93 results on '"INFORMAL sector"'
Search Results
2. Urban agglomeration, city size, and spatial density effects on wage flexibility: New evidence on the wage curve in Brazil.
- Author
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Barufi, Ana Maria Bonomi, Haddad, Eduardo Amaral, and Nijkamp, Peter
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ECONOMIES of agglomeration ,INFORMAL sector ,ELASTICITY (Economics) ,WAGES ,LABOR market ,DENSITY - Abstract
Copyright of Regional Science Policy & Practice is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
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3. RECENTERING THE GLOBAL SOUTH IN THE MAKING OF BUSINESS SCHOOL HISTORIES: DEPENDENCY AMBIGUITY IN ACTION.
- Author
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WANDERLEY, SERGIO, ALCADIPAN, RAFAEL, and BARROS, AMON
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DEVELOPING countries ,INDUSTRIALIZATION ,BUSINESS schools ,AMBIGUITY ,BRAZILIAN history ,INFORMAL sector - Abstract
The histories of Business Schools (BS) are usually produced from U.S.-centric perspectives. Seeking to recenter the Global South in the making of these histories, this paper aims to analyze the history of BS in Brazil via dependency studies. Dependency is the condition of a hierarchical relationship between two or more economies that become entangled for the benefit of the richer countries. Dependency studies aim to examine dependent conditions prevailing since colonial times to overcome them. We analyze the creation and dissemination of five BS from 1937 to 1961, a period marked by the emergence of the first undergraduate courses in the field and a heavy push towards industrial development in the country. We argue that dependency macro factors were the main drivers behind the creation, implementation, and dissemination of BS in Brazil. We posit local agents performed dependency ambiguity, that is, exploring context drivers within the Brazilian technological-industrial dependency and seeking external support to establish early BS in the country. We claimthat through dependency lenseswe can reposition the narratives about the development of BS in the Global South away from a U.S.-centric explanation, emphasizing the role of local contextual factors and actors within Global South countries dependency longue duree. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
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4. Duração do trabalho remoto e diagnóstico positivo de COVID-19: análises dos dados da PNAD COVID19.
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Neves Santos, Marília, Rodrigues Meira, Camila Abadia, Lisboa Conde, Wolney, and Madalena Rinaldi, Ana Elisa
- Subjects
JOB absenteeism ,TELECOMMUTING ,COVID-19 pandemic ,COVID-19 testing ,INFORMAL sector ,PERCENTILES - Abstract
Copyright of Revista Ciência & Saúde Coletiva is the property of Associacao Brasileira de Pos-Graduacao em Saude Coletiva and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. International trade, job training, and labor reallocation.
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Blyde, Juan, Pires, Jose Claudio, and Rodríguez Chatruc, Marisol
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EMPLOYEE training ,OCCUPATIONAL training ,INTERNATIONAL trade ,LABOR market ,INFORMAL sector ,IMPORTS ,MANUFACTURING industries - Abstract
A large literature studies the impact of increased import competition on workers' outcomes, however, relatively few studies examine which policies can aid workers displaced by trade. In this article, we evaluate the impact of an industrial job training program in Brazil on workers displaced from manufacturing sectors. We find that industrial training increases the probability of re‐entry into the formal labor market 1 year after displacement by about 17 percentage points and is even more effective for workers displaced from sectors exposed to high import competition. This effect is mainly associated with workers switching sectors and occupations after training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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6. Tolerance of Informality and Occupational Choices in a Large Informal Sector Economy.
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Arbex, Marcelo, Corrêa, Márcio V., and Magalhães, Marcos R. V.
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VOCATIONAL guidance ,INFORMAL sector ,BUSINESSPEOPLE ,INDUSTRIAL relations ,STOCHASTIC models ,FINANCIAL markets - Abstract
We study an equilibrium two-sector occupational choice model – agents can be (formal or informal) entrepreneurs or workers. An informal entrepreneur faces taxation determined by the combination of her capital choice and society's tolerance of informality. Our model is consistent with many empirical findings regarding the informal sector in Brazil, a developing economy with a large informal sector. With a calibrated version of our model, we show that as society's tolerance of informality decreases, the informal sector employs less capital and labor, and informality decreases. We conduct several counterfactual exercises. Informality is substantially lower in economies that are less tolerant of informal activities, formal entrepreneurs have more access to financial markets, and taxation of output and labor is lower. We extend the model to consider stochastic taxation of informal activities – a higher (average) informal output taxation and its variability reduce informality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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7. Earnings inequality and dynamics in the presence of informality: The case of Brazil.
- Author
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ENGBOM, NIKLAS, GONZAGA, GUSTAVO, MOSER, CHRISTIAN, and OLIVIERI, ROBERTA
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INCOME inequality ,DEVELOPED countries ,HOUSEHOLD surveys ,INFORMAL sector ,CORPORATE profits ,INSURANCE - Abstract
Using rich administrative and household survey data spanning 34 years from 1985 to 2018, we document a series of new facts on earnings inequality and dynamics in a developing country with a large informal sector: Brazil. Since the mid-1990s, both inequality and volatility of earnings have declined significantly in Brazil's formal sector. Higher-order moments of the distribution of earnings changes show cyclical movements in Brazil that are similar to those in developed countries like theUS. Relative to the formal sector, the informal sector is associated with a significant earnings penalty and higher earnings volatility for identical workers. Earnings changes of workers who switch from formal to informal (from informal to formal) employment are relatively negative (positive) and large in magnitude, dispersed, negatively (positively) skewed, and less leptokurtic. Our results suggest that informal employment is an imperfect insurance mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
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8. Application of a 'Recycling Exchange' instrument to compensate waste pickers in Brazil via a first payment for urban environmental services programme.
- Author
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Dias, Alice Libânia S, Lange, Lisete Celina, and Magalhães, Aline Souza
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PAYMENTS for ecosystem services ,RAGPICKERS ,SOLID waste management ,INFORMAL sector ,PRICE fluctuations ,SOCIAL integration - Abstract
This article presents an approach to compensate waste pickers in the informal sector of Minas Gerais state, Brazil, via a Payment for Urban Environmental Services (PUES) instrument, called 'Recycling Exchange'. The aim is to evaluate the effects of this instrument on the amount of waste diverted from landfill and reintroduced into the production chain, and to increase recognition of waste pickers' contributions to the state's economy. It was found that the 'Recycling Exchange' met the fundamental objectives of a PUES: the double social and economic benefits of the social inclusion of waste pickers in the execution of the public policy for solid waste management, and inducing (in the case of glass), ensuring and stabilising (plastic and paper) continuity of the activity of selling recyclables in times of wide price fluctuations for these recyclables. The instrument enhanced the provision of this environmental service and the positive externalities associated with recycling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
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9. Economías inflamables en tiempos de COVID‐19: La reventa de gasolina en la frontera de Venezuela–Brasil.
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Morillo Ramos, Morelia and van Roekel, Eva
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INFORMAL sector ,COVID-19 pandemic ,COVID-19 ,AMBIVALENCE ,ECONOMIC activity ,RESALE - Abstract
Copyright of Journal of Latin American & Caribbean Anthropology is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
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10. The China Shock Impact on Labor Informality: The Effects on Brazilian Manufacturing Workers.
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Paz, Lourenço S.
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LABOR mobility ,ECONOMIC conditions in China ,UNSKILLED labor ,INTERNATIONAL trade ,INFORMAL sector ,LABOR market ,INDUSTRIAL policy ,DEVELOPING countries - Abstract
The vigorous growth of the Chinese economy together with its increasingly successful role in international trade may have profoundly impacted developing countries. This study examines the large increase in the international trade exposure of the Brazilian economy during 2000–2012 to assess the impacts of import competition on its manufacturing formal and informal labor markets. In this period, import penetration grew by more than 20 percent in Brazil, and the share of the import penetration originating in China increased from 3 to 20 percent. At the same time, the share of informal workers in manufacturing declined from 27 to approximately 15 percent. Employing a switching regression model and Brazilian household survey data, this study finds that a greater industry-level Chinese and 'rest of the world' import penetration increases the likelihood of jobs becoming informal at different intensities, and these effects are smaller in unskilled-labor intensive industries and manufacturing states. Additionally, both types of import penetration positively impact the average informal wage. In contrast, the estimates suggest that a larger Chinese import penetration reduces average formal wages, while imports from elsewhere have the opposite effect. The results also indicate that the magnitude of the effects on wages are moderated by the unskilled labor intensity of the industry and whether the worker is located in a manufacturing state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
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11. DESENVOLVIMENTO PERIFÉRICO E TRABALHO INFANTIL: História oral de vida na feira central de Campina Grande nas décadas de 1960 e 1970.
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Burnett, Annahid, de Paiva Neto, Francisco Fagundes, and Leite Nóbrega, Júlia Cristina
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CHILD labor ,INFORMAL sector ,LABOR market ,FREE trade ,SOCIAL reality - Abstract
Copyright of Direito da Cidade is the property of Editora da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (EdUERJ) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
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12. Estimating the costs for implementing a maternity leave cash transfer program for women employed in the informal sector in Brazil and Ghana.
- Author
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Carroll, Grace, Vilar-Compte, Mireya, Teruel, Graciela, Moncada, Meztli, Aban-Tamayo, David, Werneck, Heitor, de Moraes, Ricardo Montes, and Pérez-Escamilla, Rafael
- Subjects
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PARENTAL leave , *HEALTH policy , *MATERNAL health services , *SOCIAL justice , *HUMAN services programs , *SOCIOECONOMIC factors , *COST analysis , *DESCRIPTIVE statistics , *GOVERNMENT aid , *PUBLIC welfare , *WOMEN employees , *ECONOMICS - Abstract
Background: Maternity leave policies are designed to protect gender equality and the health of mothers in the workforce and their children. However, maternity leave schemes are often linked to jobs in the formal sector economy. In low- and middle-income countries a large share of women work in the informal sector, and are not eligible to such benefit. This is worrisome from a social justice and a policy perspective and suggests the need for intervening. Costing the implementation of potential interventions is needed for facilitating informed decisions by policy makers. Methods: We developed and applied a costing methodology to assess the cost of a maternity leave cash transfer to be operated in the informal sector of the economy in Brazil and Ghana, two countries with very different employment structures and socioeconomic contexts. We conducted sensitivity analysis by modeling different numbers of weeks covered. Results: In Brazil, the cost of the maternity cash transfer would be between 0.004% and 0.02% of the GDP, while in Ghana it would range between 0.076% and 0.28% of the GDP. The relative cost of rolling out a maternity intervention in Brazil is between 2.2 to 3.2 times the cost in Ghana depending on the benchmark used to assess the welfare measure. The differences in costs between countries was related to differences in labor market structure as well as demographic characteristics. Conclusions: Findings show how a standard methodology that relies on routinely available information is feasible and could assist policymakers in estimating the costs of supporting a maternity cash transfer for women employed in the informal sector, such intervention is expected to contribute to social justice, gender equity, and health trajectories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
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13. Occupational Therapy and informal work: reflections for practicing.
- Author
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Chaves Azevedo de Souza, Marina Batista and de Oliveira Lussi, Isabela Aparecida
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PROFESSIONAL practice ,UNEMPLOYMENT ,PRACTICAL politics ,OCCUPATIONAL therapy ,SOCIAL security ,EMPLOYEES ,EMPLOYMENT ,PSYCHOSOCIAL factors ,REFLECTION (Philosophy) ,OCCUPATIONAL therapists - Abstract
Copyright of Brazilian Journal of Occupational Therapy / Cadernos Brasileiros de Terapia Ocupacional is the property of Cadernos de Terapia Ocupacional da UFSCar and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
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14. Terapia Ocupacional e trabalho informal: reflexões para a prática.
- Author
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Chaves Azevedo de Souza, Marina Batista and de Oliveira Lussi, Isabela Aparecida
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LABOR laws ,WORK environment ,EMPLOYEE attitudes ,LABOR unions ,PRIVATE sector ,OCCUPATIONAL therapy ,ECONOMICS ,INDUSTRIAL hygiene ,REFLECTION (Philosophy) - Abstract
Copyright of Brazilian Journal of Occupational Therapy / Cadernos Brasileiros de Terapia Ocupacional is the property of Cadernos de Terapia Ocupacional da UFSCar and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
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15. Workforce Composition, Productivity, and Labour Regulations in a Compensating Differentials Theory of Informality.
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Haanwinckel, Daniel and Soares, Rodrigo R
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LABOR market ,LABOR supply ,SKILLED labor ,INFORMAL sector ,PAYROLLS ,MINIMUM wage ,PAYROLL tax - Abstract
We develop a search model of informal labour markets with realistic labour regulations, including minimum wage, and heterogeneous workers and firms. Smaller firms and lower wages in the informal sector emerge endogenously as firms and workers decide whether to comply with regulations. Because skilled and unskilled workers are imperfect substitutes in production, the model uniquely captures the informality consequences of shocks that affect returns to skill, such as rising educational levels. The model also reproduces empirical patterns incompatible with other frameworks: the presence of skilled and unskilled workers in the formal and informal sectors, the rising share of skilled workers by firm size, and formal and firm-size wage premiums that vary by skill level. We estimate the model using 2003 data from Brazil and show that it successfully predicts labour market changes observed between 2003 and 2012. Under a range of different assumptions, changes in workforce composition appear as the main drivers of the reduction in informality over this period. Policy simulations using the estimated model suggest that progressive payroll taxes are a cost-effective way to reduce informality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. FISCAL ADJUSTMENTS AND THE SHADOW ECONOMY IN AN EMERGING MARKET.
- Author
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Costa Junior, Celso J., Garcia-Cintado, Alejandro C., and Usabiaga, Carlos
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EMERGING markets ,INFORMAL sector ,PUBLIC debts ,CONSUMPTION tax ,LABOR supply ,LABOR market - Abstract
We build an open-economy dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model that allows us to: (i) derive a time series for labor informality in Brazil spanning the period 2004–2018, whose evolution is consistent with the behavior of the main series provided by Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD); (ii) run dynamic simulations showing that, in the presence of a large informal labor market (around 50% of the total labor force), expenditure-cutting measures lead, at worst, to mild short-run recessions in the formal sector and are likely to foster public debt sustainability. Likewise, adjustments through some kinds of distortionary taxation, mainly the corporate tax, and to a lesser extent, the consumption tax, also seem to improve both public debt dynamics and fiscal collection without a significant cost in terms of output. Thus, in countries with large informal economies experiencing fiscal woes, expenditure-based consolidations, as well as some sorts of tax-based adjustments, should be relied upon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. What is the potential for a second peak in the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 in emerging and developing economies? Insights from a SIRASD model considering the informal economy.
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Pires, Marcelo A., Crokidakis, Nuno, Cajueiro, Daniel O., Argollo de Menezes, Marcio, and Duarte Queirós, Silvio M.
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INFORMAL sector , *EMERGING markets , *SOCIAL advocacy , *SOCIAL distancing , *SARS-CoV-2 - Abstract
We study the potential scenarios from a Susceptible-Infected-Recovered-Asymptomatic-Symptomatic-Dead (SIRASD) model. As a novelty, we consider populations that differ in their degree of compliance with social distancing policies following socioeconomic attributes that are observed in emerging and developing countries. Considering epidemiological parameters estimated from data of the propagation of SARS-CoV-2 in Brazil — where there is a significant stake of the population making their living in the informal economy and thus prone to not follow self-isolation — we assert that if the confinement measures are lifted too soon, namely as much as one week of consecutive declining numbers of new cases, it is very likely the appearance of a second peak. Our approach should be valid for any country where the number of people involved in the informal economy is a large proportion of the total labor force. In summary, our results point out the crucial relevance of target policies for supporting people in the informal economy to properly comply with preventive measures during the pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Transition to circular economy in Brazil: A look at the municipal solid waste management in the state of São Paulo.
- Author
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Paes, Michel Xocaira, de Medeiros, Gerson Araujo, Mancini, Sandro Donnini, Ribeiro, Flávio de Miranda, and Puppim de Oliveira, Jose A.
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SOLID waste management ,TRANSITION economies ,CIVIC improvement ,NEW public management ,CITIES & towns ,INFORMAL sector ,GOVERNMENT policy - Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to evaluate how improvements in municipal solid waste management systems (MSWMS) can contribute to a transition toward circular economy (CE) in urban areas, outlining actions and guidelines for public policies. Design/methodology/approach: The research was carried out in three municipalities located in the state of São Paulo in terms of: diagnosis; elaboration of more positive scenarios in terms of CE and scaling of economic and environmental benefits; and outline actions and guidelines for public policies of MSWMS. Findings: In developing countries like Brazil, MSWMS can contribute to a transition toward a CE through new public policies and management practices, or even through the improvement of those that already exist. Examples of this are the integration of the informal sector of the recycling chain and service sector related to repairs of clothing, shoes, furniture and electronics as well as composting at the food production site. This could be strengthened by legal and financial mechanisms, training and carbon credit projects. Moreover, there is a need for integration of public policies between different levels of governments and sectoral policies. Originality/value: This paper developed a methodology to examine the potential for a transition toward a CE through the MSWMS in different scenarios and cities. This methodology allows to advance the implementation of the concept of CE in urban areas of developing countries and generating co-benefits to the local economy and the global environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Itinerário terapêutico de crianças com microcefalia pelo vírus Zika.
- Author
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Santos Bosaipo, Daniela, Carvalho Lamy, Zeni, Soares de Oliveira, Poliana, de Paula Gomes, Clarice Maria Ribeiro, Mendes de Assis, Milena Ribeiro, Costa Ribeiro, Marizélia Rodrigues, and de Britto e. Alves, Maria Teresa Seabra Soares
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ZIKA virus infections ,ZIKA virus ,INFORMAL sector ,DIAGNOSIS ,MICROCEPHALY - Abstract
Copyright of Revista Ciência & Saúde Coletiva is the property of Associacao Brasileira de Pos-Graduacao em Saude Coletiva and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
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20. THE EFFECTS OF HIGH BANKING SPREADS IN AN INFORMAL ECONOMY.
- Author
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Merlin, Giovanni T. and Teles, Vladimir K.
- Subjects
INCOMPLETE markets ,INFORMAL sector ,WAGE increases ,BANKING industry ,INCOME inequality ,UNEMPLOYMENT - Abstract
We investigate the aggregate and distributional effects of banking spreads in an economy with informality. We build a heterogeneous agents model with incomplete markets, credit frictions, and a rich occupational choice setting, in which informality is an option for both employers and workers. The main finding is that reductions in spreads for formal firms increase wages, output, and welfare but have a deleterious impact on unemployment and inequality. Dropping spreads for informal firms lead to reduction in inequality indicators at the expense of consumption and welfare. By calibrating the model for Brazil, we also find that a hypothetical extinction of the informal sector can be harmful for poor agents, but combined with a spread reduction, it can generate strong positive effects on output and welfare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. CREATION OF LOCAL INNOVATION BY FOREIGN SUBSIDIARIES FROM SPECIFIC ADVANTAGES OF THE SUBNATIONAL ENVIRONMENT.
- Author
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Doritta Rodrigues, Cristina, Mendes Borini, Felipe, Mustafa Raziq, Muhammad, and Portugal Ferreira, Manuel
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FOREIGN subsidiaries , *ECONOMIC geography , *INSTITUTIONAL environment , *INFORMAL sector , *EMERGING markets - Abstract
Purpose - The study examines the effects of the (Brazilian) subnational competitive environment and relational embeddedness on the foreign subsidiary local innovation. Method - Primary data are collected through a survey from 152 foreign subsidiaries located in thirteen states in Brazil. Secondary data are sourced from the World Bank Enterprise Surveys. The data are analyzed through multiple regression. Main results - The results show a positive significant association between the subnational competitive environment and the local innovation of subsidiaries. However, there is no association between subnational external embeddedness and subsidiary local innovation. Furthermore, companies that enter through acquisitions are strongly associated with local innovation. Relevance/Originality - The study adds to the existing exchanges on the effect of subnational environment on the subsidiary local innovation, taking Brazil as an empirical context. A subnational level analysis is important as it considers subnational institutional heterogeneity and reveals variations that could be disregarded where a national level analysis is undertaken. Theoretical/methodological contributions: Although there is evidence of the impact of the institutional environment on strategy and innovation, this study makes some contributions. First, while existing studies do focus on both the developed as well as emerging markets, the focus with regard to the latter is mainly on Asia, and other important contexts such as Latin American having specific idiosyncrasies are ignored. Second, the study contributes to the studies of Economic Geography, supporting that each subnational environment has its particularities, as demonstrated in the nature of subnational issues in Brazil. Social / management contributions: In managerial terms, the study draws attention to the importance of knowledge of the subnational competitive dynamics regarding the participation of the informal economy and extends implications for public policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Busca por cuidados de saúde: itinerário terapêutico de crianças egressas de unidades neonatais.
- Author
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Coutinho da Rocha, Hortênsia, Carvalho Lamy, Zeni, Cardoso de Aguiar, Lia, Pereira Moreira, Joama Gusmão, Lopes Pereira, Marina Uchoa, Lacerda Albuquerque, Yanca, de Paula Souza, Tadeu, and Lamy Filho, Fernando
- Subjects
MEDICAL needs assessment ,INFORMAL sector ,PRIMARY health care ,CHILD care ,CAREGIVERS ,THEMATIC analysis ,INFANTS - Abstract
Copyright of Revista Brasileira em Promoção da Saúde is the property of Revista Brasileira em Promocao da Saude and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
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23. In the name of public health: misoprostol and the new criminalization of abortion in Brazil.
- Author
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Assis, Mariana Prandini and Erdman, Joanna N
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ABORTION ,MISOPROSTOL ,ABORTIFACIENTS ,HEALTH policy ,PUBLIC health ,INFORMAL sector ,CONTROLLED drugs - Abstract
This article explores the criminal regulation of misoprostol as a controlled drug in Brazil as a new form of abortion criminalization. A qualitative analysis of Brazilian case law shows how the courts use a public health rhetoric of unsafe abortion to criminalize the distribution of misoprostol in the informal sector. Rather than an invention of the local bench, this judicial rhetoric reflects global public health discourse and policy on unsafe abortion and the double life of misoprostol as both an essential medicine and a controlled drug. In contrast to previous studies, the article shows that abortion criminalization is not the cause, but rather the consequence of misoprostol's double life. In the last section, it draws on an outlier judgment of the case law to chart a regulatory future for misoprostol and its supply in the informal sector as a site of harm reduction and safe abortion in public health policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Estrategia de Industrialización Orientada a las Exportaciones: una forma de competitividad México-Brasil 1980-2003.
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Gaona Rivera, Elías and Duana Ávila, Danae
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ECONOMIC expansion ,FINANCIAL crises ,INDUSTRIALIZATION ,MANUFACTURING industries ,INFORMAL sector - Abstract
Copyright of Económicas CUC is the property of Corporacion Universidad de la Costa, CUC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
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25. O trabalho infantil de migrantes e refugiados venezuelanos no Brasil.
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Viana Custódio, André and Cabral, Johana
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CHILD labor ,MIGRANT labor ,SOCIAL integration ,INFORMAL sector ,REFUGEE children ,GOVERNMENT policy - Abstract
Copyright of Revista de Direito Internacional is the property of Revista de Direito Internacional and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
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26. The informal sector and Covid‐19 economic impacts: The case of Bahia, Brazil.
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Ferreira dos Santos, Gervásio, Santana Ribeiro, Luiz Carlos, and Barbosa de Cerqueira, Rodrigo
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INFORMAL sector ,ECONOMIC impact ,ECONOMIC sectors ,LABOR market ,POLICY sciences - Abstract
Copyright of Regional Science Policy & Practice is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
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27. Inequality of opportunity in Brazil: decomposition of the sources of injustice between 2001 and 2014.
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Adamczyk, Willian Boschetti and Fochezatto, Adelar
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INCOME inequality , *INFORMAL sector , *NATION-state , *JUSTICE - Abstract
Purpose: This article aims to measure inequality of income and opportunities at the national and state levels in Brazil, highlighting their acceptable and unacceptable components. Design/methodology/approach: To this end, a lower-bound estimate of income inequality (MLD) and inequality of opportunity (IOp) was developed using data from the National Household Sample Survey between 2001 and 2014. Findings: It shows that the disparity of income measured by the MLD decreased 26.7 percent, while IOp measured by the IOp decreased 25.6 percent during that period. The decline in total inequality can be attributed to a 48.5 percent decrease of its unfair component and 51.5 percent decrease of its fair component. The average income of the most disadvantaged group (non-white women working in the informal sector) is shown to be only 29.5 percent of the income of the most advantaged group (formally employed white men). The groups at the greatest disadvantage were most benefited by the increase in income. Originality/value: Beyond comparisons among countries, analysis at the subnational level make it possible to identify how the process that generates inequality acts in each state, revealing patterns undetected in the aggregate analysis. Its decomposition generates two products that are useful to policy-makers. The first is a base estimate of the degree of IOp present in society, which may be expressed as an indicator of the degree of IOp. The second examines the portion of total inequality attributable to IOp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Formalizing the informal? A perspective on informal waste management in the BRICS through the lens of institutional economics.
- Author
-
da Silva, Christian Luiz, Weins, Niklas, and Potinkara, Maija
- Subjects
- *
WASTE management , *INSTITUTIONAL economics , *SOLID waste , *INFORMAL sector , *RAGPICKERS , *SOLID waste management - Abstract
• The BRICS have waste policies, but they are in very different stages and application. • South Africa and Brazil have an accommodation relation between formal e informal. • Russia has incompatible goals between formal and informal institutions. • China has compatible goals between formal and informal institutions. • India has an informal sphere that is complementing formal policy. The world population is becoming more urbanized, wealthier but also more wasteful. The resolution of the problem of ever increasing amounts of solid waste is not yet a priority in many developing countries where informal organization has managed to partially tackle the problem. In this article we explore the interface between formal and informal waste management in the BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa). The aim of this article is to comparatively evaluate the main challenges of urban solid waste management for the BRICS from an institutional point of view. Based on a literature review, interviews with experts on the BRICS and a search for relevant legislation and formal institutions, evidence of informal institutions and the informal economy's role following New Institutional Economics was considered. The results indicate that while in Brazil and South Africa there is a state incentive to formalize scavenging for more efficient outcomes, Russia shows a significant blind-spot on the issue, China apparently awaits a technological solution to the problem, and India's cultural, ethnic and caste-based divide of society make recent policies aimed at improving waste pickers' conditions challenging to enforce. This research has shown that it is not as much an issue of enforcement of the (often recent) legislations, but rather one of cultural and informal organizational factors, that play into the issue of continued problems concerning waste management. For achieving waste management policy goals, we suggest a more open multi-stakeholder approach to the inclusion of informal organizations in public waste management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Economic sector, demographic composition, educational attainment, and earnings in Brazil.
- Author
-
Amaral, Ernesto F. L., Rodarte Faustino, Samantha Haussmann, Quaresma Gonçalves, Guilherme, and Lanza Queiroz, Bernardo
- Subjects
ECONOMIC sectors ,EDUCATIONAL attainment ,INFORMAL sector ,MALE employees ,DEMOGRAPHIC transition - Abstract
Brazil experienced population ageing and improvement in educational attainment between 1980- 2010. Proportion of workers in the formal economic sector increased between 2000-2010. Earnings decreased from 1980 to 1991 and increased in 2000. However, earnings in the formal economic sector decreased again in 2010. We estimate associations of individual- and area-level variables with individual earnings of male workers living in urban areas in Brazil. Ordinary least squares regressions estimate variations on earnings of male workers, using the 1980-2010 Demographic Censuses. Individual independent variables include age, education, economic sector, race/color, marital status, religion, and region of residence. Contextual independent variables consider demographic, educational, and economic sector compositions by areas of residence. Considering individual-level variables, older and better educated workers have higher earnings. Workers in the formal economic sector have higher earnings than in the informal sector. For area-level variables, higher proportions of people working in the formal economic sector have positive associations with earnings. Proportions of people in age-education groups have negative associations with earnings mostly among older workers. For models by economic sector, proportions in age-education groups have higher positive coefficients in the informal sector, compared to the formal sector. Transitions in demographic, educational, and economic sector compositions are correlated with earnings. These effects generate greater economic inequality in the informal sector than in the formal sector. Our main contribution is the estimation of models about associations of individual earnings with individual and area-level variables, which can be replicated for other countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
30. 'Let's Win this Game Together': Children's Rights Violations, Macro‐Securitisation and the Transformative Potential of the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil.
- Author
-
VAN BLERK, LORRAINE, MENDEL, JONATHAN, RODRIGUEZ, ANDREA, FERNANDES, FERNANDO L., and RIZZINI, IRENE
- Subjects
- *
FIFA World Cup , *OLYMPIC Games & economics , *CHILDREN , *URBAN growth , *INFORMAL sector , *SOCIAL conditions in Brazil - Abstract
Sport's transformative potential is known to support marginalised children, to deal with traumatic experiences and instil positive values; yet hosting mega sporting events (MSEs) can have negative impacts. Drawing on participatory research with favela‐based children during the 2014 World Cup in Brazil, this article argues that MSEs bring a macro‐securitisation of urban life, which causes considerable harm. This paper also suggests that the inclusion of children's voices in advocacy debates can challenge top‐down securitisation and might allow MSEs to foster further positive social transformation. Therefore, juxtaposed with causing harm, macro‐securitisations can open opportunities for children to take action and have their voices heard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. La reutilización del agua en el ámbito de la economía circular y sostenibilidad.
- Author
-
DA SILVA ANTUNES DE SOUZA, MARIA CLÁUDIA and LUIZ PASOLD, CESAR
- Subjects
WATER currents ,INDUCTION (Logic) ,INFORMAL sector ,SUSTAINABILITY ,WATER - Abstract
Copyright of Revista Chilena de Derecho y Ciencia Política is the property of Revista Chilena de Derecho y Ciencia Política and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Ins and outs of the cultural polis: Informality, culture and governance in the global South.
- Author
-
Mbaye, Jenny and Dinardi, Cecilia
- Subjects
- *
URBAN planning & culture , *PUBLIC administration , *INFORMAL sector , *SOCIAL marginality , *CITIES & towns , *CULTURAL policy , *CULTURE - Abstract
This article provides an epistemological critique of informality by focusing on cultural governance in two cities of the global South, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and Dakar, Senegal. Aiming to enrich debates about urban creativity and urban cultural policy, which are still mainly focused on and articulated from the global North, we consider the broad field of 'informality' research as an entry point for such a discussion. Using case studies from African and Latin American contexts, we focus on the interstices of cultural policy and the borderlands of (in)formality, examining how governmental institutions are entangled in informal processes, and how grassroots cultural interventions become part of mainstream cultural circuits. The analysis sheds light on how these creative spaces of cultural production, located in Southern contexts of urban extremes, contribute to the vitality of informal urbanisms and unsettle predominant views that see them merely as sites of infrastructural poverty and social exclusion. The article suggests that a creative remapping of informality, through an inquiry of the 'ins' and 'outs' of the cultural polis, could improve our translating capacity of academic discourse into institutional/policy-related operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Global Bazaar.
- Author
-
Neuwirth, Robert
- Subjects
- *
SQUATTER settlements , *ABSOLUTE poverty , *SLUMS , *SMALL business , *INNOVATIONS in business , *INFORMAL sector , *STREET vendors , *SOCIAL history - Abstract
The article discusses the innovation demonstrated by inhabitants of squatters' settlements around the world. Slums, favelas, and shantytowns in Lagos, Nigeria, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and Mumbai, India are noted as areas where clean water, consistent electricity, and stable housing structures are scarce. The article discusses how residents use ingenuity to develop unlicensed small businesses, usually selling or processing items they acquire for little profit. Government interactions with these businesspeople and street vendors, as well as what the future holds for them, are discussed.
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Firms, Informality, and Development: Theory and Evidence from Brazil.
- Author
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Ulyssea, Gabriel
- Subjects
INFORMAL sector ,BUSINESS enterprises ,INFORMAL organization ,ECONOMIC equilibrium ,SIMULATION methods & models ,BUSINESS conditions ,GOVERNMENT policy - Abstract
This paper develops and estimates an equilibrium model where heterogeneous firms can exploit two margins of informality: (i) not register their business, the extensive margin; and (ii) hire workers “off the books,” the intensive margin. The model encompasses the main competing frameworks for understanding informality and provides a natural setting to infer their empirical relevance. The counterfactual analysis shows that once the intensive margin is accounted for, firm and labor informality need not move in the same direction as a result of policy changes. Lower informality can be, but is not necessarily associated with higher output, TFP, or welfare. (JEL D22, E26, H26, J46, O14, O17) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Making the Newest Citizens: Achieving Universal Birth Registration in Contemporary Brazil.
- Author
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Hunter, Wendy and Sugiyama, Natasha Borges
- Subjects
- *
SOCIAL policy , *BIRTH certificates , *SOCIOECONOMIC factors , *INFORMAL sector , *TWENTY-first century , *ECONOMIC policy - Abstract
Identity documentation is essential to secure the rights, benefits, and services that modern states provide. Historically, significant numbers of poor Brazilians lacked core documents, beginning with a birth certificate. In recent years the government has conducted a campaign to rectify this situation. We explore why the state left so many Brazilians without a birth certificate previously and why it became intent on registering all births, as reflected in recent efforts to facilitate the process. Key in this regard is the movement from a social policy orientation that excluded poor Brazilians in the informal sector to one aimed at including them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Undoing the right to the city: World Cup investments and informal settlements in Fortaleza, Brazil.
- Author
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Freitas, Clarissa F. Sampaio
- Subjects
FIFA World Cup ,INVESTMENTS ,URBAN poor ,LAND tenure ,HOUSING ,INFORMAL sector - Abstract
In the Global South, the notion of the right to the city has increasingly been used to challenge the effects of uneven development on vulnerable informal residents. Yet, under a neoliberal spatial regime, acknowledging rights of informal residents does not necessarily lead to increasing access to the opportunities that cities produce. The article documents a contradictory process of, simultaneously, institutionalization of rights and implementation of profit-driven urban investments associated with 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil. It is based on local-level, case-specific analysis of a dispute around the mega-event mobility investments and the demands of residents of Lagamar—a low-income, informal community in Fortaleza—adopting participant observation methods during a 3-year field research period. The case illustrates how Brazilian right to the city policies have gone beyond the mere recognition of land rights of informal residents, yet they have fallen short of addressing the needs of the urban poor, highlighting the role of mega-event investments in this process. The contradiction of simultaneously expanding and eroding the rights of the urban poor in Brazil has given room for manipulative state practices that I have called “undoing the right to the city.” [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Informality and accessibility to jobs by public transit: Evidence from the São Paulo Metropolitan Region.
- Author
-
Boisjoly, Geneviève, Moreno-Monroy, Ana Isabel, and El-Geneidy, Ahmed
- Subjects
- *
LOCAL transit access , *PUBLIC transit , *EMPLOYMENT , *REGRESSION analysis , *INFORMAL sector - Abstract
Access to opportunities through public transport can have different impacts on individual's life especially in developing countries where opportunities are limited, job informality rates are high, and socioeconomic characteristics gaps are big. The aim of this paper is to explore the relationship between job informality and accessibility to employment by public transport in São Paulo Metropolitan Region (SPMR), Brazil. To do so, we calculate a cumulative-opportunity measure of accessibility to jobs for 633 areas within the SPMR. We use a multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression model to estimate the effect of job accessibility on the likelihood of being informally employed, controlling for individual and other area characteristics. To account for informal sector heterogeneity, two regression models are generated: one for the workers earning below minimum wage and one for the workers earning above minimum wage. The results show that accessibility to jobs is unevenly distributed across the region, largely concentrated in the core of the region, and especially in the high-income areas. The regression results show that for workers earning less than the minimum wage, a higher level of accessibility to jobs by public transport is associated with a lower likelihood of being a worker in the informal job sector. For informal workers earning more than the minimum wage, car ownership seem to be more relevant than transit accessibility in determining the likelihood of being part of the informal job sector. In light of these findings, increasing accessibility by public transport through either expanding transit services to areas with high informality rates to have a better access to formal jobs or supporting the decentralization of formal jobs may be a way to achieve reductions in informality rates, especially among those earning less than the minimum wage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Brazil Economy Grows for Second Straight Quarter in Win for Lula.
- Author
-
Rosati, Andrew
- Subjects
INFORMAL sector ,PUBLIC opinion ,ECONOMIC reform - Abstract
Analysts caution, however, that elevated interest rates are likely to sap momentum from Latin America's largest economy in the coming months. (Bloomberg) -- Brazil's economy expanded more than expected in the second quarter, propelled by gains in services and industry despite the drag from double-digit interest rates. [Extracted from the article]
- Published
- 2023
39. The transition of brazilian workers to formality: evidences from duration analysis.
- Author
-
ROMANELLO, MICHELE and OLIVEIRA-GONÇALVES, FLÁVIO DE
- Subjects
INFORMAL sector ,EMPLOYEE education ,ECONOMIC surveys ,SURVIVAL analysis (Biometry) ,HAZARD function (Statistics) - Abstract
Copyright of Economía, Sociedad y Territorio is the property of El Colegio Mexiquense and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Contagious corruption, informal employment, and income: evidence from Brazilian municipalities.
- Author
-
Bologna, Jamie
- Subjects
INFORMAL sector ,INCOME ,CORRUPTION ,ECONOMIC impact ,GROSS domestic product ,EXTERNALITIES ,MUNICIPAL government ,DEVELOPING countries - Abstract
Using data on 434 Brazilian municipalities, this paper explores the influence both corruption and the size of the informal sector have on economic outcomes, while allowing for the possibility of spatial dependence. Overall, this paper finds that the size of the informal sector has a statistically significant and negative association with economic outcomes that is much larger in magnitude than what is predicted by least squares estimates due to its exclusion of spillover effects, while corruption has no significant relationship. Specifically, a one standard deviation increase in the size of the informal sector is associated with a 26 % cumulative decrease in GDP per capita, compared to the maximum of a 17 % decline predicted by least squares. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Access to Credit and the Size of the Formal Sector.
- Author
-
D'ERASMO, PABLO N.
- Subjects
COMMERCIAL credit ,REGULATORY reform ,CORPORATE debt ,INTERMEDIATION (Finance) ,FINANCIAL ratios ,INDUSTRIAL productivity ,BUSINESS size ,COMMERCIAL policy - Abstract
This paper studies the link between credit conditions and formalization in Brazil. Over the last decade, Brazil has experienced a large increase in the level of credit and the rate of formalization, these changes are linked to a reduction in the cost of credit and policy reforms oriented toward improving the efficiency of the financial sector. The paper develops a model with endogenous formal and informal sectors to evaluate how much of the change in corporate credit and the size of the formal sector can be attributed to a reduction in financial intermediation costs. The model predicts that the reduction in intermediation costs generates an increase in the credit-to-output ratio and the fraction of formal workers, in line with the data. By affecting the allocation of capital and the entry and exit rates, the change in credit conditions has important implications for the firm size distribution and aggregate productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Necessity-driven circular economy in low-income contexts: How informal sector practices retain value for circularity.
- Author
-
Korsunova, Angelina, Halme, Minna, Kourula, Arno, Levänen, Jarkko, and Lima-Toivanen, Maria
- Subjects
CIRCULAR economy ,INFORMAL sector ,VALUE (Economics) ,EMERGING markets ,ECONOMIC opportunities ,POOR communities - Abstract
• Existing circular economy (CE) conceptualizations are based on formally organized developed markets. • A large part of world's employed population make their living from informal sector circular economy. • Informal low-income contexts are rich in necessity-driven value retaining practices for materials and goods. • Academic and policy discourses currently tend to omit these necessity-driven CE practices. • Reaching the full potential of CE globally calls for knowledge of necessity-driven CE. Low-income informal sector contexts are rife in practices that retain value of materials and goods, but in the academic literature and policy debates these practices are seldom considered as part of the circular economy (CE). This is a major omission in CE discourse, as over 60 percent of the world's employed population is in the informal sector and many of them make their living from circularity practices. Hence, our paper advances a globally covering understanding of CE by focusing on local practices constituting CE in the overlooked contexts of low-income informal markets of emerging economies, and on the motives behind the practices. To that end we introduce the notion of Necessity-Driven Circular Economy, defined as a set of locally embedded and interlinked formal and informal practices aimed at restoring and retaining the value of goods and materials for as long as possible, based on economic necessity and opportunities for income generation. We substantiate this conceptual work with our empirical findings from low-income urban communities in Brazil, India, and Tanzania. This allows us to capture the essential characteristics of necessity-driven circular economy. These characteristics draw attention to the social and cultural embeddedness and the interweaving of consumption and production in necessity-driven circular economy, as opposed to the dominant techno-economic and industry-focused circular economy conceptualizations that are typical in academic discourse and portray developed country contexts. Finally, we discuss conceptual and practical relevance of necessity-driven circular economy and point out its system-level implications for policymakers and businesses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Wages and Informality in Developing Countries†.
- Author
-
Meghir, Costas, Narita, Renata, and Robin, Jean-Marc
- Subjects
WAGES ,LABOR supply ,UNEMPLOYMENT ,PRODUCTION (Economic theory) ,LABOR productivity ,INFORMAL sector ,ECONOMIC conditions in developing countries - Abstract
We develop an equilibrium wage-posting model with heterogeneous firms that decide to locate in the formal or the informal sector and workers who search randomly on and off the job. We estimate the model on Brazilian labor force survey data. In equilibrium, firms of equal productivity locate in different sectors, a fact observed in the data. Wages are characterized by compensating differentials. We show that tightening enforcement does not increase unemployment and increases wages, total output, and welfare by enabling better allocation of workers to higher productivity jobs and improving competition in the formal labor market. (JEL E26, J24, J31, J46, O15, O17) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. The underground economy: Tracking the higher-order economic impacts of the São Paulo Subway System.
- Author
-
Haddad, Eduardo A., Hewings, Geoffrey J.D., Porsse, Alexandre A., Van Leeuwen, Eveline S., and Vieira, Renato S.
- Subjects
- *
INFORMAL sector , *ECONOMIC impact , *TRANSPORTATION , *PRODUCTION (Economic theory) , *COMMUTING - Abstract
Over one million workers commute daily to São Paulo City center, using different modes of transportation. The São Paulo subway network reaches 74.2 km of length and is involved in around 20% of the commuting trips by public transportation, enhancing mobility and productivity of workers. This paper uses an integrated framework to assess the higher-order economic impacts of the existing underground metro infrastructure. We consider links between mobility, accessibility and labor productivity in the context of a detailed metropolitan system embedded in the national economy. Simulation results from a spatial computable general equilibrium model integrated to a transportation model suggest positive economic impacts that go beyond the city limits. While 32% of the impacts accrue to the city of São Paulo, the remaining 68% benefit other municipalities in the metropolitan area (11%), in the State of São Paulo (12.0%) and in the rest of the country (45%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. BRAZIL'S SOCIAL SECURITY SYSTEM: PROSPECTIVE TRAJECTORY AND REFORM ALTERNATIVES.
- Author
-
Beltrao, Kaizo and Pinhanez, Monica
- Subjects
SOCIAL security ,CIVIL service ,PUBLIC welfare ,ADMINISTRATIVE reform ,PAYROLLS ,LABOR laws ,GOVERNMENT policy - Abstract
This article assesses the current status of Brazil's Social Security System in terms of the social and economic development of the Brazilian population it is intended to serve. It starts with a historical overview of the system. Data from a household survey (Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílio) is used to describe the workforce and its relationship with the social security system. The years 1992, 1997, 2002, 2007, and 2012 were chosen to give a series of pictures of the Brazilian population at equal intervals but under different legal circumstances with respect to the implementation of social security legislation. Data with regard to beneficiaries and the corresponding expenditures and revenues of the system are also shown. The situation presented is rather bleak considering that, since 1997, expenditure on benefits has consistently surpassed revenues based on payrolls. Some alternative reform options (parametric in nature) are evaluated using simulations. These simulations show that the alternative of postponing the eligibility age would have the greatest positive effect on balancing the books, especially when using 65 years as the minimum pensionable age. This would be the equivalent of eliminating "seniority retirement." Age testing is also effective for the recipients of survivor's benefit. Eliminating multiple benefits, though not impressive in terms of numbers, is progressive in nature and, therefore, an alternative to be considered. Dissociating the minimum wage from the minimum benefit would have a much larger impact in the long run, but the measure is highly unpopular and would most probably not be approved if proposed by the Government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Human resources.
- Subjects
HUMAN capital ,UNEMPLOYMENT ,INFORMAL sector ,INDUSTRIAL relations ,EMPLOYEE rights - Abstract
The article highlights human resources issues in Brazil as of 2011. The unemployment rate was 6.2 percent by the end of June, although the country has a regulated labour system for the formal sector, while the informal sector is able to employ many workers. More flexibility in labor relations and better protection of workers' rights were introduced by the administration of former president Fernando Henrique Cardoso. The country is known for high labour costs because of mandatory taxes.
- Published
- 2011
47. TRABALHO INFORMAL, GÊNERO E RAÇA NO BRASIL DO INÍCIO DO SÉCULO XXI.
- Author
-
CARNEIRO ARAÚJO, ANGELA MARIA and LOMBARDI, MARIA ROSA
- Subjects
LABOR market research ,LABOR market ,INFORMAL sector ,ECONOMIC sectors ,WOMEN'S employment ,BLACK women ,EMPLOYMENT - Abstract
Copyright of Cadernos de Pesquisa is the property of Fundacao Carlos Chagas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2013
48. EVALUATING THE GENDER VARIATIONS IN INFORMAL SECTOR ENTREPRENEURSHIP: SOME LESSONS FROM BRAZIL.
- Author
-
WILLIAMS, COLIN C and YOUSSEF, YOUSSEF
- Subjects
INFORMAL sector ,ENTREPRENEURSHIP ,SMALL business ,GENDER differences (Psychology) ,CITIES & towns ,STRATEGIC planning ,ECONOMIC surveys - Abstract
The aim of this paper is to evaluate critically the gender variations in informal sector entrepreneurship. Until now, a widely-held belief has been that entrepreneurs operating in the informal sector in developing nations are lowly paid, poorly educated, marginalized populations doing so out of necessity as a survival strategy in the absence of alternatives. Reporting an extensive 2003 survey conducted in urban Brazil of informal sector entrepreneurs operating micro-enterprises with five or less employees, the finding is that although less than half of these entrepreneurs are driven out of necessity into entrepreneurial endeavor in the informal economy, women are more commonly necessity-driven entrepreneurs and receive lower incomes from their entrepreneurial endeavor than men despite being better educated. The outcome is a call to recognize how the gender disparities in the wider labor market are mirrored and reinforced by the participation of men and women in the realm of informal sector entrepreneurship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Child Street Labor in Brazil: Licit and Illicit Economies in the Eyes of Marginalized Youth.
- Author
-
Veloso, Leticia
- Subjects
- *
STREET children , *LEGAL status of street vendors , *PUBLIC spaces laws , *POLICE , *DRUG traffic , *ENTREPRENEURSHIP , *LABOR market , *SOCIAL conditions in Brazil, 1985- , *INFORMAL sector , *CHILDREN , *SOCIAL conditions of children - Abstract
The article discusses the perspective of child street laborers in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in the context of the Operation Shock Order policing campaign. It is said that children selling goods in public spaces have had their right to do so restricted and that many have joined drug gangs instead in order to earn money for their families. Also noted are the entrepreneurial attitudes expressed by the children, social aspects of the informal and formal economies, and the history of the labor market in Brazil.
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Trabalhador informal e Previdência Social: o caso dos trabalhadores por conta própria de Brasília-DF.
- Author
-
Sasaki, Maria Amélia and Vasques-Menezes, lone
- Subjects
PENSIONS for the self-employed ,INFORMAL sector ,SOCIAL security ,GOVERNMENT policy ,LAW - Abstract
Copyright of Política & Sociedade: Revista de Sociologia Política is the property of Revista Politica & Sociedade and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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