, Co, Cr, and Cu, both in dried plant samples and their decoctions. In the decoctions prepared from these plants were found elements such as Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Na, Zn, and Pb. In the decoction prepared from 40 g C. salicifolia leaves and 40 g C. alba wood, the content of Cd is above the oral daily exposure value set by the USP. Hazard index (HI) for decoctions prepared from these plants exceeded the threshold (1). Given the uncertainties associated with the estimates of toxicity values and exposure factors, futures researches should address the possible toxicity in humans. Uncontrolled selling and long-term ingestion of medicinal plants can cause toxicity and interfere with the effect of drugs. Limited knowledge on the interaction potential of medicinal plants poses a challenge and public health problem in Brazil and other countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Prescrição e Fisiologia do Exercício is the property of Instituto Brasileiro de Pesquisa e Ensino em Fisiologia do Exercicio and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Fluid overload (FO) is a condition present in critical care units, and it is associated with clinical complications and worse outcomes for severe patients. Objective: The aim of this study was to verify if FO is a risk factor for mortality in critically ill patients. Methods: Retrospective study performed in a Brazilian intensive care unit, from January toMarch 2016,with patients older than 18 years and hospitalized formore than 24 hours. Demographic and clinical data, as well as fluid balance and overload, were analyzed to verify the risk factors for mortality. A logistic regression model was elaborated, and significance was set at P < .05. Results: There were 158 patients included, of which only 13 (8.2%) presented FO. Mortality was verified in individuals 30 (18.9%), of whom only 7 (23.3%) developed FO, which was lower in survivors 6 (4.9%), P = .001. In the simple regression model, the FO was significant (odds ratio [OR], 6.23; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.04--19.53), P = .001. However, in the multiple regression model, therewere significant findings only formechanical ventilation (OR, 5.86; 95%CI, 2. 10--18.12, P = .001), acute kidney injury (OR, 4.05; 95%CI, 1.53--11; P = .001), and noradrenaline (OR, 3.85; 95%CI, 1.01--9.51; P = .041); FO was not significant (OR, 3.68; 95% CI, 0.91--15.55; P = .069). Conclusion: Fluid overload is higher in patients who died. Therefore, it was not considered a risk factor for mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because swimmers train in an aquatic environment, they probably do not need to sweat as much as runners who train on land and, therefore, should not develop the same magnitude of sweating adaptations. Purpose: To compare sweat rate and electrolyte concentration in swimmers, runners and nonathletes. Methods: Ten swimmers (22.9 ± 3.1 years old), 10 runners (25 ± 2.9 y) and 10 nonathletes (26.5 ± 2.2 y) cycled in the heat (32°C and 40% relative humidity) for 30 min at similar intensity relative to their maximal cycle test. Sweat volume was calculated from the difference of their body mass before and after cycling, since they were not allowed to drink. Sweat was collected from the scapula using absorbent patch placed on the skin that was cleaned with distilled water. After cycling, the patch was transferred to syringe and the sample was obtained when squeezing it to a tube. Concentration of sodium ([Na+]), chloride ([Cl-]) and potassium ([K+]) were analyzed using an ion selector analyzer. Results: The sweat volume, in liters, of swimmers (0.9 ± 0.3) was lower (P < .05) than that of runners (1.5 ± 0.2) and similar to that of nonathletes (0.6 ± 0.2). [Na+] and [Cl-], in mmol·L-1, of swimmers (65.4 ± 5.5 and 61.2 ± 81), and nonathletes (67.3 ± 8.5 and 58.3 ± 9.6) were higher (P < .05) than those of runners (45.2 ± 7.5 and 38.9 ± 8.3). [K+] was similar among groups. Conclusions: The lower sweat volume and higher sweat [Na+] and [Cl-] of swimmers, as compared with runners, indicate that training in the water does not cause the same magnitude of sweating adaptations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the performance of food consumption markers of the Food and Nutrition Surveillance System (Sisvan) in assessing the overall dietary quality., Methods: The study was carried out based on the reproduction of responses to markers in 24-hour recall data from 46,164 individuals aged ≥ 10 years, from the 2017-2018 Household Budget Survey (POF). Seven Sisvan markers were evaluated, and two scores were calculated for each participant, based on the sum of the number of healthy food markers (beans, fruits, and vegetables, ranging from 0 to 3) and unhealthy (hamburgers/sausages, sweetened beverages, instant noodles/salt snacks/crackers, stuffed cookies/sweets/candies, ranging from 0 to 4) consumed. Linear regression analyses were used to assess the association between scores and diet quality indicators (ultra-processed foods, dietary diversity, and levels of saturated and trans fat, added sugar, sodium, potassium, and fiber in the diet)., Results: The score of healthy eating markers increased significantly with increasing dietary diversity and potassium and fiber contents in the diet, while the opposite trend was observed for the densities of added sugar, sodium, saturated and trans fat (p < 0.001). The score of unhealthy eating markers increased significantly with the increase in the consumption of ultra-processed foods and densities of added sugar, saturated and trans fat levels in the diet, while an inverse trend was observed for potassium and fiber (p < 0.001). The joint analysis of the combination of the two marker scores showed that individuals with better performance (3 in the healthy food score, and 0 in the unhealthy food score) have a lower number of inadequacies in nutrient consumption., Conclusion: Sisvan food consumption markers, quickly and easily applied and already incorporated into the Brazilian public health system, have good potential to reflect the overall dietary quality.

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In most countries, salt intake has been excessive and constitutes one of the main risk factors for disease development, especially hypertension. Factors such as age, gender, sedentary lifestyle, smoking, African descent, obesity, dietary habits and family history of hypertension may be associated with high blood pressure. Studies show a positive association between the excretion of sodium and increased blood pressure. We evaluated the urinary excretion of sodium and associated factors in isolated urine samples of African descendants from remaining Quilombos. We performed a cross-sectional, population-based study with 1162 African descendants living in remaining quilombos in Alcântara, Maranhão, Brazil. Demographic, nutritional, clinical and laboratory data were analyzed. Urinary sodium excretion was estimated using the Kawasaki equation. A multivariate linear regression model was used to identify the variables related to sodium excretion. The average age was 37.6 ± 11.8 years and 51.2% were women. The prevalence of hypertension was 21.3%. The average urinary excretion of sodium was high, especially among the hypertensive (217.9 ± 90.1 vs. 199.2 ± 83.0 mmol/d; p = .002). After an adjusted analysis, only the waist circumference (odds ratios (OR) = 1.16; confidence intervals(CI)95%: 1.03-1.30), triglyceride (OR = 1.13; CI95%: 1.05-1.22), systolic blood pressure (OR = 1.19; CI95%: 1.08-1.32) and Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology (CKD-EPI;OR = 1.24; CI95%: 1.15-1.35) remained related to urinary sodium excretion. African descendants had a high rate of sodium excretion, especially among those who had hypertension. Abdominal adiposity, triglyceride and systolic blood pressure levels and renal function by CKD-EPI equation were associated to urinary sodium excretion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethnopharmacological relevance The use of marine seaweeds as a source of natural compounds with medicinal purposes is increasing in Western countries in the last decades, becoming an important alternative in the traditional medicine of many developing countries, where diarrhea still remains a severe public health problem, with high rates of mortality and morbidity. Sulfated polysaccharides (PLS) extracted from red seaweeds can exhibit therapeutic effects for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. Thus, the pharmacological properties of the PLS from Gracilaria cervicornis , an endemic seaweed found in the Brazilian northeast coast, was evaluated as an alternative natural medication for diarrhea. Aim of the study This study aimed to evaluate the antidiarrheal activity of sulfated polysaccharides (PLS) extracted from the red seaweed G. cervicornis in Swiss mice pre-treated with castor oil or cholera toxin. Materials and methods The seaweed Gracilaria cervicornis was collected at Flecheiras beach (city of Trairí, State of Ceará, Brazil) and the PLS was obtained through enzymatic extraction and administered in mice (25–30 g) before diarrhea induction with castor oil or cholera toxin. For the evaluation of the total number of fecal output and diarrheal feces, the animals were placed in cages lined with adsorbent material. The evaluation of intestinal fluid accumulation (enteropooling) on castor oil-induced diarrhea in mice occurred by dissecting the small intestine and measuring its volume. The determination of Na + /K + -ATPase activity was measured in the small intestine supernatants by colorimetry, using commercial biochemistry kits. The gastrointestinal motility was evaluated utilizing an activated charcoal as a food tracer. The intestinal fluid secretion and chloride ion concentration were evaluated in intestinal closed loops in mice with cholera toxin-induced secretory diarrhea. The binding ability of PLS with GM1 and/or cholera toxin was evaluated by an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Results The G. cervicornis PLS showed antidiarrheal effects in both acute and secretory diarrhea, reducing the total number of fecal output, diarrheic stools, intestinal fluid accumulation, and increasing small intestine Na + /K + -ATPase activity on castor oil-induced diarrhea. However, the PLS did not affect gastrointestinal motility, indicating that this compound has a different action mechanism than loperamide. In secretory diarrhea, the PLS decreased intestinal fluid secretion and small intestine chloride excretion, binding with GM1 and/or cholera toxin and blocking their attachment to the enterocyte cell surface. Conclusions In conclusion, PLS has a significant antidiarrheal effect in acute and secretory diarrhea. Further investigation is needed towards its use as a natural medicine to treat diarrhea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethnopharmacological relevance Although Alibertia edulis (L.C. Rich.) A.C. Rich decoction is used in Brazilian folk medicine due to its possible antihypertensive effect, this species has never been critically investigated as a hypotensive drug. So, the aim of this study was to evaluate the possible hypotensive and antihypertensive effects of the oral administration of Alibertia edulis aqueous extract (AEAE) in normotensive and hypertensive rats, and evaluate its inter-relation with a possible diuretic activity. Material and methods Different doses of AEAE (20, 65 and 200 mg/kg) were tested on the mean arterial pressure (MAP) of normotensive Wistar rats and after induction of renovascular hypertension (two-kidney, one-clip Goldblatt model). In addition, the diuretic effects of AEAE were compared with hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) in an acute and repeated-dose treatment for 7 days. Volume, sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium contents, pH and density were estimated in urine samples collected after 8 or 24 h. Plasma sodium, potassium, total protein, urea, creatinine, AST and ALT concentrations were measured in samples collected at the end of the experimental period (seventh day). Finally, the antioxidant activity of the AEAE was assessed using the DPPH radical scavenging and ferric ions reducing power assay. Results The intraduodenal administration of the HCTZ and AEAE significantly reduced, in a dose-dependent manner, the MAP in both normotensive and hypertensive rats. Otherwise, the heart rate was not affected by any treatment. Acute and prolonged oral administration of AEAE (200 mg/kg) and HCTZ caused a significant increase in volume and urinary concentrations of sodium, potassium and chloride. Moreover, urinary calcium concentration was significantly increased after administration of AEAE (200 mg/kg). Finally, AEAE was able to present important in vitro antioxidant properties. Conclusion The results obtained have shown that AEAE presents potent diuretic activity and significant hypotensive and antihypertensive effect. In addition, this study may confirm part of the pharmacological activity popularly attributed to this species and opens perspective for the future use in various renal and cardiovascular diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the performance of addition rates of basaltic breccia and agricultural gypsum on clay stabilization and nutrients release of a solodic Planosol from a degraded borrow area located in Southern Brazil. A leaching experiment was carried out in PVC cylinders filled with 1.5 kg of soil (C horizon), in which two chemical amendments were added in three different proportions: a) basaltic breccia in 7, 14 and 21 Mg ha−1 doses; b) agricultural gypsum in 7, 14 and 21 Mg ha−1 doses; and c) a standard soil, without chemical correction. Distilled water (300 mL) were added every 7 days for 20 weeks and the pH, electrical conductivity, calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium contents and the water-dispersible clay were analyzed in the collected leachates. Gypsum was more efficient than basaltic breccia to promote clay flocculation, even at the lower rate (7 Mg ha−1). The application of basaltic breccia up to 21 Mg ha−1 reduced the amount of nutrients released directly to the soil solution, reducing soil leaching. The application of basaltic breccia at the dosage of 7 Mg ha−1 was able to reduce more than 65% of the water-dispersive clay from the degraded solodic Planosol. • Basaltic breccia reduce soil leaching. • Basaltic breccia reduce water-dispersive clay. • Basaltic breccia restore main ecological functions of a degraded land. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sodium and chloride disturbances have attracted increasing attention in recent years. Many pathophysiological effects are associated with hyperchloremia, including reduction in mean arterial pressure and acute renal disease. Pediatric patients undergoing liver transplantation are at risk of developing various electrolyte and biochemical abnormalities, with an impact on their postoperative outcomes., Objective: To analyze the impacts of serum sodium and chloride levels on prognosis of Pediatric Liver Transplant receptors., Methods: This was a retrospective analytical observational study performed in a single transplant reference center in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Included patients were pediatric patients who underwent liver transplantation between January 2015 and July 2019. Statistical regression analysis and General Estimating Equations analysis were performed to evaluate the impacts of sodium and chloride disturbances on the development of acute renal failure and mortality., Results: A total of 143 patients were included in this study. The main diagnosis was Biliary Atresia (62.9%). Twenty-seven patients died (18.9%), and graft dysfunction was the main cause of death (29.6%). The only variable individually associated with 28-days mortality was PIM-3 score (HR 1.59, CI 95% 1.165-2.177, p = 0.004). Forty-one patients (28.6%) developed moderate or severe AKI. PIM-3 score (OR 3.052, 95% CI 1.56-5.97, p = 0.001), hypernatremia (OR 3.49, 95% CI 1.32-9.23, p = 0.012), and hyponatremia (OR 4.24, 95% CI 1.52-11.85, p = 0.006) were independently associated with the development of moderate/severe AKI., Conclusions: In pediatric patients after liver transplantation, PIM-3 score, and abnormal serum sodium levels were correlated with AKI development., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Copyright of Rev Rene is the property of Rev Rene and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of sodium monensin on the hepatic accumulation of copper in sheep. Twenty-four Santa Inês crossbred sheep were used and allocated in a 2 × 2 factorial experiment with six repetitions and considering the factors dietary copper (basal and high) and supplementation (with and without sodium monensin). Thus, four homogeneous groups were formed: control (basal diet); monensin (Mon), 30 ppm of monensin; copper (Cu), 10 10 mg/kg BW per day of copper; monensin + copper (MonCu). The experimental period lasted 14 weeks. Liver and bile samples were collected at the beginning and end of the experiment to determine mineral element concentrations, and weekly blood samples for biochemical, hematological, and mineral evaluation. Liver copper concentrations at the beginning of the experiment did not vary between groups, while mean liver copper concentrations at the end of the experiment were higher in the MonCu, Cu, and Mon groups when compared to the control. At the end of the study, hepatic copper concentration was influenced by copper (p = 0.0001) and monensin (p = 0.0003) supplementation. Copper-supplemented groups had reduced liver iron contents (p = 0.0287) and increased copper concentrations in bile. The biochemical evaluation showed increased serum GGT and AST activity (p < 0.05) in the Cu and MonCu groups from the eleventh week on compared to the control and Mon groups. The increase in activity of these enzymes was influenced by copper supplementation (p = 0.0340). Monensin interferes positively with the hepatic accumulation of copper and the supplementation of this additive may predispose sheep to copper poisoning., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Ethnopharmacological relevance Although Echinodorus grandiflorus, Cuphea carthagenensis, and Phyllanthus tenellus infusions are used in Brazilian folk medicine due to their possible diuretic effect, none of these species was critically investigated as a diuretic drug. So, the aim of this study was to evaluate the possible acute diuretic activity of ethanol soluble fractions (ES) obtained from these species and assess the relationship between renal cortical blood flow and their antioxidant and hypotensive activity using normotensive Wistar rats. Material and methods The preparation obtained from E. grandiflorus (ES-EG), C. carthagenensis (ES-CC) , and P. tenellus (ES-PT) infusions was orally administered in a single dose to rats. Urine excretion rate, pH, density, conductivity and Na + , K + , Cl − and HCO 3 − contents were measured in the urine of saline-loaded animals. Concentration of electrolytes, total protein, urea, creatinine, and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) activity were evaluated in collected serum. The involvement of the renal cortical blood flow and antioxidative activity in the hypotensive and diuretic effects was also determined. Results Water and Na + , Cl − and Na + excretion rates were significantly increased by ES-EG, while urinary bicarbonate excretion was reduced. Moreover, ES obtained from E. grandiflorus was able to significantly increase renal blood flow and reduce mean arterial pressure and oxidative stress in “in vitro” and “in vivo” models. All other parameters evaluated were not affected by any treatment. Conclusion The results presented here shown that the ES-EG obtained from E. grandiflorus leaves shown a significant diuretic and hypotensive activity and suggest that these effects could be related with an important renal and systemic vasodilator effect. In addition, it was shown for the first time that the pharmacological effects of ES obtained from P. tenellus and C. carthagenensis do not support its popular use as a diuretic agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ObjectiveTo analyse the Na content and labelling of processed and ultra-processed food products marketed in Brazil.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingA large supermarket in Florianopolis, southern Brazil.SubjectsIngredient lists and Na information on nutrition labels of all processed and ultra-processed pre-prepared meals and prepared ingredients, used in lunch or dinner, available for sale in the supermarket.ResultsThe study analysed 1416 products, distributed into seven groups and forty-one subgroups. Five products did not have Na information. Most products (58·8 %; 95 % CI 55·4, 62·2 %) had high Na content (>600 mg/100 g). In 78·0 % of the subgroups, variation in Na content was at least twofold between similar products with high and low Na levels, reaching 634-fold difference in the ‘garnishes and others’ subgroup. More than half of the products (52·0 %; 95 % CI 48·2, 55·6 %) had at least one Na-containing food additive. There was no relationship between the appearance of salt on the ingredients list (first to third position on the list) and a product’s Na content (high, medium or low; P=0·08).ConclusionsMost food products had high Na content, with great variation between similar products, which presents new evidence for reformulation opportunities. There were inconsistencies in Na labelling, such as lack of nutritional information and incomplete ingredient descriptions. The position of salt on the ingredients list did not facilitate the identification of high-Na foods. We therefore recommend a reduction in Na in these products and a review of Brazilian legislation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To estimate beef consumption and its influence on carbon and water footprints, as well as to improve the nutritional quality of the Brazilian diet., Methods: The amount of beef and other foods consumed was evaluated by two 24-hour food records in a representative sample of the Brazilian population ≥ 10 years of age (n = 32,853) from 2008 to 2009. The environmental impact of the diet considered the coefficients of the carbon footprint (gCO2 and/kg) and the water footprint (liters/kg) of the foods, as well as their nutritional quality considering the nutrient composition of each food associated with the prevention of nutritional deficiencies or the increase/decrease in chronic disease risk. Linear and logistic regression models, crude and adjusted for sex, age, education, income, region, and area, were used to respectively study the association of fifths of the caloric contribution of beef with the environmental impacts of the diet and inadequate nutrient intake., Results: Carbon and water footprints and protein, iron, zinc, vitamin B12, saturated fat, and sodium contents were higher in the fraction of the diet composed of beef, whereas fiber and added sugar contents were higher in the fraction composed by the other foods. Dietary beef contribution was directly associated with the carbon and water footprints of the diet and the risk of saturated fat and sodium excess, besides fiber insufficiency, inversely associated with the risk of protein, iron, zinc, and vitamin B12 insufficiency., Conclusion: Reducing beef consumption in Brazil would also reduce the carbon and water footprints of the diet, as well as the risk of chronic diseases related to food. Therefore, in order not to increase the risk of nutritional deficiencies, monitoring the increased intake of other foods rich in protein, iron, zinc, and vitamin B12 is suggested.

Affordable nutrient density is provided by low-cost and nutrient-rich foods. We explored nutrient density, cost, and NOVA category assignments within and across food groups in Brazil. The nutrient density of the foods ( n = 591) was assessed using the Nutrient Rich Food Index (NRF9.3) based on protein, fiber, vitamin A (RAE), vitamin C, vitamin E (mg), Ca, Fe, K and Mg; and NRF6.3 score for priority nutrients: Ca, Fe, Zn, vitamin A, vitamin B12, and folate. Nutrients to limit (LIM) were saturated fat, added sugar, and sodium. Affordability was defined as the ratio of energy and/or nutrient density of foods and retail price per 100 kcal. Foods were classified as minimally processed ( n = 106), processed ( n = 188), ultra-processed ( n = 286), and culinary ingredients ( n = 11). Nutrient density was positively linked to per 100 kcal food cost. Ultra-processed foods (UPF) contained more energy, fat, sugar, and salt and had lower NRF scores compared to minimally processed (MPF) foods. UPF was also less expensive than MPF foods. Nutrient-rich foods below the median per 100 kcal costs included MPF foods, but also processed foods (PF) and UPF. Affordable nutrient-rich foods can be found in the different categories of the NOVA classification.

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Hypertension is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in Brazil. Diet may play an important role in reducing blood pressure (BP), as has been shown for diets high in fruits, vegetables and low-fat dairy products and low in salt (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH)-Na). A low-glycaemic index Brazilian diet combined with the principles of the DASH-Na diet was evaluated in a randomised study of 206 individuals who were followed for 6 months. In the control group (CG), counselling was based on standard care and mainly focused on salt intake reduction. An intention-to-treat analysis showed that, after 6 months, systolic BP was reduced by 14·4 mmHg and diastolic BP by 9·7 mmHg in the experimental group (EG), compared with 6·7 and 4·6 mmHg, respectively, in the CG. After adjusting for body weight, BP at baseline and age, these changes were 12·1 and 7·9 mmHg, respectively. Urinary Na excretion was also reduced by 43·4 mEq/24 h in the EG. Food intake was modified accordingly during the intervention with an increase in the consumption of vegetables (2·97–5·85 frequency of consumption measured in three non-consecutive days), fruits (4·09–7·18), beans (1·94–3·13) and fish (1·80–2·74) by the EG. The present study showed the feasibility of a Brazilian dietary approach to treating hypertension by reducing urinary Na excretion and BP, changes that may have a great impact on public health and promote the benefits of controlling hypertension. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Excessive sodium intake has been related to high blood pressure, a central risk factor for cardiovascular disease. In the present work, updated estimates of sodium intake, the main food sources, and the prevalence of excessive intakes in a nationwide multi-ethnic sample of Brazilian adults (2017-2018 Brazilian National Dietary Survey) were presented. Based on two 24-h recalls adjusted for the within-person variation, the overall median of sodium intake was 2432 mg. The prevalence of adults exceeding the recommended limits (tolerable upper limit, UL, and the chronic disease risk reduction cut-off point, CDRR) was 61% and 56%, respectively. The median sodium intake and proportion of individuals above the limits varied according to the subgroups evaluated. Males and adults (20-29 years) presented the highest excessive sodium intakes, and consequently, lowest adherence rates to UL and CDRR recommendations. The top food sources of sodium were white bread and toast (12.3%), beans (11.6%), white rice (10.6%), beef (7.7%), and poultry meat (5.5%). Given the health benefits of dietary sodium reduction, it would be advisable to enhance the current national initiatives of awareness and educational campaigns' combined efforts to reduce sodium in processed foods to effectively decrease this micronutrient intake across the Brazilian population.

This paper reports the hydrochemistry and activity concentration of the natural radionuclides 238 U, 234 U, and 210 Po for three compartments of the hydrological/hydrogeological system in Araxá city, Minas Gerais State, Brazil: 1) mineral waters from the prominent springs Dona Beja (DBS) and Andrade Júnior (AJS), occurring at Barreiro area; 2) surface waters from Barreiro area and vicinity; and 3) rainwater. According to the Rule for Mineral Waters in Brazil (Register 7841) for temperature, the DBS water is cold (< 25 °C), while AJS is hypothermal (25-33 °C). The TDS (Total Dissolved Solids) concentration of DBS is low (70 mg/L), but high in AJS (2898 mg/L). The hydrogeochemical facies corresponded to sodium-(bi)carbonate for AJS and sodium/potassium-bicarbonate for DBS. The hydrochemical differences of DBS and AJS waters reflect the distinct characteristics of their respective aquifer systems. The DBS classification for TDS is the same of the Barreiro basin surface waters (mean TDS = 102 mg/L). Such value is somewhat higher than that of the rainwater and surface waters used for human consumption at Araxá city (TDS < 50 mg/L). The dataset reported in this paper indicated that fluoride and barium exceeded the WHO limits proposed in 2011 for drinking water. Among the natural radionuclides analyzed here that offer potential hazards for the human health is 210 Po, whose WHO's limiting value of 100 mBq/L in drinking water was exceeded in rainwater, thus, restricting the use of this resource as a possible supply of drinking water for the local community., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.)

In this article author talks about Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) that is a common chronic condition. Topics include considered that research regarding the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in the occurrence of OSA as well as effective alternative approaches that can alleviate the severity of the sleep-related breathing disorder.

Highlights: [•] Sodium level in Brazilian typical cheeses. [•] Seventy percent can be classified as high sodium cheeses. [•] Considerable contribution for the recommend sodium ingestion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Growing evidence of the global transition in food systems exists, affecting the availability, accessibility, affordability, and convenience of highly processed foods. This study aimed to evaluate the apparent consumption of energy, saturated fat, added sugars, and sodium according to the degree of food processing in Argentina from 1996 to 2018 and according to income level. This is a descriptive and cross-sectional study with data on food and beverage expenditures and income from the National Household Expenditure Survey for years 1996-1997, 2004-2005, 2012-2013, and 2017-2018, including more than 20,000 households in each period. The apparent daily consumption of energy, saturated fat, added sugars, and sodium per adult for: (1) minimally processed foods; (2) processed culinary ingredients; (3) processed foods; and (4) ultra-processed products, was calculated for each period and according to per capita income quintile in each household. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed. Reductions in the proportion of energy and all nutrients evaluated from minimally processed foods, culinary ingredients and processed foods were observed, as well as an increase in the consumption of ultra-processed products. One also observes a greater share from ultra-processed foods as household income increases but with decreasing differences over time. Therefore, future strategies in Argentina should promote the consumption of minimally processed foods and discourage the availability and accessibility of ultra-processed ones, especially for the most vulnerable groups.

This study aimed to develop and validate an instrument to assess Brazilian adults' knowledge, perceptions, and behaviors (KPB) toward salt and sodium. Based on a PAHO/WHO questionnaire, a new instrument was developed and evaluated by 11 experts, generating item and scale-level content validity indexes (I-CVI and S-CVI, respectively). Face validity was verified through a focus group with eight participants, followed by an operational test with 36 interviewees. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was used to determine the construct validity, and Cronbach's α coefficient was calculated to analyze instrument's reliability, using data collected via telephone from a probabilistic sample of 422 adults. The generated solutions were analyzed from theoretical and statistical significance perspectives, which supported the determination of the best model. Remaining items were scored, with higher scores related to healthier practices. A descriptive analysis was performed considering the data from the 422-adult sample. I-CVIs (0.73-1), S-CVIs (0.93; 0.97) and the interviewees' analysis indicated that items are representative and clear, in addition to being suitable for application to the target audience. Tests confirmed sample adequacy to perform the EFA (KMO = 0.82; Bartlett's sphericity test, p < .001). The final validated model, with 16 items, sufficiently explained the variance and presented good reliability (Cronbach's α = 0.81; 95% CI 0.79 - 0.84). Women, older individuals, and with higher education had significantly higher scores, regardless of chronic diseases diagnosis (p < .001). This instrument is ready to be applied and easily reproduced, contributing to the assessment of KPB toward salt and sodium in Brazil., (© 2022 The Authors. The Journal of Clinical Hypertension published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Abstract: In a field experiment performed in Lins County (São Paulo State, Brazil), treated sewage effluent (TSE) irrigation increased sugarcane yield but caused an excessive increase in the exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) and clay dispersion after 16months due to an intense irrigation regime (2500mm/16months) with sodium rich effluents. After two additional complete cycles with lower TSE irrigation rates (1200mmyear−1), 1700kgha−1 of phosphogypsum was added to a section of the irrigated plots to evaluate its residence time and its implications on Na+ dynamics and other soil properties. Undisturbed soil cores were taken 2years after phosphogypsum application to verify soil physical properties up to 0.2m depth, and disturbed soil samples were taken every year up to 1m depth for chemical analyses. After 5years of consecutive TSE irrigation (2005–2010), soil acidity (pH≈5) and basic cations (Ca≈12, Mg≈6 and K≈2mmolc kg−1) were maintained in adequate conditions for plant development without the necessity of liming, while acidity was increased (pH≈4.5) and Ca (≈9mmolc kg−1), and the Mg (≈4.5mmolc kg−1) concentration decreased in the rainfed without phosphogypsum treatment. An increase in water retention capacity at −30 (from 0.14 to 0.17m3 m−3) and −1500kPa (from 0.08 to 0.12m3 m−3) potentials was also observed in all TSE irrigated treatments. The plots with a phosphogypsum treatment showed average increases of 2mmolc kg−1 of Ca2+ and 7mgkg−1 of S-SO4 2− in all soil profiles and an average reduction of 2mmolc kg−1 of Na+ up to 0.4m from 2008 to 2009. However, the extent of the chemical effects was greater after the first year compared to the second year. The high concentration of Na+ found in previous studies performed in the same area returned to low concentrations after continued TSE irrigation at lower rates, even without the phosphogypsum application. An unusual phosphorus migration was observed to the 0.4–0.8m soil layer as a result of TSE irrigation, most likely due to a high pH and a Na carbonate-dominated TSE. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The construction of strategies for reducing the sodium content of processed foods is part of a set of actions to decrease the intake of this nutrient in Brazil--from the current 12 g of salt per person per day to less than 5 g per person per day (2 000 mg sodium) by 2020. In this process, a central action is the pact between the government and the food industry to establish voluntary, gradual, and sustainable targets to reduce the maximum sodium content of industrial foods. This article describes the Brazilian experience in building and implementing strategies for the reduction of these maximum limits in processed foods and the social actors involved in this effort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This cross-sectional study, based in implementation intention theory, describes action plans developed by women with hypertension (n=49) to add no more than 4g of salt per day to food and to reduce consumption of salty foods, as well as describing the barriers perceived and the coping strategies adopted for putting the action plans into practice. The plans were categorized according to similarities and were submitted to frequency analysis. The majority of the action and coping plans had to do with the effectuation of the behavior involving adding up to 4g of salt per day per person to food. The action strategies were aimed at quantifying the salt added, and the main obstacles were related to the reduced palatability of the food made with less salt. The coping plans have to do with preparing foods separately and to using natural seasonings instead of salt. This data can help the nurse to design activities for clinical education, with a view to reducing salt consumption among patients who prepare their own food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Agricultural Research in the Tropics / Pesquisa Agropecuária Tropical is the property of Pesquisa Agropecuaria Tropical and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)