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Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) are traditionally used for the treatment/control of various diseases; however, they are being used for non-therapeutic and indiscriminate purposes to enhance sports performance and physical appearance. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and associated factors of AAS use among professional CrossFit® competitors. We conducted an observational cross-sectional survey in which an anonymous questionnaire was applied to professional CrossFit® athletes. The prevalence of AAS usage was 33.3%. Most users were male (74.2%), aged between 30 and 39 years (51.6%), with completed higher education (83.9%), and had been training for more than 5 years (77.4%); the primary motivation for AAS use was performance enhancement (77.4%). Individuals who were older (p < 0.05) and more experienced in competitions (p < 0.01) are more likely to use AAS. Testosterone was the most employed AAS (71.0%); CrossFit® athletes typically used an average of 2 different AAS. The majority of users had notably sought advice from a physician (74.2%), and AAS were acquired from either drugstores (80.6%) or through illicit channels (29.0%). Moreover, 61.3% of AAS users reported experiencing adverse effects. Our results demonstrated a higher prevalence of AAS users among professional competitors in CrossFit® compared to the general population; older age and greater experience in official competitions were decisive factors for a greater inclination toward AAS use. A significant percentage of athletes seek drugs through illegal channels. Despite the majority of users experiencing adverse effects, athletes report satisfaction with use, believing that the benefits still outweigh the drawbacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The amphibian skin microbiome is an important component of anti-pathogen defense, but the impact of environmental change on the link between microbiome composition and host stress remains unclear. In this study, we used radiotelemetry and host translocation to track microbiome composition and function, pathogen infection, and host stress over time across natural movement paths for the forest-associated treefrog, Boana faber. We found a negative correlation between cortisol levels and putative microbiome function for frogs translocated to forest fragments, indicating strong integration of host stress response and anti-pathogen potential of the microbiome. Additionally, we observed a capacity for resilience (resistance to structural change and functional loss) in the amphibian skin microbiome, with maintenance of putative pathogen-inhibitory function despite major temporal shifts in microbiome composition. Although microbiome community composition did not return to baseline during the study period, the rate of microbiome change indicated that forest fragmentation had more pronounced effects on microbiome composition than translocation alone. Our findings reveal associations between stress hormones and host microbiome defenses, with implications for resilience of amphibians and their associated microbes facing accelerated tropical deforestation. Short-term tracking of treefrogs in southern Brazil, alongside microbiome and stress hormone profiling, suggests that forest fragmentation impacts microbiome diversity and composition, and that these changes might be mediated by the host stress response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Reproductive biotechnologies are important strategies to enforce the production of genetically superior animals. The fixed-time artificial insemination is widely used in Brazil and it is especially important in farms located in remote areas, contributing to a better management and increase in genetics and productivity in areas such the Lower Amazon. We evaluated two different protocols of fixed-time insemination using two different hormones in the Nellore heifer raised under tropical conditions. The protocol of the fixed-time artificial insemination using equine chorionic gonadotrophin presented a better outcome in the pregnancy rate compared to the protocol using follicle stimulating hormone. Our tested protocol may be the most suitable alternative to increase conception rates in animals that are raised in an extensive system under tropical conditions in the Amazon. This study aimed to evaluate follicular dynamics and pregnancy rates in Nellore heifers submitted to fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) protocols associated with equine chorionic gonadotrophin (eCG) or follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). Nellore heifers (n = 259) were used, divided into two studies. Experiment I evaluated the ovarian follicular dynamics in 64 Nellore heifers submitted to different FTAI protocols (n = 32/group) using either FSH or eCG. In Experiment II, the pregnancy rate was evaluated in 195 heifers submitted to FTAI protocols and divided into two groups: FSH (n = 97) and eCG (n = 98). In Experiment I, the ultrasound examination showed that the maximum diameter of the dominant and preovulatory follicles and the ovulation time were similar between the FSH and eCG groups (p > 0.05). However, the ovulation rate was higher in the eCG group when compared to FSH (p = 0.014). In Experiment II, females that received eCG presented a higher pregnancy rate (58.1%) when compared to FSH (40.2%) (p = 0.012). The use of eCG in the FTAI protocol in Nellore heifers promoted a higher ovulation rate and increased pregnancy rate and may be the most suitable alternative to increase conception rates in animals that are raised in an extensive system under tropical conditions in the Amazon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: It is of great importance to investigate any potential detrimental effect on bone health in young adults with 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency undergoing glucocorticoid replacement therapy. This study demonstrated normal bone health in well-controlled patients. Additionally, glucocorticoid dose may play an important role in the mineral density of femoral neck region. Purpose: To compare regional bone mineral densities (BMDs) and bone statuses of young adults with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) due to 21-hydroxylase enzyme (21OHase) deficiency with a control group. The duration and dose of glucocorticoid therapy and relative skeletal muscle index (an indicator of sarcopenia) were also analyzed as parameters to predict bone health. Methods: This case–control study included 23 patients (7 male and 16 female) and 20 controls (8 male and 12 female) matched by age range (18 to 31 years). Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and phalangeal quantitative ultrasound (QUS) were used to estimate BMD and bone status, respectively. Results: No difference was observed between patients and controls (of both sexes) in absolute values of BMD and Z-scores for the total body, lumbar spine, and femoral neck; or the bone status (estimated by phalangeal QUS). Multiple linear regression analysis demonstrated that relative skeletal muscle index independently correlated with BMD of the entire body (β: 0.67, P = 0.007), the lumbar spine (β: 0.73, P = 0.005), and the femoral neck (β: 0.67, P = 0.007). However, the dose of glucocorticoids (β: − 0.38, P = 0.028) independently correlated with BMD in the femoral neck region alone. Conclusion: No signs of change in bone health were observed in patients with CAH when compared to the reference group. Additionally, a marker of sarcopenia was demonstrated to have a role in mineral density mechanisms in all analyzed bone sites. Only the femoral neck BMD seemed to be significantly dependent on glucocorticoid dose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The application of the SPE-GC/MS method to determination ECs was efficient. • The RSM evaluated the effect of pH and ionic strength on analyte recoveries. • Hormones and UV-filters were found and quantified in urban effluent samples. Recently organic ultraviolet filters (UV filters) and estrogenic hormones have drawn attention as emerging contaminants due to their wide diffusion in the environment and potential adverse effects on the aquatic system and human life. In this study, a analytical method was developed using solid phase extraction (SPE) followed by silylation and determination by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC/MS) for the determination of hormones and ultraviolet filters in aqueous samples, as well as their determination in effluents and rainfall drainage canals, in the region of Pelotas/RS/Brazil. Using a statistical treatment with two variables and two levels, the influence of pH and ionic strength was evaluated. Under the best conditions (pH 7 and 10 % NaCl), samples were analyzed and the analytes determined at different concentrations. The presence of UV filters in the raw and treated sewage samples reflects the inefficiency of the treatment for these compounds. The octocrylene UV filter was quantified in all samples ranging from 0.35 µg/L ± 3.3 % to 3.28 µg/L ± 3.3 %. The method proved to be adequate, meeting the analytical requirements of regulatory bodies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Displacing the physiological model that had held sway in 19th-century medical thinking, early 20th-century hormone research promoted an understanding of the body and sexual desires in which variations in sex characteristics and non-reproductive sexual behaviours such as homosexuality were attributed to anomalies in the internal secretions produced by the testes or the ovaries. Biotypology, a new brand of medical science conceived and led by the Italian endocrinologist Nicola Pende, employed hormone research to study human types and hormone treatments to normalise individuals who did not conform to accepted medical norms. Latin American medical doctors, eugenicists, and sexologists took up biotypology with enthusiasm. This article considers the case studies of Italy, Argentina, and Brazil, and analyses the work of medical doctors who adopted a biotypological mode of reasoning and employed to various extents hormone therapies in their practice. By focusing on hormone therapies that aimed to normalise secondary sexual characteristics and the sexual instinct, the article suggests that while the existence of normality was contested to the point that a number of medical scientists argued that no such thing existed, the pursuit of normality was carried out in very practical terms through the new medical technologies hormone research had introduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endogenous adrenocorticotrophic hormone (eACTH) measurement is useful in hypercortisolism and hypoadrenocorticism investigation; however, since the hormone is highly unstable, blood samples require proper processing and storage, as well as shipping is often a step limiting since few laboratories offer this assay in Brazil. The aim of this note was to compare overnight dog's eACTH preanalytical stability when frozen samples were shipped in dry ice (DI), or with recyclable ice bars (RIB). A total of 56 paired samples for eACTH measurement were analyzed. Blood samples were properly handled, plasma aliquots transferred into plastic microtubes, and stored at -80°C. The fifty-six paired samples were overnight shipped in two thermic isolated boxes with DI or involved by RIB. Despite there was a high correlation between results from both shipping methods (r Spearman = 0.958, P<0.001), the Wilcoxon matched-pairs rank test showed that the shipping method may influence results (P<0.001). However, this difference does not affect results interpretation. By this way, when DI shipping was not possible, RIB shipping may represent a risk to eACTH preanalytical stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high number of dogs and cats throughout Brazil results in an overpopulation of stray animals in urban areas, presenting a risk to public, animal health and the environment. The use of contraceptive methods, whether medicated or surgical, are indicated as a control to decrease the number of stray animals. The use of progestogens in veterinary medicine has been growing indiscriminately in recent years to control the estrous cycle of both bitches and cats in order to reduce the birth of puppies. However, these pharmacological preparations cause undesirable effects on the physiology of the females and can cause serious local or systemic diseases that can lead the animal to death. Due to their low cost, easy distribution and few requirements for their commercialization, progestogens are substances easily found in feed houses, petshops and veterinary clinics, being accessible to anyone, being the class of contraceptives most used in animals mainly by tutors who apply continuous and without a veterinary clinical basis leading to serious reproductive pathological complications. Based on this, the objective of this study was to report a clinical case on dystocia and fetal death with emphysematous changes in puppies suggestive of indiscriminate use of contraceptive medication in a mixed breed cat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To analyze the accuracy of the defining characteristics of the nursing diagnosis of sexual dysfunction in women undergoing pharmacological treatment for breast cancer. Methods: A cross‐sectional accuracy study with statistical analysis. Findings: Alteration in sexual satisfaction was the defining characteristic with the highest sensitivity value, while perceived sexual limitation was the defining characteristic with the highest value for both sensitivity and specificity. Conclusions: Perceived sexual limitation is a good clinical indicator to infer initial stages of sexual dysfunction and to confirm its presence. Implications For Nursing Practice: Accurate diagnostics allow devising an action plan directed to the patients' real needs, helping prescribe and deliver the appropriate nursing interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pharmaceuticals and endocrine disrupting compounds are organic micropollutants that can cause adverse effects at low concentrations. Their occurrence in surface waters has been reported in several countries, including Brazil, at concentrations on the order of ngL−1, while the concentrations at which toxic effects are observed are often in the range of mg.L−1 to μg.L −1, however few studies have been undertaken to characterize risks they represent in Brazilian surface waters. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the ecological risk to Brazilian surface waters caused by the presence of pharmaceuticals and natural and environmental estrogens. Twenty-nine pharmaceuticals, hormones and environmental estrogens were included in the risk assessment while twelve were discarded due to insufficient data availability. The endocrine disrupting compounds were the most frequently detected (39.8% of the reported concentrations), followed by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (16.3%), antibiotics (6.6%), antiseptics (5.1%), analgesics (5.1%), antihypertensives (4.6%), and to a lesser extent, lipid controllers, anticonvulsants, antidepressants, antihistamines, antivirals and corticosteroids. Bisphenol-A was the most frequently detected compound, followed by diclofenac, 17-β-estradiol, 17-α-ethynilestradiol, naproxen, triclosan and 4-n-nonylphenol. Acute ecological risk was predicted in two thirds and chronic risk in one third of the water bodies surveyed. The presence of diclofenac or triclosan was determinant for acute risk while estrogenic hormones proved to be decisive for chronic risk. In addition to natural and synthetic endocrine disruptors, the pharmacological groups estimated to have the highest average associated risks were non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, followed by anticonvulsants. No discharge limits exist for most of the compounds found to contribute to ecological risks, indicating the need for regulatory action by the proper Brazilian authorities. [Display omitted] • Brazilian surface waters presented acute and chronic ecological risks. • Estrogen hormones present greatest potential risks. • NSAIDs and anticonvulsants present the highest risks among drugs. • PNECs for many compounds detected are lower than European Union attention levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Breast cancer is a public health priority in Brazil and ensuring equity in health care is one of the cancer control plan goals. Our aim was to present the first assessment on the influence of race or skin colour on breast cancer survival at the national level., Methods: In this nationwide cohort study, data on women who initiated treatment for breast cancer in the public health-care system (Sistema Unico de Saúde), Brazil, were assembled through record linkage of administrative and mortality information systems. The administrative information systems were the Outpatient Information System (data from high complexity procedure authorisations) and the Hospital Information System (data from hospitalisation authorisations). We included women aged 19 years or older who started treatment between Jan 1, 2008, and Nov 30, 2010; self-identified as having White, Black, or Brown race or skin colour; had tumour stage I-IV; and were treated with chemotherapy or radiotherapy, or both. Patients were followed up until Dec 31, 2015. Patients with only hormone therapy records or who underwent only surgery were excluded. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate crude overall survival for race or skin colour by time since treatment initiation, and Cox regression to estimate all-cause mortality hazard ratios (HRs) before and after adjustment for other covariates., Findings: We identified 59 811 women treated for stage I-IV breast cancer. 37 318 (62·4%) women identified themselves as White, 18 779 (31·4%) as Brown, and 3714 (6·2%) as Black. 5-year overall survival probability was higher for White women (74% [95% CI 73-74]) than Black women (64% [62-65]; p<0·0001). In adjusted regression models stratified by the absence of hormone therapy, Black women had a 24% (HR 1·24 [95% CI 1·16-1·34]; p<0·0001) higher risk of all-cause death than White women, and in the presence of hormone therapy Black women had a 25% (1·25 [1·14-1·38]; p<0·0001) higher risk of all-cause death than White women., Interpretation: Black skin colour was identified as a statistically significant risk marker for lower 5-year survival probability and higher risk of all-cause death among women treated for breast cancer by the Sistema Unico de Saúde. Actions to understand and mitigate this unfair difference in health results are urgently needed., Funding: Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico and Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior and Pró-Reitoria de Pesquisa da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests MLC and AAG received research sponsorship from the National Council of Technological and Scientific Development (CNPq), and from Minas Gerais State Research Foundation, Brazil. LLPL received a PhD scholarship from CNPq. TP received PhD scholarship from the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES). All other authors declare no competing interests., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Pig farming has a very strong economic importance in Brazil. The residues from this activity are applied to the soil because of their excellent characteristics as biofertilizers. The present study aimed at studying the estrone, 17β-estradiol, and estriol natural hormones, emerging contaminants present in this type of residue that are not mentioned in the current legislation. The characterization of the pig farming effluent presented high concentrations of hormones (mg L−1). The objective was to apply the biosorbents to the removal of the hormones in batch systems directly in the manure heaps without affecting the potential of the effluent as a fertilizer. It was verified that the adsorption of hormones using the rice husk biomass in natura and soybean hull in natura, abundant alternative adsorbents, presented a good capacity of removal of hormones. The presence of the organic materials (rice husk and soybean hull) caused few alterations in the biofertilizer characteristics, demonstrating that these adsorbents present a potential of application in batch treatment systems, with possible applications related to pig farming effluents containing natural hormones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the findings from a study conducted in Brazil among doctors specialised in the treatment of sexual problems. Its focus is on medical treatments and approaches related to female sexuality. According to the accounts provided by professionals, the most common 'problem' they encountered among women was lack of sexual desire in the period around menopause. In line with current principles of sexual medicine, they concurred that this issue resulted from declining hormone production. This paper discusses how pharmaceutical treatments have facilitated the materialisation of female desire in terms of the presence or absence of testosterone, paradoxically the hormone most commonly associated with masculinity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: The literature on the relationship between lifestyle behaviors and inflammatory markers is scarce. Methods: A birth cohort was followed since birth up to 22 years in Southern Brazil. Interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP) and adiponectin were measured in nonfasting blood samples drawn at 18 and 22 years of age. Exposures including smoking, alcohol intake, physical inactivity and obesity, were collected at 15, 18 and 22 years. Cross sectional analyses were based on the number of follow-up visits with these exposures and the association with IL-6, CRP and adiponectin at 22 years old. We also carried out a longitudinal Generalized Least Squares (GLS) random-effects analysis with outcomes at 18 and at 22 years old. All analyses were adjusted for several covariates. Results: The sample comprised 3,479 cohort members at 22 years. The presence of obesity at ≥ 2 follow-ups showed the highest mean values (SE) for IL-6 [2.45 (1.05)] and CRP [3.74 (1.11)] and the lowest mean value for adiponectin [8.60 (0.37)] (adjusted analyses, females) compared with other exposures; the highest mean of IL-6 [1.65 (1.05)] and CRP [1.78 (1.11)] and the lowest mean of adiponectin [9.98 (0.38)] were for the number of follow-ups with ≥2 exposures compared to those with no exposures at any follow-up (adjusted analyses, females). The longitudinal analysis showed an increase in obesity associated with IL-6 and CRP in both sexes and an inverse association with adiponectin in females; smoking (in males) was associated with IL-6 and CRP, harmful alcohol intake was associated with CRP in males, and increased in physical activity was inversely associated with CRP in men. Conclusion: We concluded that obesity is the main exposure positively associated with IL-6 and CRP and inversely associated with adiponectin (mainly in females). Smoking is also associated with these markers in the longitudinal analysis (in males). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been suggested that manganese (Mn) plays a fundamental role in the reproductive system through interference with the regulation of the secretion of hormones related to puberty. The objective of this study was to evaluate the environmental exposure to Mn and its effects on the endocrine regulation of hormones related to puberty in school-aged children living near a ferro-manganese alloy plant. Toenails, occipital hair, and blood samples were collected from 225 children, between 7 and 12 years of age, in four elementary schools in Simões Filho, Bahia, Brazil, who were exposed to different Mn levels owing to different Mn dust deposition rates. The Mn content was determined in the toenails (MnTn), hair (MnH), and blood (MnB), in addition to blood lead levels (PbB), by using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin (PRL), estradiol (E 2), testosterone (T), and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels were determined by using a chemiluminescence method. Of the total participants, 50.2% were boys, with an average age of 9 years. PRL values were higher in children attending the school with a higher Mn deposition rate (p < 0.004). We observed that MnTn was positively correlated with PRL levels and exhibited a non-linear association with LH levels. None of the tested Mn biomarkers were associated with E 2 , T, or TSH levels. To date, despite several animal studies that have focused on the correlation between Mn exposure and the endocrine regulation of hormones and pubertal development, very few studies have reported a similar relationship between environmental Mn effects and the human endocrine system. Our findings support the hypothesis that elevated exposure to Mn in children may be associated with hormonal imbalances that might trigger the early onset of puberty. fx1 • Children Mn exposure and endocrine effects assessed using 3 biomarkers and 5 hormones. • MnTn levels were positively correlated with prolactin serum concentrations. • Non-linear association was observed between MnTn and PRL levels in boys. • Excessive Mn exposure may be associated with early onset of puberty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of pharmaceutical and hormone residues in water bodies is a matter of recent global concern. This study investigated the presence of such contaminants in two urban water bodies located in the city of Santa Maria, in southern Brazil. Two urban catchments, characterized by anthropogenic influences and poor household waste collection and treatment systems, were investigated. The Cancela-Tamandaí catchment covers an area of 2.7 km², 50% of which is impervious soil, and is home to 14,300 inhabitants. The João Goulart catchment area covers 5.5 km², 40% of which is impervious soil, and houses 11,900 inhabitants. Ten sampling campaigns were conducted in each catchment. Samples were checked for diclofenac, ibuprofen, paracetamol, 17 ß-estradiol, estriol, ethisterone, estrone, and megestrol acetate. Four of the hormones (17 ß-estradiol, estriol, estrone, and megestrol acetate) were not detected in either catchment. Ethisterone was detected in a single sampling campaign in Cancela-Tamandaí. Ibuprofen and paracetamol were detected in several samples, while diclofenac was absent. The mean concentration of ibuprofen in the João Goulart catchment was 0.51 µg L-1 and in the Cancela-Tamandaí it was 1.26 µg L-1. Mean paracetamol concentrations were 0.4 µg L-1 in the João Goulart catchment and 3.0 µg L-1 in the Cancela-Tamandaí. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Aquidauana River is an important ecological corridor in the Pantanal biome. However, the growth of agricultural and urban areas along its banks has contributed to the deterioration of its water quality, consequently putting the aquatic biota at risk. Our objectives were to evaluate: 1) the composition of the landscape around six sampling sites located in the Aquidauana River middle section; and 2) the quality of its water by determining limnological parameters, concentrations of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs), and the risks to native aquatic biota. Water samples were collected in November 2020. We observed the conversion of native riparian vegetation to extensive pasture areas and anthropic occupation around the sampling sites. We observed that the chlorophyll and total ammoniacal nitrogen values were above the standards established by Brazilian legislation in all samples. Studies focused on the quantification of CECs in the Pantanal waters are scarce, and to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that investigated the presence of pharmaceuticals in the Aquidauana River. All 30 CECs analyzed were detected in at least one water sample. Eleven CECs were quantified with eight pesticides (atrazine, diuron, hexazinone, tebuthiuron, azoxystrobin, carbendazim, tebuconazole, and fipronil) and one atrazine degradation product (atrazine-2-hydroxy), caffeine, and bisphenol A. The concentrations of atrazine herbicide observed in the water samples pose risks for protecting aquatic biota (RQs >1). Therefore, the native biota of the Pantanal biome is vulnerable to several types of toxic contaminants observed in the water, which can cause the disappearance of native and endemic species in this region. Establishing a monitoring program, improving sanitation infrastructure, and intensifying good agricultural practices are essential for reducing and controlling the entry of CECs into the Aquidauana River and the Pantanal water system. [Display omitted] • We observed the conversion of riparian forest into pasture around sampling sites. • Chlorophyll and total ammoniacal nitrogen values were above Brazilian legislation. • All 30 contaminants of emerging concern were detected in at least one water sample. • 8 pesticides and one degradation product, caffeine and bisphenol A were quantified. • Atrazine concentrations presented risks to aquatic biota. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Physiological adaptations in military jungle survival training have not yet been studied. Knowledge about the relationship between the insulin-like growth factor type I (IGF-I)/insulin-like growth factor binding protein type 3 (IGFBP-3) system and survival activities in a jungle environment can improve readiness and prepare Brazilian Air Force cadets for this kind of battlefield. Our goal was to assess changes in body composition and serum concentrations of the IGF-I/IGFBP-3 system in Brazilian Air Force cadets during five-day Amazon rainforest survival training and whether differences in sex influence these variations., Methods: In the five-day survival training, variations in body composition and serum levels of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 were observed. The sample consisted of 14 male cadets (21.71 ± 1.64 years) and 6 female cadets (22.00 ± 1.41 years). Changes were assessed before and immediately after the survival training., Results: The male cadets' body mass (pre: 73.89 ± 8.79 kg; post: 69.57 ± 8.44 kg), body fat (pre: 11.43 ± 4.15%; post: 10.16 ± 4.19%), IGF-I serum concentrations (pre: 252 ± 72 ng/mL; post: 140 ± 42 ng/mL), and IGFBP-3 serum concentrations (pre: 4.90 ± 0.67 ng/mL; post: 4.22 ± 0.73 ng/mL) were significantly reduced (P < .01). In the female cadets, the mean body mass values (pre: 60.98 ± 8.82 kg; post: 57.91 ± 9.01 kg), body fat (pre: 19.20 ± 5.03%; post: 17.19 ± 4.77%), and IGF-I serum concentrations (pre: 202 ± 50 ng/mL; post: 108 ± 29 ng/mL) also decreased significantly (P < .01) after survival training. Finally, the cadet's sex does not affect the variations of IGF-I (P = .46) and IGFBP-3 (P = .205) serum concentrations., Conclusions: These findings all suggest that changes in body mass and body fat, as well as variations in the IGF-I/IGFBP-3 system, corroborate the need for military readiness preparation. Equivalent changes in both sexes indicate probable equal recovery intervals after survival training., (© The Association of Military Surgeons of the United States 2022. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Rivers in Southeast Brazil are essential as sources of drinking water, energy production, irrigation, and industrial processes. The Piracicaba, Capivari, and Jundiaí rivers basin, known as the PCJ basin, comprises major cities, industrial hubs, and large agricultural areas, which have impacted the water quality in the region. Emerging contaminants such as pesticides, hormones, pharmaceuticals, industrial chemicals, and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are likely to be released into the rivers in the PCJ basin; however, the current Brazilian legislation does not require monitoring of most of these chemicals. Thus, the extent of emerging contaminants pollution and their risks to aquatic and human life in the basin are largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the occurrence of several pesticides, hormones, pharmaceuticals, and personal care products in 15 sampling points across the PCJ basin, while industrial chemicals and PFAS were assessed in 11 sampling points. The results show that agriculture and industrial activities are indeed causing the pollution of most rivers. Multivariate analysis indicates that some sampling points, such as Jundiaí, Capivari, and Piracicaba rivers, are largely impacted by pesticides used in agriculture. In addition, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study reporting the presence of PFAS in rivers in São Paulo, the most populous state in Brazil. Four out of eight species of PFAS assessed in our study were detected in at least 5 sampling points at concentrations ranging from 2.0 to 50.0 ng L -1 . The preliminary risk assessment indicates that various pesticides, caffeine, industrial chemicals, and PFAS were present at concentrations that could threaten aquatic life. Notably, risk quotients of 414, 340, and 178 were obtained for diuron, atrazine, and imidacloprid, respectively, in the Jundiaí River. Our study suggests that establishing a comprehensive monitoring program is needed to ensure the protection of aquatic life and human health., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interestsCassiana Carolina Montagner reports financial support was provided by State of Sao Paulo Research Foundation. Camila Leite Madeira reports financial support was provided by State of Sao Paulo Research Foundation. Vinicius Sarracini Santos reports financial support was provided by State of Sao Paulo Research Foundation. Cassiana Carolina Montagner reports financial support was provided by National Council for Scientific and Technological Development. Cassiana Carolina Montagner reports financial support was provided by Coordination of Higher Education Personnel Improvement. Corresponding author serving as guest editor for “VSI:Latin-Analytical” Chemosphere special issue., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To assess the association between indicators of psychosocial stress and central adiposity in adult users of the Unified Health System (SUS) from Southeast of Brazil. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted with 384 adults (20 to 59 years old) from the city of Alegre, Southeastern Brazil. The simple random sample represented the population using the public health system of the municipality. The prevalence of obesity was based on the Body Mass Index, and central adiposity (dependent variable) was measured by waist circumference in centimeters. The independent variables were the following indicators of psychosocial stress: food and nutrition insecurity (yes/no), serum cortisol (μg/dL), symptoms suggestive of depression using the Beck Depression Inventory-II ≥ 17 (yes/no), and altered blood pressure ≥ 130/85 mmHg (yes/no). Univariate linear regression was performed between central adiposity and each stress indicator, and later the models were adjusted for socioeconomic, health, and lifestyle variables. All analyses were made separately by rural and urban location. Results: The prevalence of weight excess, by the classification of the Body Mass Index ≥ 25.0 kg/m2, was 68.3% and, by waist circumference, 71.5% of individuals presented an increased risk for metabolic complications related to central adiposity. Mean waist circumference scores for the rural and urban population were 89.3 ± 12.7 cm and 92.9 ± 14.7 cm, respectively (p = 0.012). Indicators of stress that were associated with central adiposity were: cortisol in the rural population (β = -0.60; 95% CI = -1.09;-0.11) and altered blood pressure in the urban population (β = 6.66; 95% CI = 2.14;11.18). This occurred both in the raw analysis and in the models adjusted for confounding factors. Conclusion: Central adiposity was inversely associated with cortisol in the rural population and directly associated with higher arterial blood pressure in the urban population, suggesting a local influence on how individuals react to stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effect of season on the endocrine and adaptive profiles of a Brazilian Creole goat population in a semi-arid region of Brazil during the dry and the rainy season. We considered physiological, morphological, biochemical, haematological, hormonal and anatomical profiles. The experiment used 80 adult goats (2- to 5-year-old) and lactating (160 ± 14 days of lactation length) goats, with an average daily milk yield of 500.9 ± 13 g. Physiological parameters (rectal temperature, RT; respiratory rate, RR; heart rate, HR; skin temperature, ST) were high (p<.05) in the afternoon in both seasons. There was a significant effect of season (p<.05) on anatomical parameters (hair diameter, HD; hair length, HL; coat thickness, CT). Haematological, biochemical and hormonal parameters were also significantly affected by season (p<.05). We measured the biochemical and hormonal characteristics changes during different seasons; metabolism was reduced during heat stress and accelerated during cold stress. These hormones facilitate the physiological parameters involved in the adaptation process. Our results confirm that the adaptive capacity of the animals cannot be described solely by RT and RR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: to apprehend the perceptions of women who experience the climacteric. Methodology: descriptive exploratory study with a qualitative approach, carried out at the Basic Health Unit of a municipality in the Northwest of Paraná. Data were collected through a semistructured interview with 16 women in December 2016 and submitted to content analysis, thematic modality. Results: the perceptions of women experiencing climacteric resulted in two categories: experiencing climacteric and menopause: signs and symptoms; and Treatment used in climacteric. It was observed the direct influence of signs and symptoms on the quality of life of these women and often the search for hormone replacement due to ignorance. Conclusion: the reception and integral care of the woman should be part of the routine of care of the professionals, especially of the Basic Attention, providing the knowledge of the particular needs and the planning of care actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mediumship and spirit possession are cultural phenomena found in many societies worldwide. In Brazil, Spiritism (a tradition in which mediumship is emphasized) is the third largest religious denomination. The present study aimed to investigate physiologic correlates of nonpathological dissociative experiences by comparing 20 female spiritist mediums with several years of socially sanctioned practice to 20 female nonmedium control subjects from the same religious context. We measured plasma levels of hormones and neuroactive substances, as well as vital signs and heart rate variability (HRV) parameters, before and immediately after spirit communication. Although no between-group differences were noted in basal physiological parameters, in response to the possession experiences the groups differed in heart rate and in plasma concentrations of noradrenaline, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), prolactin, and creatine phosphokinase (CPK). The changes in parameters indicated an arousal response in mediums and a relaxation response in control participants, and the same pattern of changes was observed in HRV parameters from each group during the possession experiences. However, the changes in physiologic parameters for mediums were mild and of short duration: 1 hour after the possession experiences, no difference in cardiac autonomic regulation was noted. No significant group effect was noted for melatonin. Cognitive control processes may explain the arousal associated with the dissociative state. Findings from this study suggest that pathological and nonpathological dissociation may have different physiological correlates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transgender and gender diverse people (TGD) have specific healthcare needs and struggles with access barriers that should be addressed by public health systems. Our study aimed to address this topic in the Brazilian context. A hospital and web-based cross-sectional survey built with input from the medical and transgender communities was developed to assess TGD healthcare needs of and access barriers in two Brazilian states. Although services that assist this population have existed in Brazil since the 1990s, TGD have difficulty accessing these services due to discrimination, lack of information and a policy design that does not meet the needs of TGD. A history of discrimination was associated with a 6.72-fold increase in the frequency of health service avoidance [95% CI (4.5, 10.1)]. This article discusses the urgent necessity for adequate health policies and for the training of professionals regarding the needs of Brazilian TGD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) has an important epidemiological relevance due to its increasing prevalence and association with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Insulin resistance is a core feature of the MetS. HOMA-IR is a robust clinical and epidemiological marker of MetS. Adiponectin is an adipokine with insulin-sensitizing and anti-inflammatory functions; its levels decrease as number of components of MetS increases. High-molecular weight adiponectin (HMWA) is the multimer responsible for the relationship of adiponectin with insulin sensitivity. HOMA-IR and HMWA are suitable candidates for MetS biomarkers. The ratio of adiponectin to HOMA-IR has been validated as a powerful index of MetS and considered a better marker of its presence, than either HOMA-IR or adiponectin alone, in selected homogeneous populations. We compared the strength of association between HMWA, HOMA-IR and HMWA/HOMA-IR ratio with MetS and its key components. Our data have shown that the median (25th, 75th percentile) of HMWA/HOMA-IR ratio was lower in subjects with MetS [0.51 (0.33, 1.31)] as compared to those without it [2.19 (1.13, 4.71)]. The correlation coefficient (r) was significantly higher for HMWA/HOMA-IR ratio as compared to HMWA for waist circumference (-0.65; -0.40, respectively); mean blood pressure (-0.27; -0.14, respectively); fasting glucose (-0.38; -0.19, respectively); HDL-cholesterol (0.44; 0.40, respectively); and triglycerides (-0.35; -0.18, respectively). In a multivariable logistic regression analysis, the HMWA/HOMA-IR ratio was a sensitive predictor for MetS, being the only marker that was significantly associated with each and all the individual components of the syndrome. These results expand on previous studies in that we used the active circulating form of adiponectin, i.e. HMWA, and represent a typical Brazilian cohort characterized by intense interethnic admixture. Thus, the HMWA/HOMA-IR ratio is a minimally invasive biomarker for MetS that could be clinically useful in prognosing patient outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: There is not much information about breast health in transgender (transexual) persons given the historical stigma that this population suffers. This research aimed to describe breast imaging patterns in transgender (trans) women and men that had been using gender affirmation hormone treatment for at least 3 years., Material and Methods: In this observational, cross-sectional study, 67 transgender individuals (34 trans women and 33 trans men) had mammography and breast ultrasound performed. We also classified the findings by the American College of Radiology - Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (ACR BI-RADS®)., Results: We found that there was a higher frequency of dense breasts in trans women (75.8%) and in trans men (66,6%) than expected for cisgender (cis) women., Conclusions: This study highlights the importance of a deeper understanding of the image patterns of transgender breasts because of hormonal effects that the gender transition entails so we can offer better health care and preventive services in the transgender (transexual) population.

Objectives. To better understand the role that health care plays in breast cancer survival by investigating the effects that hormone therapy adherence and other select health care variables, adjusted for clinical and sociodemographic factors, had among a population of women in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Methods. This was a longitudinal study based on secondary data of 5 861 women treated with hormone therapy (tamoxifen or aromatase inhibitors) at the National Cancer Institute of Brazil (INCA), from 1 January 2004 - 29 October 2010. Four different sources of data were integrated for analysis: INCA Pharmacy Sector Dispensation System; Hospital-based Cancer Registry; Integrated Hospital System and INCA Absolute System; and Mortality Information System. Analyses explored the effects of adherence to hormone therapy, disease care aspects, and sociodemographic, behavioral, and clinical variables, on the time of survival, using KaplanMeier and Cox proportional hazards models. Results. The general survival rate was 94% in the first year after initiation of hormone therapy, and 71% in the fifth year. The Cox model indicated a higher hazard of death among women smokers, with more hospitalizations, more exams, and, among those who used, who used only aromatase inhibitors, as hormone therapy modality. The hazard was lower among women with a partner (stable relationship), a high school or college education a family history of cancer, and those who were treated by a mastologist, oncologist, and/or psychotherapist, who underwent surgery, and who adhered to hormone therapy. Conclusions. The study indicated more vulnerable sub-groups and the aspects of care that provide best results, bringing new knowledge to improve assistance to this group of women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objectives of this work were to evaluate current legislation on dietary supplements in the United States, the European Union and Brazil, and the profile of adulterated and/or irregular products on these markets. Due to a less restrictive legal framework, a supplement product that is freely available in the US may be considered a drug or even be proscribed in the EU and Brazil, thus giving rise to a clandestine market based on smuggling. From 2007 to 2014, the United States Food and Drug Administration reported 572 cases of supplement adulterations in the country, mainly products for sexual enhancement (41.6%). Data from the European Union Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed showed 929 adulterations during the same period, over 40% due to unauthorized ingredients or undeclared medicines. From 2007 to 2013, the Brazilian Federal Police Department seized 5470 supplement products, 92.2% with an American-declared origin. Qualitative chemical analyses performed on 2898 products found 180 adulterations, 41.1% due to undeclared drugs, mainly anabolic steroids, anorectics and products for erectile dysfunction, all considered medicines in Brazil. Educating the public regarding the potential risks they are taking when consuming adulterated or irregular products is necessary to protect the health of consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines physiological responses in Brazilian jiu-jitsu athletes during simulated competition. Blood samples were extracted from the antecubital veins of the athletes at predetermined time points. Glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, urea, and ammonia were measured and analyzed in plasma. For markers of cell damage, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was determined in serum by the kinetic method and creatinine levels by the colorimetric method.

Aims To investigate if thyroid-stimulating hormone ( TSH) levels are associated with any differences in glycaemic control or diabetes-related complications in individuals with Type 1 diabetes. Methods This observational, cross-sectional and multicentre study included patients with Type 1 diabetes for ≥ 5 years, with a recent TSH measurement and without a known previous thyroid disease. Patients were divided into three groups according to TSH levels: 0.4-2.5 mU/l; 2.5-4.4 mU/l; and ≥ 4.5 mU/l. Results We included 1205 individuals with a mean ± sd age of 23.8 ± 11.3 years. Seven patients had TSH levels <0.4 mU/l and were excluded from the comparison between groups. HbA1c levels, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, LDL cholesterol and disease duration were similar in all groups ( P = 0.893, P = 0.548, P = 0.461, P = 0.575 and P = 0.764, respectively). The rates of diabetic retinopathy and GFR < 60/mL/min/1.73 m2 differed between groups ( P = 0.006 and P < 0.001, respectively) and were lower in those with lower TSH levels. Multivariate analysis confirmed these associations. The frequencies of retinopathy and GFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 were higher not only in patients with TSH ≥ 4.5 mU/l (odds ratio 1.878 and 2.271, respectively) but also in those with TSH levels of 2.5-4.4 mU/l (odds ratio 1.493 and 2.286, respectively), when compared with patients with TSH levels of 0.4-2.5 mU/l. Conclusions TSH levels of 0.4-2.5 mU/l are associated with a lower risk of diabetic retinopathy and renal failure in individuals with Type 1 diabetes, independently of glycaemic control and duration of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: We showed that early weaned rats developed obesity, hyperleptinemia, leptin and insulin resistance at adulthood. Here, we studied the potential beneficial effects of Ilex paraguariensis aqueous solution upon body composition, glycemia, lipid and hormonal profiles, leptin signaling and NPY content. Methods: To induce early weaning, lactating rats' teats were blocked with a bandage to interrupt lactation during the last 3 days (EW group), while control offspring had free access to milk throughout lactation (C group). In postnatal day (PN) 150, EW offspring were subdivided into: EW and EW+ mate groups treated, respectively, with water or yerba mate aqueous solution (1 g/kg BW/day, gavage) during 30 days. C offspring received water for gavage. In PN180, offspring were killed. Results: EW+ mate group presented lower body weight (−10 %), adipose mass (retroperitoneal:−40 % and epididymal:−44 %), total body fat (−43 %), subcutaneous fat (−46 %), visceral adipocyte area (−21 %), triglyceridemia (−31 %) and hypothalamic NPY content (−37 %) compared to EW group. However, hyperglycemia and lower HDL-c levels observed in EW group were not reverted with mate treatment. Although the hyperleptinemia, lower hypothalamic JAK2 and pSTAT3 content of EW group were not corrected by mate treatment, the hyperphagia and higher hypothalamic SOCS-3 content were normalized in EW+ mate group, indicating that the central leptin resistance could be restored. Conclusion: Thus, the therapy with yerba mate solution was capable to reverse abdominal obesity, leptin resistance and hypertriglyceridemia, suggesting an important role of this bioactive component in the management of obesity in this programming model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sterols and endocrine-disrupting chemicals were analyzed in two dated sediment cores collected in the Jaguaribe river to determine the recent decades' influence of urbanization and agropastoral activities on the inputs of fecal pollution in a semi-arid region of Brazil. Stigmasterol and sitosterol were the most abundant of the 6 sterols examined in both cores, indicating an important contribution of organic matter from mangrove forests to the study region. Coprostanol presented a continuous increase in concentrations from the 1930s to the 2000s in one core, however, showing higher concentrations (>100 ng g -1 ) in the upper layers of both cores. The sterols diagnostic ratios indicated fecal pollution through both cores, especially from the 1940s to 1970s. The coprostanol levels followed the variations in population growth in the state of Ceará. Estriol and estrone were the most abundant estrogenic hormones found in both cores. These compounds are probably related to the intense livestock activities in the Ceará state, especially after the 1970s. The baseline levels of fecal sterols and estrogen hormones found in this study possibly represent a previous unimpacted scenario and may be used for future evaluations of fecal pollution from urbanization and livestock activities., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Background: Pregnancy and lactation in adolescents with habitually low calcium intake may adversely affect maternal bone mass. Objective: We investigated the effect of calcium plus vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy on bone mass during lactation in Brazilian adolescent mothers with low-calcium diets (~600 mg/d). Design: Pregnant adolescents (14-19 y) randomly received daily calcium (600 mg) plus vitamin D3 (200 IU) (n = 30) or a placebo (n = 26) from 26 wk of pregnancy (baseline) until parturition. The bone mineral content (BMC), bone area (BA), and bone mineral density (BMD) at the total body, lumbar spine, and hip (total and femoral neck) were evaluated by using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at 5 and 20 wk postpartum. Serum hormones and 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] were measured. Group comparisons were adjusted for significant covariates. Results: The mean serum 25(OH)D concentration was 59 nmol/L at baseline. In comparison with the placebo, 25(OH)D tended to be 14-15 nmol/L higher postpartum in the supplemented group (P = 0.08). Total body and hip BMC and BMD decreased over time (P ≤ 0.005) in both groups with a group x time interaction at the femoral neck (P < 0.04). Supplemented mothers had higher lumbar spine BA (6.7%; P = 0.002) and lumbar spine BMC (7.9%, P = 0.08) than did mothers who consumed the placebo at 5 wk postpartum. At 20 wk postpartum, differences between groups were more evident, with higher lumbar spine BMC (13.9%), lumbar spine BA (6.2%), and lumbar spine BMD (10.6%) in the supplemented group (P ≤ 0.008). Conclusions: Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy of adolescents with low calcium intake results in higher lumbar spine bone mass and a reduced rate of femoral neck bone loss during lactation. Additional studies are required to determine whether bone effects are temporary or long-lasting. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01732328. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Objective: To investigate the effects of the phases of the menstrual cycle and the use of hormonal contraception on sleep patterns in a population-based study. Methods: In a prospective study carried out among premenopausal women between July and December 2007, a 3-stage cluster sampling was used to ensure accurate representation of the general population of São Paulo, Brazil. Questionnaires were administered, hormonal assays were performed, and full-night polysomnography was recorded. Results: The study sample included 297 premenopausal women. Women in the follicular phase complained of fatigue more than those in the luteal phase and those using hormonal contraceptive treatment. Premenopausal women using hormonal contraceptives had a significantly lower apnea–hypopnea index (1.1±2.0) compared with women in both the follicular (2.2±4.5) and the luteal (2.9±5.4) phases (P =0.01). Women taking hormonal contraceptives tended to have increased sleep efficiency compared with women in either the follicular or luteal phases. Conclusion: The use of hormonal contraceptives was associated with a lower apnea–hypopnea index and a trend toward improved sleep efficiency. The current findings suggest that the use of hormonal contraceptives has a stronger association with sleep duration compared with menstrual cycle phase. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This work presents data regarding the occurrence and treatment of Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) in Brazil in the past decade. The literature review (2011-2021) revealed the detection of 87 pharmaceutical drugs and personal care products, 58 pesticides, 8 hormones, 2 illicit drugs, caffeine and bisphenol A in distinct matrices (i.e.: wastewater, groundwater, sea water, rainwater, surface water, drinking water and hospital effluent). Concentrations of CECs varied from ng-μg L -1 depending on the location, compound and matrix. The inefficiency of conventional wastewater treatment methods on the removal of CECs and lack of basic sanitation in some regions in the country aggravates contamination of Brazilian aquatic environments and poses potential environmental and health risks. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are pointed out as viable and efficient alternatives to degrade CECs and prevent environmental contamination. A total of 375 studies involving the use of AOPs in Brazilian aqueous matrices were published in the last decade. Fenton and photo-Fenton processes, photo-peroxidation, ozonation, electrochemical advanced oxidation and heterogeneous photocatalysis are some of the AOPs applied by Brazilian research groups. Although many works discuss the importance of applying these technologies for CECs removal in real treatment plants, most of these studies assess the treatment of distilled water or simulated effluent. Therefore, the conduction of studies applying AOPs in real matrices are critical to drive the implementation of these processes coupled to conventional water and wastewater treatment in real plants in order to prevent the contamination of environmental matrices by CECs in Brazil., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The Jundiaí-Potengi Estuary (EJP) is located on the semi-arid coast of northeastern Brazil and is influenced by multiple sources of contamination. The sediment quality of EJP was assessed by using a multi-geochemical approach during the dry and wet seasons. Sediments were analyzed for concentrations of nutrients, metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), pesticides, hormones (natural and synthetic), and sterols. The results were integrated by multivariate methods. The sediment was altered by the presence of contaminants from anthropogenic and natural sources. The middle and lower estuarine areas were considered more degraded in both seasons. In these regions, metals, hormones, sterols, and PAHs were found, indicating that these regions are severely affected by industrial, sanitary and aquaculture effluents, combustion of fossil fuels, and oil spills. The upstream region was contaminated by pesticides. The contamination pattern along the EJP shows the prevalence of local sources which continuously release the chemicals into the estuary. Worse conditions occurred during the rainy season, when the runoff from urban and rural areas is more intense and carries a greater load of contaminants to the EJP., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.)

In this study, the concentrations of the natural hormone 17β-estradiol and the synthetic hormones levonorgestrel and 17α -ethylestradiol were determined in the water of São José do Rio Preto Municipal Dam (SP, Brazil). The SPE method was used to extract the hormones and HPLC/FLU/DAD was used to measure their concentrations. The method was validated according to Resolution-RE 899/2003 from the National Sanitary Vigilance Agency (ANVISA) for bioanalytical methods. The detection limits were 25.0, 100.0, and 50.0 ng L−1 for 17α-ethinylestradiol, 17β-estradiol, and levonorgestrel, respectively. The water samples from the dam were collected near the sewage release point and the city's water supply intake point. The sample analysis did not indicate the presence of the hormones under study, considering the detection limit of the method employed. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Background: Some factors can exert influence on leptin concentrations, such as physical exercise. Objective: This study aimed to analyze the acute effects of concurrent training on leptin levels in overweight young adults. Methods: This study used an experimental methodology which included 20 volunteers of both sexes, randomly divided into a concurrent training group (CTG n=10) and a control group (CG n=10). Blood collection was performed in individuals at rest after fasting for 12 hours, and leptin levels were analyzed by radioimmunoassay before and immediately after training. A Two-way ANOVA was used for statistical analysis with a significance level of p <0.05. Results: The CTG group showed no significant reduction (Δ = - 9.91%; p = 0.98) in leptin after training (14.53ng/mL ± 6.79 pre training and 13.09ng/mL ± 8.46 post-training). The CG group showed a decrease in leptin from 27.09ng/ml ± 10.70 to 21.49ng/mL ± 9.44, but this difference was not significant (Δ% = -20,67; p = 0.51). Conclusion: A single concurrent training session with the characteristics of modalities, exercise intensity and length of this study did not promoted significant changes on leptin levels in overweight young adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Objective: To evaluate sleep quality among women using 2 different types of sanitary pad.Methods: Seventeen women (18-40 years) with menstrual cycles of 28-30 days and self-reported moderate-to-intense menstrual flow were enrolled in a crossover study from March to August 2009 in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Sleep assessments were made by polysomnography and by means of validated questionnaires. The first evaluation of sleep (control condition) was performed during the follicular phase (7-10th day of cycle). There were subsequent evaluations during the 2nd and 3rd day of the menstrual period, and a different type of absorbent pad (A or B) was used on each day. The participants were randomly assigned to an order of pad use (AB or BA).Results: The use of absorbent pad A or B did not affect the parameters of sleep or the quality of sleep. The results obtained with use of either absorbent pad did not differ significantly from the control condition and were within the normal limits.Conclusion: There was no significant difference in sleep quality between the follicular phase and the menstrual period; in addition, the use of different absorbent pads over consecutive nights during the same menstrual cycle was not associated with changes in sleep. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To assess the acute effects of concurrent training (CT) on plasma leptin levels in overweight adults. Material and methods: Quasi-experimental research methods were used. A sample of twenty individuals (27.7 ± 5.1 years-old, BMI 27.08±1.42) was randomly divided between the experimental group (EG: n=10) and the control group (CG: n=10). After subjects had fasted for 12 hours, blood samples were collected from both groups, and plasma leptin levels were assessed. Forty minutes after breakfast, the EG performed CT which included an indoor cycling class (40min, OMNI 5-7) followed by resistance training (3 series performed until exhaustion in the supported row machine, leg press, straight bench press, knee extensor, elbow flexor, knee flexor and elbow extensor, 85% 1RM, 2-3min interval). The CG did not perform the physical exercises. At the end of the CT, blood samples were collected from the EG. Descriptive statistics were used and for the inferential analysis a two-way ANOVA was undertaken. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to check homogeneity and Tukey's Post-Hoc test was used for normality analysis. The significance level adopted was p<0.05. Results: The EG (Δ% = 2.92; p = 0.01; 15.05±3.32ng/mL for 12.13±3.01ng/mL) and CG (Δ% = 5.32; p = 0.00; 26.04±9.13ng/mL for 20.72±8.51ng/mL) had significant reductions in plasma leptin levels. Conclusion: In its acute phase, CT causes a reduction in the plasma leptin levels of overweight individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: to analize the discourse regarding the menopause in women attending a health service unit on the outskirts of the city of São Paulo, State of São Paulo, Brazil, in order to understand the meaning they attribute to this event. Methods: eight women aged between 44 and 75 years were interviewed using qualitative methods and a social constructionist approach. The data were collected using participant observation, life histories and interviews. Results: in the group of study the menopause is experienced by these women as an inevitable occurrence related to their bodies and lives and is also considered a strange inimical event that afflicts them unexpectedly. Conclusions: in ghe group of study the results indicate how important it is to approach the menopause is such a way that is viewed as something relative and particular to each individual, not as something universal and standardized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To describe the drugs prescribed for hormone treatment as part of the transsexualization process in health facilities providing specialized care for transsexual and transvestite persons in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil., Methods: This was a descriptive study based on data collected in health facilities between May and September 2020 using the instrument developed by the researchers., Results: The survey covered all seven services in the state. Antiandrogen drugs and spironolactone were prescribed for transsexuals and transvestites women in all services. Only one service did not prescribe cyproterone. All health facilities prescribed estrogen-based drugs, although with differences in the route of administration. In the case of transsexuals men, all services prescribed androgens to be administered via the intramuscular route., Conclusion: The study indicates which drugs are prescribed and their diversity, ratifying the need to produce information for the implementation of equity policies in the Brazilian National Health System.

Background: Hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in post-menopausal women. Although menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) is a very effective treatment for vasomotor symptoms during this period, the influence of this therapy on blood pressure is not yet clear., Objective: To evaluate the relationship between the use of MHT and hypertension in participants of the ELSA-Brasil., Methods: A cross-sectional study using the baseline ELSA-Brasil data in a cohort of 2,138 women who had experienced natural menopause. This study analyzed hypertension, defined as arterial pressure ≥140/90 mmHg or previous antihypertensive use, and use of MHT, with participants being classified into never, past, and current users. Associations were assessed using an adjusted logistic regression model, with statistical significance set at p<0.05., Results: Overall, 1,492 women (69.8%) had never used MHT, 457 (21.4%) had used it in the past, and 189 (8.8%) were current users. The use of MHT was more common in women who had a body mass index (BMI) <25 kg/m2and triglyceride levels <150 mg/dl, and who were physically less inactive, non-smokers, and non-diabetics. Current MHT users were less likely to have hypertension (OR=0.59; 95% CI: 0.41-0.85) compared to those who had never used MHT. In most cases, MHT was started at or before 59 years of age, within 10 years of becoming menopausal, and its use lasted for up to five years., Conclusion: Current MHT use was not related to hypertension, particularly in healthy women and in those under 60 years of age.

Introduction: We aimed to evaluate daily oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) uptake, retention, and adherence and predictors of study non-attendance and low PrEP adherence in a Brazilian trans-specific 48-week study (PrEParadas)., Methods: We enrolled transgender women (TGW) engaging in high-risk sexual behaviours between August 2017 and December 2018. PrEP adherence was based on tenofovir diphosphate concentrations in dried blood spots (DBS). We used random effects logistic regression models and ordinal models to estimate the odds of having a missed visit and of low PrEP adherence, respectively. Multivariable models were adjusted for variables with p-value<0.10 in the univariate analysis., Results: From the 271 eligible, 130 participants were enrolled in the study (PrEP uptake: 48%), out of which 111 (85.4%) were retained at 48 weeks. Multivariable model for study non-attendance included study visit, age, main sexual partner and stimulant use. The odds of missing a visit increased after the week 24. Participants aged 18-24 (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 8.76, 95% CI: 2.09-36.7) and 25-34 years (aOR = 6.79, 95% CI: 1.72-26.8) compared to TGW aged 35+ years had significantly higher odds of having a missed visit. The odds of a missed visit were higher among participants reporting stimulant use (aOR = 4.99, 95% CI: 1.37-18.1) compared to no stimulant use. DBS levels at week 48 showed that 42 (38.5%), 14 (12.8%) and 53 (48.6%) of 109 participants had low, moderate and high PrEP adherence. Multivariable model for low PrEP adherence included study visit, age, schooling, race/colour, housing, binge drinking, stimulant use, feminizing hormone therapy (FHT) use and received text message. Low PrEP adherence was significantly higher among participants with less years of schooling (aOR = 6.71, 95% CI: 1.30-34.5) and had a borderline association with Black colour/race (aOR = 6.72, 95% CI: 0.94-47.8). Participants using the FHT available at the site had decreased odds of low PrEP adherence (aOR = 0.38, 95% CI: 0.16-0.88). No participant seroconverted over the course of the study., Conclusions: Although high PrEP retention can be achieved in a gender-affirming setting, PrEP adherence may be an important challenge faced among TGW due to social disparities. The scale-up of prevention tools like PrEP will have to address systemic social determinants as these stand as important barriers for TGW's access to health services., (© 2022 The Authors. Journal of the International AIDS Society published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of the International AIDS Society.)

This article aims to analyze the use of non-prescribed hormones among travestis and transgender women (TrTGW) in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. This cross-sectional study used the Respondent Driven Sampling (RDS) methodology to recruit TrTGW from 2014 to 2016 in Salvador and the Metropolitan Region. A comparative analysis was carried out between sociodemographic, behavioral, and gender declaration conditions using hormones. The RDS-II estimator weighted the data. Stata version 14 was used for statistical analyses. One hundred twenty-seven TrTGW were recruited. From the studied sample, 69.1% of participants used non-prescribed hormones, which was associated with industrial liquid silicone use and body satisfaction. The TrTGW who were comfortable with the penis and felt pleasure with the penis used hormone less. The seropositive participants reported a higher proportion of hormone use. The non-prescribed use of hormones was used by most TrTGW. This use is likely associated with better satisfaction with self-image and body among TrTGW. Elevated and exacerbated use of these hormones was identified, probably due to the rare access to public health services.