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This article makes a reflection on the progressivity of the pension policy in Brazil, based on the debate between Hoffmann (2021) and Cardoso et al. (2021a, 2021b) published in REP. The adequacy and equity dimensions should occupy a prominent space in this analysis. The empirical literature, through the calculation of the Replacement Rate and the Internal Rate of Return, provides evidence about progressivity of old-age benefits of RGPS, in the dimensions of income, sex, education and type of benefit. As for the federal RPPS, there is less clear evidence of progressivity in terms of sex, and evidence of regressivity in terms of income. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Living in rural neighborhoods has always been a characteristic of small and medium-sized Brazilian farmers. However, when observing the agricultural censuses of 2006 and 2017, carried out in Brazil, there is a tendency to separate the place of work and residence of farmers. This articleanalyzed the double residence and the phenomenon of pendular displacement of farmers in the municipalities of Zona da Mata Mineira (ZMM), an important coffee region in Minas in Brazil, and to discuss its possible causes and impacts in the region. The research used data from the 2006 and 2017 Agricultural Censuses of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multivariate linear regression models in order to better understand the factors that correlate with the percentage of owners living in cities in the municipalities of region. The results showed that, in the case of the ZMM, the growth of urban residence of farmers more expressive than the other regions of the country is mainly due to the predominance of small coffee producers. Furthermore, living in the city does not mean abandoning agricultural establishments, since living in the city does not prevent daily work in the countryside. It was concluded that the urban residence of the farmers constituted a reproductive strategy that made it possible for them to carry out other activities as well as the receipt of retirement and pensions that complement the agricultural income and, consequently, the maintenance of the agricultural establishment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasingly rapid demographic aging poses a challenge to the promotion of satisfaction in retirement. Because satisfaction in retirement is an important indicator of well-being and quality of life during retirement, it is necessary to analyze the predictors of satisfaction and build models that will help policymakers propose guidelines and initiatives in this area. Focusing on time and available resources, this study proposed and tested an explanatory model of satisfaction in retirement that assumes individual resources to be the mediator between retirement planning and satisfaction in retirement. The study included 1194 retirees between the ages of 44 and 88 from all regions of Brazil, of whom a slight majority (55.4%) were women. Participants responded to a questionnaire about satisfaction in retirement, individual resources, planning for retirement and socio-demographic characteristics. The proposed model was partially confirmed, in that only physical, financial and social resources were found to play a mediating role in the relationship between retirement planning and satisfaction in retirement. The results emphasize that it is important for retirement planning to focus on developing individual resources essential to well-being, especially those related to health, finances and relationships. The discussion also addresses the situation of retirees in Brazil and suggests improvements to the way well-being in retirement is conceived. The article concludes by recommending that other variables be included in future studies and that the model be tested in other contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this research was to fill the gap represented by the lack of studies that apply Behavioral Finance concepts in the segmentation of investors in retirement savings plans. Based on a bibliographic review, and the study of multiple cases, there was revealed relevant aspects of the supplemental retirement market in Brazil, this article proposes a new set of demographic and psychographic variables that were more effective in previous research in the segmentation of financial services clients. It innovates by incorporating variables from Psychology and Behavioral Finance, especially the "rationality" variable which has a remarkable ability to synthesize vulnerabilities to a wide universe of heuristics and biases when applied to investors. In addition, significant behavioral barriers were identified for the expansion of the retirement market, such as a low level of maturity of current market practices in Brazil and the need to use Behavioral Finance instruments in this confrontation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Gaucha de Enfermagem is the property of Revista Gaucha de Enfermagem and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Enfermagem Brasil is the property of Atlantica Editora and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Private Pension Plans have been widely discussed in Brazil, from the economic-social aspects to the legal and regulatory aspects that involve this investment, which is so sensitive to society. Previous works in the literature have shown how pension funds have a lower performance than non-pension funds. However, there are few studies that assess the reason for these differences. This paper analyzed how the regulatory aspect directly influences portfolio manager's decision-making, limiting their investment alternatives, which may be a possible cause for poor performance. Through Monte Carlo simulations based on real data from the market from 2008 to 2017, we evaluated that, in financial terms, the allocations made by a manager without the legal restrictions during the period brought results superior to the allocations made by the same manager under restrictions and that between the two classes of restrictions, for general and qualified applicants, the results did not show a significant difference that would justify the differentiation between them. This indicates that the current regulation may not be the most suitable for the final beneficiaries of pension plans over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Evidenciação Contábil & Finanças is the property of Revista Evidenciacao Contabil & Financas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Direito e Práxis is the property of Editora da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (EdUERJ) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article analyzes the color or race profile of the contributors and beneficiaries from the Social Welfare in Brazil and the effects of its reform over racial inequality. The Social Welfare contributes to the improvement of the life quality of the Black and Brown population, primarily through cash-transferences to the poorer, the definition of the national minimum wage as reference for the payments of the retirement and pensions, and through the system of differentiated retirement for rural workers. On the other hand, access to the Social Welfare System is affected by the color or race asymmetries in the labor market caused by segregation and discrimination and due to the different shapes of the age pyramid of Whites, Blacks, and Browns, and the likelihood of survival time. The article concludes that the Social Welfare reform not only did not contribute to overcoming the current color and race disadvantages but has a potentiality to deepen it even more. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate association between depressive symptoms and receipt of retirement pensions or other pensions in the Brazilian population aged 50 years or older., Method: This was a cross-sectional study with participants from the baseline (2015-2016) of the Longitudinal Study of the Health of Elderly Brazilians. Depressive symptoms were measured by the eight-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Prevalence ratios (PR) were obtained by Poisson regression., Results: Among the total 8,469 participants, 33.9% (95%CI 32.8;34.9) reported depressive symptoms and 52.8% (95%CI 51.8;53.9) of the participants received a retirement or other pension. Prevalence of depressive symptoms was lower among participants receiving a retirement or other pension (PR = 0.79; 95%CI 0.73;0.86). Association remained significant after adjustments for sociodemographic and health indicators (PR = 0.84; 95%CI 0.76;0.92)., Conclusion: Participants who receive retirement or other pensions are less likely to report depressive symptoms., Main Results: Prevalence of depressive symptoms was 33.9% in the population studied and, after adjusted analysis, it remained statistically lower among participants who received retirement or other pensions., Implications for Services: Prevalence of depressive symptoms was higher in individuals who do not receive retirement or other pensions, which demands attention from health services in caring for this public in vulnerable situations regarding social security., Perspectives: Carrying out longitudinal studies capable of assessing the temporality of association between receiving retirement or other pensions and the mental health of the elderly, thus contributing to better knowledge about the social determinants of mental health.

Objective: to evaluate the quality of life of elderly participants of a coexistence group; verify the sociodemographic profile. Methodology: This is a descriptive quantitative study, where a sociodemographic questionnaire and the Whoqol-Bref instrument were used to evaluate the quality of life of 103 elderly people from a community center in Belém do Pará. Results: most of them are elderly with age range between 70-75 years, schooling 8 years or more, pen-sioned/retired. In relation to the Whoqol-bref instrument, the elderly presented a higher score in the domain of perception of quality of life and social relations, followed respectively by physical, psychological, health satisfaction and ambient environment. Conclusion: Most retired elderly women demonstrated to have a good quality of life, highlighted for the domain of this perception and social relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bolivia and Brazil have universalized their pension and healthcare systems, respectively. Civil society organizations participated actively in social policy expansion, yet they have done so in starkly different ways, reflecting general patterns in each country. Whereas in Brazil, popular participation in social policies takes place through "inside" formal channels, such as conferences and councils, in Bolivia, bottom-up influence occurs mostly via "outside" channels, by coordinating collective action in the streets. Understanding forms of popular participation matters because policies that allow for popular input are potentially more representative, universal, and nondiscretionary. This article argues that differences in the forms of popular participation in social policy expansion can be explained by the characteristics of the institutional context and differences in the types of movements engaged in the policymaking process. By focusing on patterns of participation, these findings add nuance to the literature on Latin America's welfare states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study calculates the impact of the changes in the individual pension wealth due to the proposed constitutional amendment 287/2016 that provides on the retirement eligibility age, benefit replacement rate, benefit accrual formula, and reduced percentage of family benefits. It uses the expected cash flow in actuarial net present value for the contributions and benefits of voluntary retirement, disability retirement, and death pension, in addition to family benefits. The results show that the most affected, are those of almost full retirement age with little contribution time. However, surprisingly, for groups with a high contribution period (more than 29 years for men and 21 for women) and aged between 45 and 55 years for men and between 40 and 54 for women there is an actuarial wealth gain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this article is to examine the economic effects of some provisions on the Federal Constitution of Brazil. The Constitution of Brazil is one of the longest and most detailed constitutional texts in the world. We find that both because of the specific provisions of the text, but also by the political economy implications of the sheer length, the Brazilian Constitution tends to increase governmental spending. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Ibero-Americana de Estratégia (RIAE) is the property of Revista Ibero-Americana de Estrategia/UNINOVE and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Ibero-Americana de Estratégia (RIAE) is the property of Revista Ibero-Americana de Estrategia/UNINOVE and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper analyzes the proposed changes in the Continuous Cash Benefit (BPC) discussed within the Social Security Reform, both with regard to the Federal Government's original proposal in 2016 and the proposal by the rapporteur's project submitted to Congress in 2017. The proposed changes focus on two aspects: increased minimum age of access and unlinking the BPC amount from the minimum wage amount. The document discusses the justifications for the BPC reform, regarding both disincentives to social security contributions and demographic changes, as well as estimated possible impacts of proposed changes. The study concludes that measures, if approved, tend to reduce coverage and increase income vulnerability of the elderly and the disabled in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a vast literature that estimates the effect of the minimum wage on wage inequality in various countries. However, as the minimum wage directly affects nonlabor income of families in some countries (in the Brazilian case via the benefits of the pension system and of certain social programs), this article extends the empirical analysis by studying the effects of the minimum wage on the level of inequality of household income as a whole. To accomplish that we employ a decomposition method that gauges the contribution of the increases in the minimum wage that occurred in recent decades in Brazil through the labor and nonlabor sources of household income. The results show that the minimum wage had a contribution of 64 percent to the observed fall in income inequality between 1995 and 2014 and that pensions were the most relevant channel over this period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The universalization of the right to social security for rural producers and rural workers is a recent victory for Brazilian society. The implementation of this benefit began in the early 1990s. This article aimed to analyze the effects of rural social security on the lifestyle of families with retirees. The research was conducted in two small municipalities with agricultural economies from Zona da Mata Mineira region. The research used cross-sectional data collection procedures by applying a survey with open and closed-ended questions about consumption and living. The research sample was representative of the study population, comprising 117 rural elderly people, 64 from Piranga City and 53 from São Miguel do Anta City. Data obtained were categorized, analyzed and tested using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software. The survey results highlighted routine behavior and a predisposition to act based on a long term planning system, supported by the certainty of receiving the pension. Planned and long-term investments became a reality, including home improvement projects and acquisition of durable goods. Concerns about immediate family maintenance gave way to a perspective based on future planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In many countries the regulations governing survivors' pensions were established in periods when female labour market participation was lower than at present. However, the current trend in many Latin American countries is for growing levels of female labour participation. In Brazil, where there are no restrictions on the concurrent receipt of retirement and survivors' pensions, and where until recently lifelong pensions could be obtained without any conditionality, not only has the accumulation of such benefits grown, but there are indications that these rules have had a negative impact on women's labour market participation. Analysis of the case of Brazil shows the need for social security regulations to adapt to labour market changes, and underlines the need to acknowledge that social security regulations can actually have an impact on the labour market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper develops and applies a multidimensional counting approach to rank order wellbeing and deprivation distributions among a panel of older people in Brazil and South Africa. Using data collected in 2002 and 2008 among low-income households in urban and rural locations in Brazil and South Africa, the analysis in the paper throws light upon (i) changes in multidimensional deprivation associated with individual ageing and (ii) the effects of differential access to pension provision on wellbeing and deprivation. The paper finds that individual ageing is not necessarily associated with a decline in multidimensional wellbeing. The findings also lend support to the view that social policy, and especially inclusive pension provision, has an important role in addressing the effects of rapid population ageing in developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies on the effectiveness of retirement planning programs are relatively scarce. Retirement preparation and planning programs may assist individuals to smooth the transition to retirement and subsequent adjustment. This qualitative study examines the effects of three retirement preparation programs on civil servants in Brazil. Theoretically, the study builds on the transtheoretical model (TTM), also called the stages of change model. Twenty civil servants (aged 53-67) working for the Brazilian government were randomly assigned to one of the three retirement planning programs entitled testimony, short, and extensive. The results of qualitative interviews, conducted 6 months after completion of the programs, show that participants on the extensive program presented a broader array of changes in retirement planning and had progressed through more stages of the TTM than participants who took part in the short and testimony programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The social rights ougtht to be recognizes by the constitucion or by the laws. When the social security institutions refused to give the social benefits to its destinatary, those persons has to submit the final decision to the Judiciary Power. By this way emerges the judicial activism, that recomends to the judges, as ethical behavior, to guide its decisions towards the constitutional rules, in the moment of the interpretation of laws, or to aplicate directly its principles, in the social rights field. There is, somehow, a movement of resistance over the judicial activism, that aimes the depreciation of the power of its members. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article assesses the current status of Brazil's Social Security System in terms of the social and economic development of the Brazilian population it is intended to serve. It starts with a historical overview of the system. Data from a household survey (Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílio) is used to describe the workforce and its relationship with the social security system. The years 1992, 1997, 2002, 2007, and 2012 were chosen to give a series of pictures of the Brazilian population at equal intervals but under different legal circumstances with respect to the implementation of social security legislation. Data with regard to beneficiaries and the corresponding expenditures and revenues of the system are also shown. The situation presented is rather bleak considering that, since 1997, expenditure on benefits has consistently surpassed revenues based on payrolls. Some alternative reform options (parametric in nature) are evaluated using simulations. These simulations show that the alternative of postponing the eligibility age would have the greatest positive effect on balancing the books, especially when using 65 years as the minimum pensionable age. This would be the equivalent of eliminating "seniority retirement." Age testing is also effective for the recipients of survivor's benefit. Eliminating multiple benefits, though not impressive in terms of numbers, is progressive in nature and, therefore, an alternative to be considered. Dissociating the minimum wage from the minimum benefit would have a much larger impact in the long run, but the measure is highly unpopular and would most probably not be approved if proposed by the Government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Sexualidad, Salud y Sociedad: Revista Latinoamericana is the property of Editora da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (EdUERJ) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To achieve national goals defined by the 1988 Brazilian Federal Constitution, cash benefits alone are insufficient in the absence of more robust social services to reduce inequalities and improve social cohesion. The Constitution, albeit of national importance and international significance, has not addressed many institutional and administrative weaknesses in the design of the national pension system. Although coverage has been increased and inequality reduced, these measures are not sufficient. Brazil's ambitions to further develop social policies (and, indeed, to live up to its accorded international status as a social policy leader) may be constrained by an over-reliance on conditional cash transfers such as those provided under the Bolsa Família programme. Brazil faces a major political-economy challenge in addressing all these issues because the policy reform process is difficult, and, more importantly, because of the embedded role of vested interests. Moreover, Brazil must tackle these issues in the face of growing fiscal pressures, which could weaken the current political legitimacy of social policy and undermine important recent successes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resumen Los trabajadores por cuenta propia del Brasil constituyen un grupo en gran parte excluido del régimen de previsión social. El artículo presenta dos programas iniciados en el decenio de 2000 que han logrado muy buenos resultados en términos de formalización y protección de estos trabajadores. Los programas ofrecen trámites de declaración simplificados, ventajas comerciales (acceso al crédito y emisión de facturas) y un nivel de cotización adaptado a la capacidad de pago de los pequeños empresarios y trabajadores independientes. Los datos que ofrecen los autores convencen acerca de la eficacia de los programas y facilitan su potencial aplicación en otros contextos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Ciencias Sociais is the property of Revista Brasileira de Ciencias Sociais and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The rise of social assistance in Brazil has been remarkable. The 1988 Constitution signalled a renewed 'social contract' leading to citizenship-based social assistance providing guaranteed income to older and disabled people in poverty. Municipal activism in the 1990s extended the provision of direct transfers to all households in poverty through Bolsa Escola and other programmes later consolidated into Bolsa Família. This article studies the origins and evolution of social assistance institutions in Brazil, paying due attention to the role of ideas and politics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides a comprehensive assessment of the effects of social protection interventions on material and subjective elements of well-being. Drawing on a longitudinal survey located in two relatively deprived parts of Brazil, it assesses the effects of pensions and other cash transfers on the well-being of older people and their households. This analysis is located within a dynamic economic and public policy context. The article finds that pension benefits significantly increase per capita income and that this is strongly associated with overall levels of satisfaction with household well-being. Levels of reported subjective well-being do not fall as respondents age, and the survey finds high levels of optimism about future well-being. The positive effects of pension benefits were supported by upgraded health services and by more specific policies such as access to credit on favourable terms. Overall, the authors conclude that a combination of economic growth and effective public policies significantly boosted the well-being of most households in their survey, and that Brazil can be taken as a model of good practice for other middle-income countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper draws on two linked studies of social policy and wellbeing in later life. The studies make comparisons between distinct groups of older people at the national and sub-national levels, as well as over time. The paper reflects on some of the main challenges for operationalising this complex design, as well as for interpreting findings and identifies lessons for other studies. The first study, conducted in 2002, included a questionnaire survey of around 2000 households containing at least one older person in South Africa and Brazil, supplemented by a set of in-depth qualitative interviews. Intriguingly, these countries had remarkably similar pension programmes, providing the majority of older people a reliable payment of roughly US$3 a day. This offered the prospect of exploring the effects of similar interventions in distinct developmental and cultural settings. In both countries, we found that these pensions had a substantial impact on the prevalence and depth of poverty in the study households, and were usually shared between older people and other family members. The second survey took place in 2008/9 and involved revisiting the households included in the 2002 survey, along with a separate set of in-depth interviews. This provided an opportunity for dynamic analysis of economic and wellbeing effects, against a backdrop of increased divergence in the wider national settings. Among other things, this revealed high and increasing levels of life satisfaction across all the study groups, although the extent to which this was directly related to generous pension provision cannot be ascertained. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Copyright of Estudos de Sociologia is the property of Universidade Estadual Paulista and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article reports on the three key social policies of Former Brazilian President Luiz Anácio Lula da Silva's administration, namely aid to small farmers, labor and pension reforms, and the cash-transfer programs to the poor (CTPP). CTPP or Bolsa Familia (Family Stipend) stretched an already existing welfare system and reached about a quarter of Brazil's population by 2006, and reduced extreme poverty in Brazil by 19% and moderate poverty by 12%. The author describes Lula's left-wing neoliberalism as a qualified form of progressivism.

El presente estudio se concentra en el análisis de las reformas y modelos previsionales del Brasil, Chile y Uruguay, países que siguieron trayectorias diferentes de transformación. Para eso, se exploran las tendencias de reconfiguración de sus sistemas previsionales luego de las sucesivas reformas. Se constata en esos sistemas que tanto el estrechamiento entre contribuciones y beneficios, el creciente papel que adquiere el pilar de capitalización privado y la expansión del pilar asistencial, apuntan hacia diferentes formatos de «multipilarización» de los arreglos previsionales, con consecuencias inciertas desde el punto de vista distributivo y de la dinámica de los intereses constitutivos de la previsión social. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In many emerging economies such as Brazil, pension programs of public sector workers are more generous than pension programs of private sector workers. The opportunity costs of running generous public pension schemes for civil servants are potentially large in emerging economies that often suffer from low public investments in education and infrastructure. In this paper, we develop a two-sector dynamic general equilibrium framework to quantify these opportunity cost effects. We find that the efficiency and welfare gains of reallocating government resources from non-productive public sector pensions to productive public education and infrastructure investments are larger than the welfare effects created by classic public pension reforms that simply reduce savings and tax distortions by making pensions less generous. Calculating transitions to the post-reform steady state, we find that welfare losses for the generation born before the reform are offset by welfare gains by the generations born after the reform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work consists of a comparative analysis of union government interaction in Argentinean and Brazilian pension reform. The research problem is to investigate in which political-institutional conditions union confederations are supposed to be included in a negotiated process of pension reform. This work argues that the peculiarities of decision-making process, and not the demand and resources of union confederations, set the terms of union-government interaction in Argentinean and Brazilian pension reform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Sociedade e Estado is the property of Sociedade e Estado and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)