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It is known that bird vocalizations and music share acoustic similarities. Unsurprisingly, bird sounds inspired a number of music composers. In music, complexity plays an important role in auditory attractiveness. Would sound complexity also be important to explain the attractiveness of bird vocalizations to humans? In our study, we experimentally assessed the preference for vocalizations according to their level of complexity, indicated by objective measurements. Further, given that men and women enjoy music similarly, we verified whether the taste for the sound of birds differs between the sexes. The study was conducted on 114 adults living in a rural district in the northeast of Brazil. The results showed a significant and linear preference for sounds, with the most complex ones being preferred. Moreover, both men and women were attracted to the songs of these animals. For the first time, the importance of complexity in humans' appreciation for bird vocalizations has been objectively demonstrated. Our results stress the relationship between bird vocalizations and music for people. In addition to its theoretical nature, this study might be useful to predict, based on the sound complexity, which birds would be subject to a higher risk of capture, information that would help in reducing the loss of biodiversity. Moreover, giving the apparently universal aspect of bird song attraction to humans, it would be advisable in terms of conservation efforts to elect singing birds as flagship species. We hope that our research will serve as a motivation for further efforts in this area, as it clearly brings important insights into ethnozoology and other interdisciplinary fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim To use parsimony analysis of endemicity and cladistic analysis of distributions and endemism to evaluate two hypotheses addressing biogeographical relationships among Amazonia, the Caatinga forest enclaves, Pernambuco Centre and the southern Atlantic Forest. Location North-eastern Brazil, South America. Methods To find the most parsimonious areagram we analysed a matrix composed of the presence (1) or absence (0) of 745 taxa (i.e. 293 genera and 452 species of woody plants) within 16 localities belonging to the four large regions addressed in this study. Results One most parsimonious areagram was found and it shows a basal separation between the southern Atlantic Forest and all other regions. This break is followed by a separation between all Caatinga forest enclaves (except Baturité) from a cluster composed of Baturité, the Pernambuco Centre and Amazonia. In this cluster, the most basal separation isolates Baturité from the cluster formed by localities from Amazonia and the Pernambuco Centre. The biogeographical relationships among sites could not be explained by either a random distribution of species among sites or by the geographical distance between sites. Main conclusions We found strong cladistic signal within the raw distribution and phylogenetic data used in our analysis, indicating structured species assemblages in the surveyed localities. They have resulted from the fragmentation of an ancestral biota that was once widely distributed in the region. Our results also support the hypothesis that Atlantic Forest is not a biogeographically natural area, because the Pernambuco Centre is more closely related to Amazonia than to the southern Atlantic Forest. Finally, our data do not support the notion that Caatinga forest enclaves comprise a single biogeographical region, because one Caatinga forest enclave (Baturité) is much more closely related to the cluster formed by Amazonia and the Pernambuco Centre than to other sites. These relationships suggest the occurrence of forest connections between Amazonia and the Atlantic Forests across Caatinga during several periods of the Tertiary and Quaternary. However, palaeoecological data currently available for the Caatinga region are still scarce and do not have either the spatial or temporal resolution required to reconstruct the history of connections among the forests in north-eastern Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]