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Objective: The aim of this study was to describe practices for weaning from mechanical ventilation (MV), in terms of the use of protocols, methods, and criteria, in pediatric ICUs (PICUs), neonatal ICUs (NICUs), and mixed neonatal/pediatric ICUs (NPICUs) in Brazil. Methods: This was a cross-sectional survey carried out by sending an electronic questionnaire to a total of 298 NICUs, PICUs, and NPICUs throughout Brazil. Results: Completed questionnaires were assessed for 146 hospitals, NICUs accounting for 49.3% of the questionnaires received, whereas PICUs and NPICUs accounted for 35.6% and 15.1%, respectively. Weaning protocols were applied in 57.5% of the units. In the NICUs and NPICUs that used weaning protocols, the method of MV weaning most commonly employed (in 60.5% and 50.0%, respectively) was standardized gradual withdrawal from ventilatory support, whereas that employed in most (53.0%) of the PICUs was spontaneous breathing trial (SBT). During the SBTs, the most common ventilation mode, in all ICUs, was pressure-support ventilation (10.03 ± 3.15 cmH2O) with positive end-expiratory pressure. The mean SBT duration was 35.76 ± 29.03 min in the NICUs, compared with 76.42 ± 41.09 min in the PICUs. The SBT parameters, weaning ventilation modes, and time frame considered for extubation failure were not found to be dependent on the age profile of the ICU population. The findings of the clinical evaluation and arterial blood gas analysis are frequently used as criteria to assess readiness for extubation, regardless of the age group served by the ICU. Conclusions: In Brazil, the clinical practices for weaning from MV and extubation appear to vary depending on the age group served by the ICU. It seems that weaning protocols and SBTs are used mainly in PICUs, whereas gradual withdrawal from ventilatory support is more widely used in NICUs and NPICUs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Leafcutter ant Acromyrmex balzani is a species responsible for causing important losses in agricultural crops, pastures and forest plantations. Croton tetradenius , an aromatic plant of wide occurrence in northeastern Brazil, is a plant that has great potential as a botanical insecticide for control of leafcutter ants. The present study evaluates the toxicity and sublethal effects of essential oils of C. tetradenius plants from natural populations in the state of Sergipe, Brazil, and their major compounds, applied by fumigation, on A. balzani workers. The essential oils used in the study were obtained from five plants of C. tetradenius and their major compounds - 1,8-cineole, α-pinene, camphor, (E)-pinocarveol and p -cymene-, acquired commercially. All treatments exhibited formicidal activity, with LC 50 values ranging from 1.47 to 2.40 μL.L−1 for the essential oils and 0.45–11.20 μL.L−1 for the major compounds. Camphor was the most toxic tested compound. After exposure, there was a reduction in the survival of A. balzani. The highest observed LT 50 was 42.91 h for essential oils of plant CRT042. The essential oils and their major compounds repelled and affected the walking behavior of A. balzani workers. The formicidal activity of C. tetradenius essential oil and its major compounds was verified, and we demonstrated that it has potential as a natural insecticide to control A. balzani. Image 1 • Essential oils and major compounds of C. tetradenius were toxic. • Camphor was the most toxic major compound. • All treatments reduced the survival of A. balzani throughout exposure time. • All treatments repelled and affected the walking behavior of A. balzani. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]