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Aim: As a step towards providing support for an ecological approach to strengthening marine protected areas (MPAs) and meeting international commitments, this study combines cumulative impact assessment and conservation planning approach to undertake a large‐scale spatial prioritization. Location: Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of Brazil, Southwest Atlantic Ocean. Methods: We developed a prioritization approach to protecting different habitat types, threatened species ranges and ecological connectivity, while also mitigating the impacts of multiple threats on biodiversity. When identifying priorities for conservation, we accounted for the co‐occurrence of 24 human threats and the distribution of 161 marine habitats and 143 threatened species, as well as their associated vulnerabilities. Additionally, we compared our conservation priorities with MPAs proposed by local stakeholders. Results: We show that impacts to habitats and species are widespread and identify hot spots of cumulative impacts on inshore and offshore areas. Industrial fisheries, climate change and land‐based activities were the most severe threats to biodiversity. The highest priorities were mostly found towards the coast due to the high cumulative impacts found in nearshore areas. As expected, our systematic approach showed a better performance on selecting priority sites when compared to the MPAs proposed by local stakeholders without a typical conservation planning exercise, increasing the existing coverage of MPAs by only 7.9%. However, we found that proposed MPAs still provide some opportunities to protect areas facing high levels of threats. Main conclusions: The study presents a blueprint of how to embrace a comprehensive ecological approach when identifying strategic priorities for conservation. We advocate protecting these crucial areas from degradation in emerging conservation efforts is key to maintain their biodiversity value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many species of fish depend on estuaries to complete their development. Most of them have a planktonic early life stage, and adults of the same species often live in a different habitat., The aim was to assess the importance of incorporating data on fish eggs and larvae in systematic conservation planning at the Patos Lagoon estuary, Brazil., Different scenarios, where fish larvae and eggs were or were not included in the systematic conservation planning process, were investigated., An estimate of artisanal fishing revenue was used as an opportunity cost and compared with a spatially homogeneous cost. Cluster analysis was performed to assess the impact of incorporating ichthyoplankton data on the outcomes of estuarine systematic conservation planning., Regardless of the opportunity cost, the spatial plans fell into two clusters - those with and without fish egg and larvae data. This shows that egg and larvae data have a large impact on priorities for conservation actions in space., This approach is the first to combine artisanal fishery economic spatial data with a conservation plan that incorporates early life stages of fishes., In the case of the Patos Lagoon estuary, shallow areas were particularly important for reaching conservation targets in all scenarios. Considering the dynamic nature of these ecosystems, much work needs to be done to devise better methods of spatial planning in estuaries., Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Smartphone Addiction Inventory - Short Form (SPAI-SF) is shorter version (10 items) of the original version of SPAI (26 items). In this study, we aimed to: (i) adapt and test the internal structure of the SPAI-SF, using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), multigroup confirmatory factor analysis (MGCFA), and network analysis; (ii) analyze the internal consistency, temporal stability, criterion, predictive and construct validities of the SPAI-SF. A total of 392 adolescents (M = 12.76; SD = 1.00) completed the following measures: demographic questionnaire, SPAI-SF, Smartphone Addiction Scale - Short Version (SAS-SV), and the Internet Addiction Test (IAT). The CFA showed good fit indices with the original four factors, and MGCFA indicated measurement invariance for gender. Network analysis provided an understanding of the core symptoms of problematic smartphone use (PSU) for both boys and girls. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was 0.865 (95% CI: 0.841 - 0.887) and indicated a robust temporal stability. The instrument demonstrated acceptable overall reliability measured by Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's Omega criteria (α = 0.722; ω = 0.725) and did not show floor and ceiling effects. The scale's significant correlations demonstrated convergent and criterion validities of the SPAI-SF with SAS-SV, IAT, and Smartphone usage data. The SPAI-SF is a reliable instrument to detect PSU in adolescents., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors have no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

We evaluated the association between risk behaviors and quality of life in 1,081 adolescents classified into the risk behavior (RB) or the non-risk behavior (nRB) group. The data were analyzed with logistic regression models, analysis of variance, and network analysis. The nRB group had higher quality-of-life scores, and having a religion (OR = .42) and better quality of life (OR = .95) significantly reduced the odds of risk behaviors. The network analysis identified that religion, gender, and type of school showed the best centrality and connectivity indices. These data showed a negative association between risk behaviors and lower quality-of-life levels.

This article examines a set of photographic productions created by six young people, living in a favela on the outskirts of São Paulo, seeking to reflect on their perception of the territory in which they live. A large part of the population of São Paulo resides in favelas, an urban phenomenon found on the outskirts of large metropolises. Despite the difficulty in accessing basic services, such as health, safety, culture and education, the favela is also a fertile space that nurtures feelings of belonging, solidarity and resistance in its residents. Young people, who also live and circulate in the streets and alleys of the favela, have a specific perspective on their own home territory. This is a qualitative and exploratory study, which uses photography as a research tool. The photographic and cartographic productions of the young people reflected different perspectives of the territory, revealing dimensions of leisure, community articulation, sociability, precariousness of the urban cleaning system, among others. Thus, the undertaking of creating visual narratives made it possible for different aspects of the favela to be exposed, discussed and analyzed.

This study evaluated the prevalence of Internet addiction (IA) and its association with negative psychological symptoms in Brazilian adults. A network analysis was conducted to estimate specific variables and their expected influence on IA. In this cross-sectional study, 15,476 adults (M age  = 37.5, SD = 9.59) completed an open web-based survey. Three questionnaires were used: the Internet Addiction Test (IAT), Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) and Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS). Based on IAT scores, participants were classified as No-Risk user (NRU), Low-Risk user (LRU) or High-Risk user (HRU). We observed that 4.8% of the participants were classified in the HRU group. In addition, their risk for severe symptoms of depression was 10 times higher and, for anxiety, seven times higher than that in the NRU group (p < .001). Time spent using smartphones was also significantly higher in the HRU group (M hours  = 5.1, p < .001). The main factors associated with IA were depression, gender and anxiety, but the variable "having children" was the most influential in the IA network. These findings suggest that psychiatric symptoms are the main factors associated with IA among the adult population., (© 2020 International Union of Psychological Science.)

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the FunFRIENDS protocol on anxiety symptoms, internalizing problems and prosocial behavior in 4- to 5-year old children. Participated of this study 43 children with an allocation ratio of 1:1 between groups (Intervention Group [IG], N = 21; Control Group [CG], N = 22) from a public school in the city of Sao Paulo participated in the study. Behaviors were evaluated by using standardized questionnaires (PAS, CBCL, SDQ, SCBE) assessing the behavioral profile of the children at three different periods; baseline (T0), one month (T1) and three months (T2) after the intervention. It was observed a reduction in the intensity of anxiety symptoms in the IG after the intervention but with no significant effect. Overall, there were no significant differences between the IG and the CG in most behaviors on all periods evaluated. On both Intention-to-Treat analyses also it was not detected significant effects of the intervention. This is the first Brazilian study evaluating the effects of FunFRIENDS program and the implications of these findings are discussed and its significance for future research.

COVID-19, the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 (novel coronavirus), emerged in China in December 2019 and spread quickly throughout the world. In this scenario, the current study aimed to identify the impact or effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on adolescents' health. This is a scoping literature review based on the following databases: Web of Science, CINAHL, PsycINFO, SciELO, and PUBCOVID19. The study adopted the stages proposed by the Joanna Briggs Institute for scoping reviews, and the question orienting the procedures consisted of the acronym PCC (population; concept; context). Eleven articles were included in the review. Clinically, adolescents present the same COVID-19 symptoms as adults. The pandemic and the health measures taken to control transmission were found to be associated with mental health problems in adolescents. Specifically, adolescents have a negative experience with social distancing measures and closing of schools. These measures can also favor situations of violence or aggressive behaviors in the home environment. Healthcare services that treat the adolescent population had to reorient their practices, adopting a virtual model to replace face-to-face care, and even research projects involving adolescence had to be rethought. This scoping review addressed an emerging theme in relation to a population that has received little attention in studies on COVID-19. The results suggest that the pandemic can be considered a determinant that affects different dimensions of adolescents' lives.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between drug use and four kinds of stress symptoms in 954 Brazilian students from the 6th to the 11th grades, in 4 public and 5 private schools in the city of Sao Paulo. Based on their answers to the Drug Use Screening Inventory (DUSI-R) and to the Stress Scale for Adolescents (SSA), we compared regular drug users with non/occasional drug users regarding the frequency of four kinds of stress symptoms (psychological, cognitive, physiological, interpersonal), and the period in which it happened. When compared to non/occasional drug users, regular drug users presented higher levels of psychological, cognitive and physiological symptoms of stress and these symptoms were in the most severe spectrum of severity (near to exhaustion and exhaustion). The association between drug use and stress was even stronger in the youngest age group (11 to 13 years old). Most of the regular drug users were 16 years old and over, from upper-middle class families, had poor family relationships and more academic problems. These results confirm the association between drug use and stress in adolescents and highlight the need for early screening and intervention in both drug use and stressful situations.

Objective: To describe hospitalization rates, burden of disease, and associated risk factors of acute respiratory infections (ARI), particularly those caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and non-RSV-ARI, in a cohort of patients under 2 years of age with congenital heart disease (CHD)., Methods: A prospective, observational cohort study was conducted with CHD patients discharged from the neonatal unit and followed up at a referral center. Demographic variables, type of CHD, and medical needs were recorded. Study primary outcome was hospitalization for ARI (overall, due to RSV, and due to other causes). Secondary outcome was burden of disease in hospitalized patients. Incidence rates of hospitalization were calculated for overall ARI and RSV-ARI. Incidence densities were additionally calculated., Results: Seventy-one patients with birth weight 3,043 ± 720 g (mean ± SD) were included; 74% required surgery and 8.4% died of CHD during the study. Overall, 22/71 patients were hospitalized due to ARI (31%; 95%CI 20-43), 15 of them RSV-associated (21%; 95%CI 12-32), and there were 1.35 episodes of hospitalization for ARI/1,000 days of follow-up (0.92 episodes of hospitalization for RSV-ARI/1,000 days). Forty per cent of patients with ARI due to RSV needed admission to pediatric ICU and 30% required mechanical ventilation vs. none in non-RSV-ARI., Conclusions: In the studied population, ARI hospitalization was common, and RSV was its most frequent cause. Disease burden associated with RSV-ARI was considerable, although no patient died from ARI. Except younger age, no other biological or social risk factors were found associated with RSV-ARI hospitalization.

In this study we evaluated the internal consistency of the Brazilian Portuguese version of Teen Addiction Severity Index (T-ASI) and validated its "substance use" area. Evaluating 100 psychoactive substance abusers/dependent adolescents (SUD) and 108 adolescents without such diagnosis (NON-SUD), we found good correlations between the classification by the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI, used as "gold standard") and the severity (r = 0.73) and composite (r = 0.72) scores of the T-ASI. The area under the ROC curve was 0.88, showing a satisfactory correct classification rate. The internal consistency, evaluated by Cronbach's alpha coefficients, was considered good regarding the substance use (0.89), legal (0.81), and psychiatric (0.80) areas of the T-ASI. The Brazilian Portuguese version of T-ASI presented good internal consistency and a valid substance use area. A comparison between the groups regarding the answers to each question in all the areas was conducted in order to identify which questions in the T-ASI discriminate SUD from NON-SUD adolescents, to have a basis for the proposal of a shorter version of the instrument.

Objective: The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a brief intervention and a preventive orientation on the use of alcohol and other drugs directed towards adolescents., Methods: Ninety nine youths who sought medical assistance in an out patient service specialized in adolescents were classified, according to their level of consumption of substances, into users during the last month (UM) or non users during the last month (NUM). Each of these was divided into four groups: a control group of users in the last month (COUM), a control group of non users in the last month (CONUM), a Brief Intervention group (BI--in case they were regular users) and a Preventive Orientation group (PO--in case they were non users in the last month). The preventive orientation lasted 2-3 minutes and the brief intervention took about 20 minutes, both followed a structured schedule. All participants were followed-up and evaluated for a 6 months period., Results: In the 6-month follow-up, a significant increase in cannabis, alcohol and tobacco consumption, as well as in the intensity of related-problems, was observed in the CONUM group. The increase of alcohol and tobacco consumption observed in the PO group had a significantly lesser frequency and lower intensity than in the CONUM group. Moreover, no increase in cannabis consumption was observed in this group. The BI group showed a significant reduction in the number of users during the last month with respect to most substances, as well as in relation to substance-related problems., Conclusion: Our results confirm that a single brief intervention session is effective in reducing consumption of psychoactive substances in adolescents. Although influence of other factors could not be discarded, preventive orientation reduced the increase of cannabis consumption but increased use of tobacco and alcohol. Further and more in depth studies are required to evaluate the usefulness of preventive programs on alcohol and other drug consumption, in order to bring to light more effective and comprehensive approaches.

Aims: In the last few years, epidemiological studies in Brazil have detected significant increases in the use and abuse of psychoactive drugs by adolescents; however, there is a paucity of data on the factors associated with this use., Objectives: To assess the prevalence of drug use by students from public schools in a Brazilian city and to evaluate the influence of age, school achievement, family, psychosocial, health, demographic and behavioural characteristics on regular drug use., Design: This cross-sectional study was conducted using a representative sample of 6417 students attending public schools in the city of Barueri, Brazil and included adolescents from the 5th grade of elementary school to the 3rd year of high school. The Brazilian version of the Drug Use Screening Inventory (DUSI-R) was administered in the classroom by trained educational advisers without teachers being present., Findings: Prevalence rates for the previous month were: alcohol: 48%, tobacco: 22.5%, cannabis: 14%, inhalants/solvents: 5%, cocaine: 3%, tranquillizers: 0.5%, amphetamines: 0.9%, anabolic steroids: 0.1% and ecstasy: 0.9%. With the exceptions of tranquillizers and amphetamines, the older students reported significantly higher frequencies and amounts of drug use than the younger ones. Boys reported a significantly higher consumption of alcohol, cannabis, cocaine and ecstasy than girls, as well as higher percentages of frequent/heavy use. Logistic regression analysis detected that poor school achievement, a poor or bad relationship with those with whom they live, studying in the evening period, presence of antisocial behaviour, family problems and friends who use drugs were factors significantly associated with drug use., Conclusions: The findings suggest that preventive programmes should be more comprehensive in scope, rather than focusing only on information about the negative consequences of drug use.

Background: Considering the increasing levels of psychoactive substance use in Brazil and around the world, it is necessary the development of an instrument to early detection, that could be considered valid, reliable and useful at primary health care settings. In order to do that, an international team of researchers, supported by the World Health Organization (WHO) developed the Alcohol Smoking and Substance Screening Test (ASSIST). The objective of the present study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Brazilian version of ASSIST, as well as its reliability and concurrent validity in the detection of psychoactive substance use and related problems., Methods: The ASSIST and three validated diagnostic instruments (Mini-Plus, AUDIT, RTQ) were applied to 99 patients of primary/secondary health care services and to 48 patients in treatment for alcohol and drug dependence in specialized services, at São Paulo and Curitiba cities., Results: The ASSIST' scores to alcohol showed good correlation with AUDIT' scores. The ASSIST presented high sensitivity and specificity in the detection of alcohol, cannabis and cocaine abuse/dependence, considering the MINI-Plus diagnostic the "gold-standard". The reliability of the instrument was good (Cronbach's alpha of 0.80 to alcohol, 0.79 to cannabis and 0.81 to cocaine)., Conclusions: The psychometric properties of the Brazilian version of the ASSIST seem to be satisfactory, recommending its use in patients of primary/secondary health care services.

Objectives: The main objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of subject identification versus anonymity on adolescents' drug use assessment using the Drug Use Screening Inventory-R and to assess the usefulness of the "Lie Scale" of that instrument., Methods: Six hundred and fifty-five Brazilian students (5th to 11th graders) from a public school of São Paulo participated in the study. One third of them were instructed to put their names on the questionnaire, one third answered it anonymously and the remaining ones were partially identified according to a code list that was kept by one student who represented his classmates. The answers of the identified groups of students were compared with those from the anonymous group. According to their scores in the Lie Scale, the students were divided into two groups: low and high score groups., Results and Conclusions: No significant differences were found among anonymous, identified and partially identified groups regarding alcohol or drug consumption report, or in the density of problems in all drug use screening inventory (DUSI) areas. Regarding the Lie Scale, the high score group reported lower alcohol or drug consumption and fewer alcohol or drug related problems in all DUSI areas when compared to the low score group. The results suggest that identification or anonymity does not affect the students' answers to the DUSI and point out the usefulness of the Lie Scale of DUSI-R.

Background: Adolescent involvement with alcohol and other drugs is rising in Brazil, and there is an increasing need for psychometrically sound assessment tools to detect early drug involvement., Methods: The psychometric properties of the Brazilian version of the Drug Use Screening Inventory (DUSI) were examined in a sample composed of 71 non-drug-dependent adolescents and 142 adolescents who met DSM-III-R criteria for drug dependence., Results: With a cutoff score of 13% or lower for the absolute density index of the substance use area, DUSI correctly classified 80% of the drug-dependent adolescents and 90% of the non-drug-dependent adolescents, thus correctly classifying 83.6% of the sample. Factor analysis applied to each of the 10 DUSI areas indicated their unidimensionality, with substantial percentages of variance on the first factor. The Brazilian version of DUSI presented strong internal consistency reliability for the whole sample (drug-dependents and non-drug-dependent adolescents) with an average across all 10 scales for Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient of 0.96 (standard deviation = 0.02) and for the split-half reliability coefficient of 0.88 (standard deviation = 0.08)., Conclusions: These results suggest that the Brazilian version of DUSI preserves its original psychometric properties and is a sensitive and useful screening instrument for drug use.

The objective of this study was to investigate whether the level of drug dependence in adolescents can be predicted by any of the following factors: the reasons to which the first use or non-use of drugs is attributed, living arrangements, economic situation, family history of alcohol use, or school delay. 213 Brazilian adolescents were classified according to DSM-III-R criteria as: 71 non-drug-dependent users (Group 1), 71 lightly/moderately dependent users (Group 2), and 71 severely dependent users (Group 3). Logistic regression identified the following predictors of current drug use patterns: low economic level, school delay, living only with the mother, having a poor/bad family relationship, and "influence of friends," "pleasure seeking," or "curiosity" as reasons for initial drug use. Among Groups 1 and 2, "never felt like trying," "fear of dying from an overdose," and "religious reasons" were the main reasons for not using other drugs. School delay and troubled family relationships were important predictors of current drug dependence, and "pleasure seeking" was a prominent reason for initial drug use. This suggests that drug use prevention should not simply focus on reducing drug availability but also on helping young people to develop good family/peer relationships and finding healthy ways to enjoy themselves.

The Brazilian translation of the Drug Use Screening Inventory (DUSI) was applied to 213 Brazilian teenagers who were classified according to their alcohol and/or drug dependence level (DSM-III-R) as: 71 nondrug users (Group 1), 71 with light/moderate dependence (Group 2) and 71 with severe dependence (Group 3). The DUSI was applied and the absolute density in each of 10 areas was calculated. The three groups presented statistically significant differences (p < .001) in the "substance use" area, with the following values (medians +/- interquartile range): Group 1: 0+/-7; Group 2: 20+/-33 and Group 3: 80+/-33. The groups also presented significant differences in behavior pattern, social competency, family system, work adjustment, peer relationships and leisure/recreation. Other differences detected among the groups indicated an important relationship between drug use and school delay. A good Spearman rank correlation (0.86, p < .0001) was observed between Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) diagnosis and DUSI, indicating that this instrument can be useful in the screening of substance use among Brazilian teenagers.