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Artisanal manufacture of cassava flour in Brazil has a cultural and biological framework developed over generations of traditional rural workers. We conducted a broad study of flour production in the Extreme South of Bahia in 2019 across 30 rural settlements in 11 municipalities, where we evaluated 107 flour producers. Our results present the socioeconomic profiles of local farmers, cassava varieties, types of flour, particularities of production, and characteristics of commercialization. We highlight the multiple functions of artisanal production of cassava flour, especially as related to social and economic maintenance of households, the promotion of food security, and sovereignty within and around the communities, and the conservation of agrobiodiversity in the rural landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In Latin America, the land has been an important issue in driving political and social change since the end of the 15th century, when European conquistadores began their colonial rule, to the present. The purpose of this study is to examine the changing meaning of land, by looking at cases of the Latin America's most representative rural social movements, i.e. EZLN in Mexico and MST in Brazil. In particular, this study distinguishes two currents of environmentalism in Latin America: elitist environmentalism and grassroots environmentalism. The former understands nature as a natural resource that can be developed or nature that needs to be preserved from a human-centric point of view, based on the ‘modern Western view of nature.’The latter understands the environment from the perspective of 'socio-nature', which is not simply a nature that is used and appreciated by human beings, but a more-than-human ecological space, that is, a space where humans and nature coexist. In this context, the meaning of land demanded by Mexico's EZLN and Brazil's MST can be better understood from the perspective of grassroots environmentalism. Both the EZLN and the MST call for land reform, which is not limited to the sense that land is arable land in the economic and social sense that must be secured for capitalist production in the process of agricultural modernisation or under a globalised system of agricultural production. Rather, their demand for land is closely related to the demand for productive justice that can sustain a human life through alternative modes of production, rather than the current mainstream model of development, and the demand for recognition of the political space(territory) that can determine these alternative modes of production and ways of life. Thus, land in these movements can be understood as territory as a political and ecological space for alternative development, beyond the meaning of economic and social arable land. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The policy of payments for environmental services is implemented in public policies in Brazil, and there are many efforts to increase projects that subsidize rural producers, combining payments with incentives for good agricultural practices that promote these services. Thinking about ways to add these values in projects to restore degraded areas is an opportunity to generate monetary benefits for producers and attractiveness for stakeholders, aiming to increase investments in projects of this nature and gain scale in the restoration of these areas. In this way, this study evaluated the financial viability of a project to implement 16.9 hectares of agroforestry systems in agrarian reform settlements located in the Descoberto HydrographicBasin near Brasília, Federal District, and the proposition of a scenario of payment for environmental services associated with adoption of this agricultural practice by producers. The results were promising for both investors and farmers, as demonstrated by the financial analysis criteria (NPV: USD 63,097.49, IRR: 71%, simple payback: 3 years). The PES scenario was even more attractive, proving to be an encouraging increase for the adoption of this practice by producers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Landless Rural Workers Movement (Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra (MST)) is widely recognized for its struggles for land and for producing healthy food. Since its birth, 40 years ago, the MST has continued to territorialize itself, producing its own existence. There are hundreds of thousands of families fighting for the peasant condition, which is much more than fighting for land. In this article, I argue that MST members are not simply fighting for land in isolated agrarian reform settlements. Rather, as the mística suggests, they are producing new understandings, practices, and imaginaries of the Brazilian national space. Through their mobilization, their labor on the land, and their solidarity as expressed in countless meetings, marches, and collective organizations, they are actively producing alternative territories that sit within but resist the hegemonic national territory. I incorporate theories from critical human geography to argue that territory is a category that unites land and governance. Territorial control is established by (depends on) the norms, rules, and rights in any given place and time. Within the context of the modern nation-state, the MST can be understood as producing new territories, ones that are aspirational and emerging—I call these "territories of hope" to signal the material and symbolic labor of collective desire. These territories are constituted through relations within MST settlements and between MST members and the state, agribusiness corporations, and the broader public across various spatial and temporal dimensions and scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Brazil, the working class has been losing rights and suffering with the discontinuation of public policies. The current government's actions have been reflected in the increase of extreme poverty and, consequently, in the country's return to the hunger map. The new coronavirus pandemic has aggravated this circumstance. It is in this context that the food donations made by the Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra (mst) [Landless Rural Workers Movement] and other socio-spatial and socio-territorial movements constitute important solidarity actions aimed at combating hunger. This work seeks to critically analyze and dimension the mst's food donations. To do so, we executed bibliographic research and semi-structured interviews. It also sought and systematized news articles published by the mst, referring to donations made from March 2020 to March 2021. The survey indicates that food donations are a form of resistance and denouncement of the public power's absence and expressing solidarity. These actions reaffirm the need for a land reform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to describe the experience lived during the Initial and Continuing Training Course in Preparadora Cervejeira Artesanal, in Pantanal, located in Mato Grosso State (Brazil), which took place in 2019. The course had subjects of female empowerment, basic mathematics, basic informatics, entrepreneurship and innovation, history of beer in Brazil and in the world, basic microbiology, solidary economy, commercialization and marketing techniques for beer, conservation of fermented beverages, good practices in the production of artisanal beers and production of artisanal beers. It lasted 166 hours and managed to bring together 31 women, all over 18 years of age, who were studying or who had already completed elementary school and were in a situation of social vulnerability. The participants included peasant women camped and/or settled in the National Program of Agrarian Reform, in the municipalities of Cáceres and Mirassol d'Oeste. Information was collected through participant observation and field and bibliographic research. With the completion of this study, solid collective production groups were created, which produce and sell their craft beers in the municipalities of Mato Grosso State, with their own brands and identities. The beers developed by women brewers from the Pantanal are loaded with determination and resistance for life, as they are products created collectively and within the solidarity economy concepts developed during the course. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brazil has endured multiple political, economic, and environmental crises—and now the COVID-19 pandemic—which have drawn social inequalities into razor sharp relief. This contribution analyzes the resilience of rural families facing these crises in southern Bahia. These families have benefited from various redistributive policies over the years, including redistributive land reforms (RLRs), conditional cash transfers (CCTs), and recent emergency aid (EA) payments related to the pandemic. Each (re)distributive approach involves different notions of distributive justice informed by competing background theories of "the good," which hold implications for concepts of resilience. Drawing on long-term research with RLR communities in Bahia, this article considers the gains achieved by different redistributive programs. Families who acquired land through RLR projects appear more resilient, especially in the face of crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Matopiba's agricultural frontier has been at the centre of political and scientific debates since its establishment in 2015. However, the impact of agribusiness expansion and intensification on land distribution in the region has yet to be studied. How has the establishment of Matopiba affected commodity crop production and agrarian reform in the region? This article analyses historical trends in soybean and corn production, and recent developments across Matopiba microregions. These are then juxtaposed with data on agrarian reform at microregion level. The findings help to clarify the ways in which agricultural frontier expansion has been reliant on government support and reveal conflicting agricultural development at work in Matopiba. While commodity crop production has increased in Matopiba as expected, agrarian reform has halted. The few agrarian reform settlements that have been created are in areas with lower agricultural potential within the limits of Matopiba's frontier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What motivated right-wing and conservative parties to endorse a policy of land expropriation and redistribution in Brazil? I argue that urban-dominated right-wing parties endorsed agrarian reform in order to: (i) reduce crime in wealthier metropolises by reversing rural–urban migration; and (ii) gain competitive advantage against left-wing challengers. To test this argument I conduct process tracing, analysing over 500 elite statements about agrarian reform, drawn from archival, interview and survey data. In addition, I model land expropriations at the municipal level and show how right-wing administrations disproportionately expropriated land in the states of origin of migrants and, within those, in localities where the Left was more competitive. My results portray how two externalities of inequality – crime and competition with the Left – motivated conservative support for agrarian reform in Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the expansion of the public sphere to the virtual space and the appropriation of the internet by social movements, this paper seeks to analyze which representations are put into circulation in the public space, through the Landless Movement (MST) website on Landless solidarity, which involve the donation and production of food, during the Covid-19 pandemic, in the period of August 2020. It is supported by the Theory of Social Representations, Content Analysis, and the study of the main symbolic utterances of discourse. It concludes that the circulated representations of Landless solidarity create new meanings about the importance of agrarian reform and the MST in Brazil and its role in the fight against hunger. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Education Policy Analysis Archives / Archivos Analíticos de Políticas Educativas / Arquivos Analíticos de Políticas Educativas is the property of Educational Policy Analysis Archives & Education Review and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

En este artículo se analiza la estructura económica de la agricultura brasileña en los años correspondientes a la etapa de industrialización limitada en el país. La metodología utilizada consiste en el análisis descriptivo de los principales datos económicos sobre la agricultura brasileña. La investigación retoma el debate de las décadas de 1950 y 1960 sobre las funciones de la agricultura en el desarrollo económico nacional y muestra que el crecimiento de la producción agrícola en el país se vio limitado por el deterioro de la relación de intercambio entre la agricultura y la agroindustria, que también se asoció con un patrón salarial rural miserable. Estos factores determinaron que la modernización agrícola fuera relativamente desventajosa en el Brasil, por lo que se realizan algunas consideraciones sobre la funcionalidad de la reforma agraria en esos años. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 1995, family farming in Brazil has been heavily financialized through the federal PRONAF program, which has simultaneously created new opportunities for third parties to capture and control financial resources for themselves. Drawing on long‐term ethnographic research with land rights movements on the southern coast of Bahia, Brazil, this contribution analyses a case of accumulation by agricultural extension, as a predatory form of financial extractivism based on asymmetrical bureaucratic and communicative power, which was carried out by a local agricultural extension firm and export company. Associated with the Odebrecht Foundation, this extension firm promoted a development project to diversify the livelihoods of rural families living in land reform communities affiliated with Brazil's famous Landless Rural Workers' Movement, or the Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra (MST). The firm owner actively recruited families to cultivate palmito, or heart of palm, effectively converting them into a captive productive force responsible for almost all factors of production—land, labour, and capital—but in the service of the extension firm's business interests. The firm was thus able to decouple itself from all hazards involved in production, while the MST community members bore almost all of the risks. In the process, the project gave rise to an exploitative form of production that is barely even recognizable as capitalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The public policies that make possible to democratize access to land have been a issue discussed for many decades as a way of reducing land inequality in Brazil. A lot of expectations about the democratization of access to land were created during the two Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva's mandates (2003 - 2010) like brasilian president. In this sense, this paper investigate, with regard to the expropriationist agrarian reform proposal and that of land credit, if these proved to be sufficient to modify the agrarian structure in Rio de Janeiro state, in order to contribute to the democratization of access to lands in the state. To this end, it is important to understand the historical factors that influenced the process of elaborating the social function of land and land credit. Regarding the quantitative analysis of expropriations for land reform and land credit, the number of beneficiaries of the programs, hectares available and amounts executed will be observed. The results show that, for the analyzed period, it cannot be said that one proposal overlapped the other. However, the discontinuity in expropriations after 2007 may indicate a paralysis of this form of access to land. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Araucaria is the property of Araucaria-Revista Iberoamericana de Filosofia, Politica y Humanidades and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Boletín Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromáticas is the property of Universidad de Santiago de Chile and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Wildfires have been causing negative effects on ecosystems and rural communities. Among rural communities, the agrarian reform settlement projects have registered fires resulting from agricultural management inside and outside their areas. In this context, our objective was to analyze 821 settlement projects in the Matopiba region to explore the spatial-temporal dynamics of burned area occurrences. For this, we used the burned area data from MCD64A1 v006, from 2001 to 2021, and estimated the total burned area and its percentage for each settlement project per month and per year, and the frequency and trend. Based on these characteristics, we classified each settlement project to identify patterns. We identified a temporal pattern, with inter-annual variations, associated with the dry season. Also, the extension of the burned area increased significantly in the years of drought anomaly. Settlement projects with high and low fire frequency coexist in the same region. We also identified a small cluster with a positive trend in the northeast of the Matopiba region related to the surrounding agriculture expansion area. The classification based on burned area, trend and frequency is useful to select priority settlement projects for fire prevention actions. • In 20 years, 89% of settlement projects in the Matopiba region had burned areas, affecting 73,098 families. • The years in which there was drought had the largest areas burned. • There is a temporal pattern of fire occurrence, with inter-annual variations, and association with the dry season. • Settlement projects in the north-east of the Matopiba region showed a positive trend in the occurrence of fires. • Burned areas increase until settlement projects are created, then become stable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article "Brazil between agribusiness and hunger" deals with the land issue in Brazil and emphasizes the historical inequality of land ownership. Since colonial times, there has been a concentration of land in the hands of a few people, which continues under neoliberal governments. According to the Corporate Atlas of 2018, 53% of the land area in Brazil is privately owned, with 80% of the land in 16 states being privately owned. The Brazilian Landless Workers' Movement (MST) fights against agribusiness, land concentration, and social inequality, demanding agrarian reform and democratization of the country. Despite the strong agricultural industry, millions of Brazilians suffer from hunger, which is attributed to the political and economic project that exacerbates inequality. The MST advocates for a new agricultural order based on food sovereignty, environmental relevance, and cooperative work forms. [Extracted from the article]

This descriptive study sought to analyze the mental health status of 48 Northeastern municipalities in Brazil with quilombola communities and agrarian reform settlements in their territories, considering the living conditions, health service supply and the profile of morbidity and mortality in mental health. Gender, class and race aspects are articulated to understand the production of health inequities in these territories. By means of a quantitative analysis based on secondary data collected from different open databases, the research unveiled the intersection and combination of factors that influence the mental health status of municipalities with rural and forest populations: the precariousness of living and working conditions, insufficient support from psychosocial care services, and ethnic-racial and gender inequalities in psychiatric morbidity and mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Retratos de Assentamentos is the property of Revista Retratos de Assentamentos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Education Policy Analysis Archives / Archivos Analíticos de Políticas Educativas / Arquivos Analíticos de Políticas Educativas is the property of Educational Policy Analysis Archives & Education Review and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article aims to contribute to a reflection on the agrarian issue in Mato Grosso do Sul. We report the historical processes of land grabbing and the expulsion of people from the countryside by monopoly capital, which had, a consequence, on the one hand, the concentration of land and the development of capitalism in the countryside, on the other hand, made the excluded subjects organize themselves to fight for peasant recreating through socio-territorial movements. This struggle led to peasant territorialization expressed in the conquest of rural settlements in the state. The methodology of the article is based, in its first part, on the theoretical discussion based on books, journal articles and doctoral theses related to the struggle for land in Brazil and in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul. field with the federal agencies, Institute of Colonization and Agrarian Reform (INCRA) and state, Agency for Agrarian Development and Rural Extension of Mato Grosso do Sul (AGRAER). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research investigated the gender relations developed by the women in the Settlement 19 de Março, which is part of the MST (landless movement in Brazil) in Uberaba (MG), and the implications for these women's social roles. The study employed two methodological procedures, namely, bibliographic survey and review, and interviews with women from the MST, following the dialectical historical materialism. Relevant female participation was observed in the settlement, but with different forms of oppression, a fact that makes it impossible for this group to fully participate in the public and political life of the settlements. We could observe that the space that women build in search of a popular agrarian reform is one of struggles and resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional is the property of Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Portal de Periodicos Eletronicos Cientificos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Lua Nova is the property of CEDEC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The family farmer seated territorialized in the Rio Grande do Sul more precisely in the Gaúcha Campaignim planted new productive-economic and social forms that transformed the landscape and constituted the territory of the settlements. The seated have sought to be integrated in to the productive process by new forms of production, organization, relationship with the environment, there covery of their knowledge and their autonomy on the basis of their culture and economic-social-political organization. These are meanings, strategies and actions that have marked the lands cape of settlements. The Gaúcho territory has reconfigured, the landscape of the Campaign has changed with the increasing concentration of settlements in the municipalities. It is the region of domination of the latifundium that has lost place for family farming, for Agroecology. They are seated family farmers engaged in the production of agroecological food and in the protection of the environment of the settlements of Agrarian Reform of south-west Rio-Grandense. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the settlement policy has benefited about one million families since 1985, studies evaluating advances and challenges in its implementation are scarce. Accordingly, there are gaps in families' own assessment of their current life situations in settlements. This study searches for the main factors in agrarian settlements implementation policy that contribute to socioeconomic development of settled families. Data from the "Pesquisa sobre Qualidade de Vida, Produção e Renda nos Assentamentos da Reforma Agrária" realized by INCRA in 2010 were used. The data analysis through logistic regression support the discussion between public policies access and families' satisfaction. The results demonstrate the existence of different responses at national and regional levels, which can be explored for the settlements' development. The main findings are related to the impact of technical assistance policies, housing and the relevance of the time living in the settlement increasing the satisfaction of the beneficiary families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to address the agrarian issue in the historical context of private property laws in Brazil, in an overview of some aspects that relate it to the National Agrarian Reform Policy (PNRA). As a methodology, it appropriates the meaning of the permanence of the agrarian question in the present time and, from it, makes a brief historical survey of the legislation related to private property in Brazil, reaching the present day. Therefore, it is based on the use of the peasantry concept, relating it to the study of the problems linked to the concentration of land and its consequences for the development of the productive forces. It is observed, from this study, that the concentration of land in Brazil coexists, side by side, with the concept of private property, being both constituted in historical constructions of wide scope, being the same worked ideologically for centuries and that nowadays have repercussions in the sense of hindering the practical application of the concept of the social function of the land, for the fact of this function not being absorbed by the Brazilian ideology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Retratos de Assentamentos is the property of Revista Retratos de Assentamentos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the history of Brazil, a country that became entangled with the latifundium, land is synonymous with power. The struggle for land in the present time carries tensions and marks of na unfinished history, in which present/past and past/present are mixed and re-signified, however, the historical concentration of lands remains. Agrarian reform in the state Mato Grosso do Sul (MS) and in Brazil takes place, in particular, based on the struggles undertaken by rural social movements and the contradictions of the national agricultural policy. The creation of rural settlements is the main instrument of the agrarian reform policy. In this sense, the article reflects on the creation of rural settlements in the state of MS, between the years 1984 and 2013. In addition to the bibliographies on the topic, data from the National Institute of Colonization and Agrarian Reform (INCRA) was used, through the Information System for Land Reform Projects (SIPRA). The research adds to other investments in understanding the complexity of the paths and deviations of the struggle for land and in the creation of rural settlements in Brazil, starting from the state of MS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of pesticides in Brazil has been increasing, with consequences for the health of rural workers and consumers. Historically with a predominance of sugarcane monoculture, in the last decades, the rural scenery of the state of Alagoas has been transformed with the creation of agrarian reform settlements, increasing the importance of family farming, as well as new crops and animal husbandry has been gaining importance. The objective of this work was to analyze the agricultural production and the use of pesticides in Dom Helder Câmara settlement, located in Murici - "Zona da Mata Alagoana". The methodology used was the semistructured interviews, applied in 29 families, from January to July 2018. It was found that 11% of the families use pesticides and 34% have organic certification. Regarding the declaration of suitability for Pronaf, 66% of households do not have the document, which prevents the number of OCS certified farmers from increasing. The lack of technical assistance and credit makes it difficult to improve production, and 47% of households do not use any inputs for crop management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the disappointing outreach of Brazilian urban reform by analyzing the underlying tensions and contradictions of its key principle, that is, the social, function of property (SFP), from a perspective of contemporary theoretical debates on the double nature of rent (i.e., related to monopoly positions and emerging from market, circulation). The SFP principle is grounded in anti-rentier, agrarian reform thinking, which stressed that individual monopoly landowners should not be allowed to retain their property for speculative purposes and use it productively to increase food supplies. In contemporary dense cities, however, using property "productively" implies redevelopment, that is, transformation of existing structures of the built environment, into alternative ones. This has two implications, one related to the essence of the SFP, (its being), the other regarding what it means having a SFP in an urban setting. In relation to the former, despite its anti-rentier stance, in cities the SFP triggers a redevelopment-rent nexus due to the circulation of rents in non-competitive markets. Regarding the latter implication, having a SFP in cities requires complex, open-ended and utilitarian negotiations between state and non-state actors aimed at the appropriation of rents to articulate the conflicting interests of individual property owners with the collective good. The theoretical argument of the paper is illustrated with a short, heuristic case on redevelopment in the city of São Paulo, while its conclusion provides elements for a research agenda on the limits of market-based, reformist versus right- based planning beyond this specific context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the emergence of the Eixo Forte region and its journey towards becoming an Agroextractive Settlement Project in rural Santarém, Brazilian Amazon, to describe how its creation process took place, contextualizing with the Brazilian legal framework while emphasizing the contribution of this settlement for the socioenvironmental function of the land. The methodology used was supported by a bibliographic survey and documentary research. Thus, it is hoped that this study can contribute to the knowledge of the Eixo Forte region until the establishment of the settlement and its aspects of legal construction, serving as a scientific record of the history of the organization of settlers for the creation and protection of these lands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the period of the military dictatorship in Brazil, Amazon has become the focus through public and credit policies to privilege the interests of capital over traditional people (riverine people, fishermen, quilombolas, indigenous people), secular settled population, and other subjects (landless workers, those settled in agrarian reform projects). They are forcibly deterritorialized in this logic of integration of national and international capital in the exploration and production of commodities in this space. This paper aims to portray the recent perspective of the last two decades of territorialization process of international interest, with the inflow of large capital resources, such as mining and hydroelectric energy production. The methodology used was the case study, with interviews, documentary, and bibliography research. These enterprises, of great magnitude of socio-territorial transformations, tend to provoke a new process of deterritorialization of hundreds of families of rural workers, as in the case of those settled in agrarian reform projects, riverine people, quilombolas and indigenous people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article addresses the historical process of the land issue in Brazil, approaching land policy as a process of consolidation of capitalism in rural areas, based on the economic assumption as a determination of political and social domination. The aim is to analyze the elements that triggered the constitution of land policies in the Brazilian Amazon, aligned with the capitalist production method and the market-assisted land reform, based on public policies guided by the neoliberal agenda for maintaining the structure of capitalism in rural areas. The bibliographic method was employed from the point of view of historical materialism with theorists who discuss land reform policy and capitalism, and secondary statistical data was also used. The results show that the historical land process was consolidated on the basis of dependent capitalism, meeting the interests of big business, factors that contributed to sustain the land structure in the Amazon, the highlight of which is the concentration of land, exploitation and domination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• 10% of Brazilian family farmers benefit from the modernization development pathway. • 10% more can potentially benefit from alternative new development pathways. • 80% of family farmers remain unmet by current development approaches. • Structural land reform is needed for addressing great discrepancies among regions. • Targeted agricultural policies are needed for encouraging existing local potentials. Identifying development pathways for family farmers is one of the main on-going global efforts toward rural development. Promising development pathways are assessed for Brazil as a case study based on official data from the national agricultural census. The results revealed that modernization is the most consolidated development approach, which promotes farmers' integration into global agribusiness value chains and gave rise to the first generation of agricultural policies based on subsidized credit. Census data show that the modernization approach directly supports around 10% of Brazilian family farmers, particularly in the South of the country. More recently, efforts have been made to promote a new rural development paradigm through short food supply chains, which gave rise to another generation of agricultural policies based on governmental procurements. It is estimated that this approach may provide a development alternative for about 10% of the Brazilian family farmers who are closer to consumer markets. As a result, around 80% of family farmers in the country remain unreached by the current development approaches. These are farmers facing structural constraints such as insufficient land to produce (mainly in the Northeast region) or lack of land tenure rights (mainly in the North region). There is an urgent need for land reform as well as a new generation of agricultural policies targeting local potentials as a way of addressing regional heterogeneity in Brazil and elsewhere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past three decades, agrarian reform areas have transformed urban and rural spaces across Brazil. Although these areas' creation reduced inequalities and environmental problems, their residents still experience several constraints and vulnerabilities associated with water, energy, and food provision. Drawing on the water-energy-food (WEF) nexus' critical and territorial perspectives, this paper aims to better understand the agrarian reform areas' challenges in peri-urban interfaces towards social justice. We analyse a territory in the Northeast portion of the São Paulo State, where it is located the Sepé Tiaraju agrarian reform settlement in interface with two municipalities. We suggest that agrarian reform areas can activate a progressive and concrete environmental change at the local level where food is the key element to redefining the area's nexus. However, socio-political and spatial dynamics involving water and energy for the sugarcane sector, the municipal government, and tense relationships among residents around food also reproduce unequal access to resources. This paper contributes to the emerging critical literature and its efforts to politicize the nexus debate, giving more nuanced views to the complex and contradictory dynamics involving environmental problems and social justice struggles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article has as goal to analyze the contributions of rural social movements to the construction of inclusive educational policies from the 90's of the 20th century, a period that in Brazil and Latin America the neoliberal policy was underway in all dimensions of society redesigned the state action. It is in this period, too, that the rural social movements place, with greater emphasis, in the political agenda of their organizations, formal education as a banner of struggle. The research, based on bibliography and documents, mapped the collective actions developed by the Landless Rural Workers Movement (MST) in order to guarantee the right to school education in agrarian reform settlements and camps, focusing on the proposals and what managed to ensure within the scope of educational policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal Public Administration & Social Management / Administração Pública e Gestão Social is the property of Administracao Publica e Gestao Social and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Sustainability in Debate / Sustentabilidade em Debate is the property of University of Brasilia, Center for Sustainable Development and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The agrarian reform in Brazil was the subject of discussions during the 1950s and 1960s, and later, in the 1980s and 1990s, dialogues were built on its necessity, effectiveness and how it could be applied. Without consensus, the agrarian reform policy was implemented in different ways in an attempt to solve problems in rural areas. The objective of this article is to analyze the action of the governments in each political cycle directed to the agrarian reform, from 1995. The methodology used is the bibliographic review, which searches in written sources to contextualize an action. It is noted the differences between the actions of each government, with different directions, however, the results have been similar, since there was indeed a land reform in Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bioscience Journal is the property of Bioscience Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article discusses the effects of the transition from the industrial model of agribusiness to the financial model of agribusiness and its effects on public policies for agrarian reform in Brazil and Portugal. The objective of this article is to discuss the disputes of two developmental projects present in the agro-industrial model of production, on the one hand agrarian reform, on the other hand agribusiness, and how these two projects are modified by this new stage of global agrarian capitalism. This article intends to use a historical approach, however it is based on a sociological research carried out in Southeast Pará, Eldorado dos Carajás, and a historical research carried out in Southern Portugal, Beja District. For the Brazilian case we used the extended case method and semi-structured interviews, for the Portuguese case we used documentary research and oral history. This article points out as an effect of this insertion of agribusiness in both countries: a) an agrarian counter-reform policy; b) control of the market for inputs, machinery, seeds, feed and animal genetics by transnational companies; c) increase in food prices; d) strangulation of the peasant economy; e) rural unemployment; and f) rural desertification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Education in the Rural Area, especially education developed in agrarian reform settlements in Brazil, is analyzed. The paper demonstrates that the establishment of the Thematic Complex System in rural settlement schools may be an important pedagogical alternative since it gives priority to concrete study through a theoretical and practical formation with the self-authorization of students and work as the educational principle. A bibliographical research was undertaken, based on authors who investigated studies on thematic complexes. The Thematic Complex System may contribute towards progress in the development of teaching and learning processes in rural schools from the perspective of labor, giving a learning opportunity for poor people living in the rural area through concrete situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The new model of agricultural production that was established in Brazil between the 1960s and 1970s was contradictory, as the public policies of rural development reinforce the social inequalities in the countryside with the deterritorialization of thousands of rural workers, especially in the state of Paraná. This process contributed to the organization of new territories and new territorialities. Likewise, in recent years, in the region of Campo Mourão, new territories have emerged in rural areas and, among them, the landless rural workers': a part organized in the form of settlements, implemented by the municipal power in partnership with the National Institute of Colonization and Agrarian Reform, others in the form of camps that are transformed, through struggle, into settlements. For a better understanding of this movement of de-reterritorialization of the landless rural workers, we have addressed, in our research, the process of territorialization of the Landless Rural Workers' Movement (MST) in the Geographical Microregion of Campo Mourão. The research had a theoretical and empirical character with interviews and statements from the landless rural workers of the settlements and camps Irmã Dorothy and Nossa Senhora do Carmo, located in the municipality of Barbosa Ferraz. These movements are forms of power and resistance to the order established in capitalist society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What can we infer about the effect of polarized politics on the Brazilian policy‐making process? We attempt to answer this question by analyzing the country's political landscape and focusing on one specific policy issue concerning agrarian policies, an area that is exposed to much ideological conflict for both the left and right wing. We show how the mechanism has worked in this case to mitigate the polarization effects. Two political groups monopolized national elections over the past two decades sharing very different positions concerning ideological preferences. In this article, we recognize polarization between the two leading parties, but argue that the Brazilian political system features the dynamics of coalitional presidentialism that mitigates party preferences. We analyze funding data for small farmers and rural settlements for the period 1995‐2016, arriving at the conclusion that the agrarian policy of the competing parties resembled one another, despite political polarization. Related Articles: Ondetti, Gabriel. 2008. "Up and Down with the Agrarian Question: Issue Attention and Land Reform in Contemporary Brazil." Politics & Policy 36 (4): 510‐541. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2008.00120.x Segatto, Catarina Ianni, and Daniel Béland. 2018. "The Limits of Partisanship: Federalism, the Role of Bureaucrats, and the Path to Universal Health Care Coverage in Brazil." Politics & Policy 46 (3): 416‐441. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12252 Wolff, Michael Jerome. 2019. "Sharing Authority: The Politics and Practice of Community Policing in the Brazilian Slum." Politics & Policy 47 (4): 748‐774. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12322 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Doc On-Line: Revista Digital de Cinema Documentário is the property of Doc On-Line: Revista Digital de Cinema Documentario and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Since 1984, nearly 1,000 people have been killed in the Brazilian Amazon due to land conflicts stemming from unequal distribution of land, land tenure insecurity, and lawlessness. During this same period, the region experienced almost complete deforestation (< 8% forest cover by 2010). Land conflict exacts a human toll, but it also affects agents' decisions about land use, the subject of this article. Using a property-level panel dataset covering the period of redemocratization in Brazil (1984) until the privatization of long-term leases in the Eastern Amazon (2010), we show that deforestation is affected by land conflict, particularly in cases of expropriation of property for agrarian reform settlement formation and when that conflict involves fatalities. Deforestation on agrarian reform settlements is much greater when soils are poor for agriculture and when the land has been the object of past conflict. Deforestation and conflict are episodic, and both agronomic drivers and contentious drivers of land change are active in the region. Ultimately, the outcome of these processes of contentious and agronomic land change is substantial deforestation, regardless of who was in possession and control of the land. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]