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This article presents an immediate evaluation of a professional development course in community health literacy for Brazilian nurses. An evaluation based on an applied thematic analysis of the accounts of 63 attendees in three Brazilian cities (January 2020) was guided by the following themes: (a) expansion of understanding about community health literacy as a pillar for planning and providing health care; (b) encouragement of innovation in research and/or practice; and (c) plans to incorporate the information shared in the course into professional projects. The evaluation disclosed the complexity of social contexts for health literacy, which is intertwined with ethnocultural diversity and deep socioeconomic disparities, such as restricted access to essential public health services for socially deprived and vulnerable individuals. Expanded understanding about community health literacy is a pillar for care planning and delivery, as well as innovation in research and practice projects. Participants' evaluations revealed ideas to improve nurses' practice in promoting community health literacy and empowerment, as well as quality of life and social well-being. Future knowledge dissemination may impact nurses' clinical practice and management actions, bringing changes in various areas of practice to redesign more socially inclusive actions for clientele.

Background: Most health and developmental issues affecting young people are interrelated. However, few interventions address multiple behavioral domains simultaneously or are based on theories that encompass a holistic perspective of youth development. Aim: The purpose of this scoping review was to identify and describe the range of theory-based, multibehavioral health interventions aimed at improving two or more of the following behavioral youth outcomes: (1) sexual and reproductive health; (2) education and employment; (3) violence; and (4) substance use. Methods: Interventions conducted worldwide and published in English or Spanish between January 2000 and July 2020 were identified using four databases: PubMed, PsycINFO, LILACS, and SciELO. Results: A total of 11,084 articles were identified, of which 477 were retrieved and assessed for eligibility. Twenty-three articles (evaluating 21 interventions) ultimately met the inclusion criteria. Most interventions were conducted in the United States and addressed two behavioral domains of interest, although seven interventions incorporated three domains, and one incorporated all four. Substance use was the most common domain (16 interventions) but only in the United States/Canada, followed by sexual and reproductive health (14 interventions). All produced significant improvement in at least one outcome or for at least one subgroup of youth. The most common theoretical foundations were positive youth development and social learning theory. Conclusion: Integrated interventions that are theory based and evidence informed can support positive development and empower youth to make healthy decisions. Further efforts are needed to address structural and policy issues that affect young people's developmental opportunities and health outcomes.

Hygiene education is becoming increasingly popular and is now addressed in both formal and informal education systems. Examining hygiene education research and developing a vision for the future will lead to creating a roadmap for future research as well as an analysis of past research. Research on hygiene education encompasses a variety of subtopics. It is critical for future researchers and thematic studies in this area to determine if there is a pattern to these concerns that cover a wide range of topics. The purpose of this study is to examine the topic of hygiene education using bibliometric analysis. From the Scope Database, 503 records remain for bibliometric analysis. This results in an average number of 5.02 publications per year. 1973 people contributed to the study. Among the top 10, most influential sources in terms of the number of articles are four websites related to dental hygiene. The United States leads the world in both the number of publications and a total number of citations, followed by Canada and China. Most of the research was related to oral hygiene education.

Introduction: Overcoming misinformation is essential considering stigma and discrimination in the HIV/AIDS epidemic. This report presents the preliminary results of a health education strategy based on the massive open online course (MOOC) on Zero Discrimination in Brazil. Methods: Case study describing the development of the MOOC and its validation using the Delphi technique. Pre- and posttests were administered. People who enrolled from October 2021 to March 2022 were included in the study. Results and discussion: MOOC was made available free of charge for mobile phones, tablets, and desktops and included a 90-hr study certificate. Over 6 months, there were n = 665 people enrolled from different regions, mainly from the health field or working in the public health system. The completion rate of people included in the study (26.62%; n = 177) was above the average for other MOOCs. Conclusions: Initial results are promising but demand more extensive monitoring.

This study is a follow-up to the analysis of an inquiry-based learning activity applied to students in a public university in Brazil. We advocate that an effective education in immunology must incorporate elements that are essential to research in the area, such as generating and analysing data. These elements would empower students to apply science reasoning to face professional challenges. Our protocol included two of these elements: experimentation and abstraction. The utmost aim was to examine the production of argument by groups engaged in three different activities: 1) performing experiments and analysing the data generated; 2) reading papers on the subject (activation of complement) prior to the activities in (1), and 3) reading papers on the subject and analysing data generated by others. Our analysis reveals that guided scientific paper presentation was more influential than performing an experiment in terms of production of complex arguments. Additionally, we found that some groups merely described the data rather than relating the obtained data to the original question that led to the experiments. The findings described herein show the importance of engaging students in procedures that actually generate knowledge and thus incorporate scientific reasoning and discourse in higher immunology education.

Sexual and reproductive health (SRH) education for young people is a challenge for national health systems in low-and middle-income countries. This study analysed SRH education among adolescents in a low-income neighbourhood of Brazil from the perspectives of young people themselves, primary healthcare providers, and school teachers. Using semi-structured interviews, data were collected from twelve informants aged 15-20 years, eight health professionals, and nine teachers. Interviews were analysed using the ecological framework (i.e. with a focus on individual, structural and programmatic levels). At the individual level, there was a marked lack of discussion about SRH in the family, especially with parents. As a result, young people sought information from relatives of a similar age, the Internet and social media. Racism on the part of some teachers was identified as a structural-level constraint, and lack of dialogue between the health and education sectors was a programmatic barrier. Schools were seen as propitious settings for SRH education, and joint action by health providers and teachers could be beneficial for the promotion of SRH among young people in schools.

This paper presents a heuristic tool that can be used to analyse and reflect on the inclusion of digital competences in Health and Physical Education Teacher Education (HPETE) programs. The tool is used to identify and compare how HPETE programs in three Southern Hemisphere countries address digital competency as an aspect of learning to teach Health and Physical Education (HPE). The results reveal that the tool provides an effective way of analysing the development of digital technologies through HPETE. While these programs are concerned with the need for technology education, they do not rely on suggested international frameworks and have a different focus related to future teachers' digital competences. The lack of a systematic policy to improve digital skills in our data suggests that technology education has emerged from localised efforts. We suggest that our heuristic tool can support educators to refine the inclusion of digital competences in HPETE programs.

Health education is one of the knowledge areas in which augmented reality (AR) technology is widespread, and it has been considered as a facilitator of the learning process. In literature, there are still few studies detailing the role of mobile AR in neuroanatomy. Specifically, for the spinal cord, the teaching-learning process may be hindered due to its abstract nature and the absence of three-dimensional models. In this sense, we implemented a mobile application with AR technology named "NitLabEduca" for studying the spinal cord with an interactive exploration of 3D rotating models in the macroscopic scale, theoretical content of its specificities, animations, and simulations regarding its physiology. To investigate "NitLabEduca's" effects, eighty individuals with and without previous neuroanatomy knowledge were selected and grouped into control and experimental groups. Divided, they performed learning tasks through a questionnaire. We used the System Usability Scale (SUS) to evaluate the usability level of the mobile application and a complimentary survey to verify the adherence level to the use of mobile applications in higher education. As a result, we observed that participants of both groups who started the task with the application and finished with text had more correct results in the test (p < 0.001). SUS results were promising in terms of usability and learning factor. We concluded that studying the spinal cord through "NitLabEduca" seems to favor learning when used as a complement to the printed material.

Health literacy, culture and language play vital roles in patients' understanding of health issues. Obstacles are more evident in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where inadequate patient education levels are higher and hospital resources are lower. This is a prospective pilot study assessing the feasibility of digital preoperative animations as guides for surgical patients. Patients admitted to a public hospital in Brazil for acute cholecystitis or appendicitis were included. Feasibility was represented by acceptability rate and ease of integration with department protocols. Thirty-four patients were included, and 26 patients concluded the intervention (76.5% acceptability rate). Demographic factors seemed to affect the results, indicated by higher acceptability from those with lower education levels, from younger patients and from women. Few studies have evaluated the use of multimedia resources for surgical patients, and no studies assessed the use of animations as digital patient education resources in an LMIC. This study demonstrated that the use of animations for patient education in LMICs is feasible. A step-based approach is proposed to aid the implementation of patient education digital interventions. The use of digital multimedia animations as preoperative guides in LMICs is feasible. It may help improve patient education and promote clinical benefits.

Background: Dental neglect results in dental caries, gum disease, and contributes to chronic diseases such as heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and cancers. Poor oral health habits developed in childhood persist into adulthood and can contribute to chronic diseases. School settings are a practical platform for teaching oral health skills. Purpose: The purpose was to assess the effectiveness of school-based, primary prevention oral health interventions for children and adolescents and to examine these programs for health behavior theory applications. Methods: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Statement and Checklist was used in reporting systematic review data. EBSCOhost database was utilized to search interventions by applying inclusion criteria. Data extraction occurred in four distinct phases to ensure all examined interventions met acceptable standards. Results: Eight interventions satisfied the inclusion criteria. Each study utilized oral health knowledge as an outcome variable. Two of the eight interventions stated that they utilized a specific health behavior theoretical framework. Each study applied health behavior concepts. Interventions were efficacious for improving oral health knowledge. Translation to Health Education Practice: Oral health education interventions in schools appear to be effective in providing dental skills and oral health knowledge.

Background: Brazilians are a growing immigrant population in the United States and there is a lack of interventions to promote healthful energy balance-related behaviors (EBRBs) and prevent obesity among Brazilian preschool-age children. To develop needed interventions, information is required about parents' perceptions of the importance of EBRBs and where they obtain information about these behaviors. Purpose: To assess Brazilian immigrant parents' perception of the importance of EBRBs and information sources they use to support their preschool-age children's healthful EBRBs. Methods: Cross-sectional survey. Results: Fifty-two immigrant parents, most classified as having low acculturation, participated. In total, about 20-50% of parents perceived the six examined EBRBs as being extremely important. Parents reported that pediatricians, nurses, and WIC professionals were their primary sources for information about EBRBs. Discussion: Increased health education on the importance of EBRBs is needed. Health educators can facilitate linguistic and culturally sensitive communication, education, and provide guidance to parents on how to foster the development and maintenance of their preschool-age children's healthful EBRBs. Translation to Health Education Practice: Bicultural, bilingual health educators can help raise awareness, facilitate communication, provide education and guidance to Brazilian immigrant parents about the importance of children's healthful EBRBs in the prevention of obesity. A AJHE Self-Study quiz is online for this article via the SHAPE America Online Institute (SAOI) http://portal.shapeamerica.org/trn-Webinars/

Background: It is well established in the literature how exercise prevents chronic diseases. Nevertheless, we still lack knowledge about the ways in which health-related bodily practices might contribute to health promotion. Less is known about pedagogies in public health directed at adult and older-age groups, within non-formal educational settings. Considering a lack of tailored and attractive approaches to health-related bodily practices for adults and older people [Pettigrew et al. 2019. "Encouraging Older People to Engage in Resistance Training: A Multi-Stakeholder Perspective." "Ageing & Society" 39 (8): 1806-1825; Van Dyck, D., L. Mertens, G. Cardon, K. De Cocker, and I. De Bourdeaudhuij. 2017. "Opinions Toward Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, and Interventions to Stimulate Active Living During Early Retirement: Qualitative Study in Recently Retired Adults." Journal of Aging and Physical Activity 25 (2): 277-286], we argue that there is a need to explore pedagogical practices that might further health promotion with this target group. Purpose: Drawing on Antonovsky's theory of salutogenesis [1996. "The Salutogenic Model as a Theory to Guide Health Promotion." "Health Promotion International" 11 (1): 11-18], the purpose of the study was to investigate how health and physical education (HPE) professionals delivered health-related bodily practices for adults and older people in community-based programmes. Data collection and analysis: A qualitative and grounded theory study design was employed. Participants included six HPE professionals, three health centre coordinators and thirty-four adults and older people enrolled in four community-based programmes from Brazil. Condensed fieldwork was adopted to generate data through three-days visits to each programme. Multiple data sources comprised semi-structured interviews, non-participant observation of health-related bodily practices sessions and documents/materials produced by participants. Data were analysed through open, axial and selective coding, using the constant comparative method [Charmaz 2006. "Constructing Grounded Theory: A Practical Guide Through Qualitative Analysis. Book." Vol. 10. London: Sage Publications]. Findings: Three themes were generated to explain the ways HPE professionals worked with adults and older people in health promotion: adopting a holistic view of health, serving as a health resource and nurturing further health resources. These practices included caring attitudes, such as listening carefully to adults and older people, showing attentiveness and responsiveness to them. Moreover, a key finding indicated that the HPE professionals served in their pedagogical practices as health resources, which the adults and older people learned to draw on to cope with life situations and experience health development. Conclusion: The HPE professionals in the four programmes demonstrated they were capable of moving beyond a solely biomedical approach to health and focus on the salutary factors that enable health promotion through the development of a combination of pedagogical practices that were consistent with salutogenesis.

The increasing use of media and digital technologies has been modifying how people think over and shape their physical activities and healthcare consumption. This growing trend has been reflected in school curriculum developments for Physical Education and Health. As educators and policy makers adjust local curricula to reflect these technological changes, there is alack of knowledge on how these developments have been undertaken in different national realities. This study employ Media-Education theory and use content analysis to examine how media and digital technologies have impacted on the official Physical Education and curriculum documents from Australia, Brazil, and New Zealand. The findings show that there is acommon assumption and emphasis that educators need to use technology to focus on thinking critically about media content. On the other hand, there was alower emphasis on understanding media and technology as alanguage for social interaction and communication. In that sense, the results show little investment in the production and consumption of media content. Such findings highlight the need to evolve Health and Physical Education as alearning area so that it can provide students with the means to make critical and informed decisions about their health and physical activity needs.

Modifying the environment is a characteristic of the human species. With deforestation and the expansion of urban centers, diseases known in animals have begun to be described in humans. Science textbooks constitute an instrument of great importance in understanding this issue. This study evaluated the main science textbooks, recommended by the Brazilian Textbook Guide 2011, for the 6th grade of middle school, covering the parasite cycles and analyzing the vector/host relationships as well as man's participation as an inducer/victim. The final analysis showed that most textbooks link image and text, but the cycles are presented off-scale and there are gaps which hinder the understanding of reality. As regards the environmental question, none of the analyzed books presented human beings as an inducer of cycles, and only a few reported the lack of sanitation, urban infrastructure and environmental degradation as causes of disease.

First-aid methods recommended for snakebites are included in Science textbooks in Brazil. Books published before 1996 provided misleading information in this respect and it is possible that such recommendations derived from North-American experiences conducted at the beginning of the 20th Century. The official evaluation of textbooks carried out by the Ministry of Education in 1996 initiated a major public discussion on the several mistakes which had been present in Brazilian educational materials, mainly those relating to mistaken snakebite first-aid procedures. As from 1996, a significant decrease in the number of casualties from snakebites was reported, both in the total number of deaths and among the patients who had received medical assistance. The official data showed this decrease was consistent and remained so for the following ten years. The number of deaths might be associated with the reduced number of victims who developed complications resulting from improper first-aid procedures. This article is intended to relate the changes implemented in textbooks as a result of the first national evaluation and the great impact caused by the publication of the serious mistakes found in these materials, with the reduction in the number of casualties from snakebites in the same period. (Contains 3 figures and 2 tables.)

This study was developed to show a professor's perspective to comprehend his difficulties and challenges, within a different scenario and culture of teaching geriatric dentistry in a nursing home. It was a self-analysis theoretically supported by the Social Constructionism and the Interpretative Autoethnography perspective. Data were constructed by means of participant observation and interaction descriptions. They were analysed by means of a matrix of association. As a result, a culture of adaptation and negotiation was described. Teaching geriatrics is associated with a constant adaptation to technical difficulties. It needs a well-developed interpersonal and professional relation among professors, students, and elderly. It results in constant adjustments and negotiation with feelings and emotions. Teaching geriatrics, in this context, was perceived as a multi-emotional scenario, which enriches the health educational practices.

The aim of this article was to analyze how players of Pokémon GO could adopt a healthier and active lifestyle meanwhile or after using the game, observing how active they could become in their daily routines. The methodology involved a qualitative analysis involving a sample with players who were invited to complete an online questionnaire to answer specific questions about lifestyle and healthy choices. This study involved 125 players (84 males and 41 females) in the city of Pelotas (South of Brazil) that have played for at least six months the game. As results, it was possible to observe that users have changed many habits, specifically regarding physical activity gains, as going more often to practice different sports than only running, walking or cycling, and many of players were getting into an active living practicing exercises with friends and family, out of the game. Also, many players commented that meeting new users was a good way to socialize and making groups to walk or run together, getting an extra motivation for other activities out of the game. We conclude that Pokémon GO is one of the first mobile-based game plays that can be used to promote a healthier lifestyle with a new way of interaction, changing sedentary lifestyles with a big potential to be used in Health Education.

Over the past 25 years, there has been growing investment in concepts of rights in the areas of HIV prevention, care and treatment, including HIV- and AIDS-related education delivered in schools. Despite this increasing commitment to the notion of rights, few efforts appear to have been made to understand the varying conceptions of rights that underpin different kinds of initiatives. Engaging with a multi-disciplinary body of literature on the issue of rights, and through a focus on three rights-informed HIV- and AIDS-related initiatives, this paper seeks to address this gap in the current literature. In so doing, it also examines a central tension within human rights discourse, namely between the construal of rights as shared and universally applicable to all human beings, while being created in and limited by the location in which they were elaborated, as well as by the language used to formulate them. More explicit engagement with the diversity of approaches made possible through a commitment to human rights may facilitate forms of HIV- and AIDS-related education that are more meaningful to young people.

Health education for socially marginalized populations challenges the efficacy of existing strategies and methods, and the pertinence of the educational and philosophical principles that underpin them. The Brazilian Community Health Agents Initiative (CHAI) hires residents of deprived marginalized communities to undertake health promotion and education in their communities. The ultimate goal of the CHAI is to connect populations with the public healthcare system by promoting social re-affiliation, protecting civil rights and enhancing equity of access to health services. In this article, we present the education work of community health agents through interplay between popular and scientific health knowledge in nine Rio de Janeiro shantytowns. A critical ethnographic research design, using thematic analysis, allowed us to explore agents' education work to enhance family health literacy in shantytowns. Local culture and social practices inspire Agents to create original strategies to reconcile forms of health knowledge in their work.

This paper discusses the challenges to the qualitative health research approach, under the regime of productivity that rules current academic evaluation in many countries. The analysis considers aspects common to several contexts, illustrating the discussion with the Brazilian context and, more specifically, within the dynamics of the collective health field. More than a dialogue with the literature on the subject, though it is also included in the exercise developed here, the intention is to share concerns grounded in the accumulated records of our "praxis" in this tradition of research. Based on an overview that gradually unfolds, and aware of the risks posed by the limited space, we will visit some core aspects in the current debate on the topic. (Contains 1 table.)

Concepts from disciplines such as Biochemistry, Genetics, Cellular and Molecular Biology are essential to the understanding and treatment of an elevated number of illnesses, but often they are studied separately, with no integration between them. This article proposes a model for basic sciences integration based on problem-based learning (PBL) and compares failure rate, global final grade, approved student final grade, grade distribution and students' satisfaction with teacher conduction between integrated curriculum and traditional learning in health courses from Anhembi Morumbi University--a private institution from Brazil. Comparison between integrated and traditional curriculum was based on students' records obtained from first-year health sciences students. A total of 1,697 records from 2005 to 2007 (nonintegrated curriculum) and 785 records from 2008 (integrated curriculum) were selected for this study and they were necessary to get information about students' grades. Moreover, a questionnaire was applied in order to cover student's satisfaction with teacher conduction. The data presented in this study indicated that the integrated curriculum based on PBL was related to an improvement in student's grades and satisfaction compared with traditional teaching. We believe that the effectiveness in health education will be a combination of "classical" presentation of contents associated to actively involved students in the educational process and methodology based on problems in order to create the stimulus for the undergraduates continue to integrate basic and clinical investigation.

Based on post-structural feminist and gender studies, the present article analyses the importance given to the practice of physical education, sports and exercise as part of the national policy to strengthen the Caucasian-Brazilian population at the beginning of the twentieth century, emphasising the priority made of the White female body as the most important instrument in strengthening the so called "White race". All the editions of the "Revista Educacao Physica", the first magazine published specifically for physical education and sport in Brazil, was the primary research source. Other books, manuals, reviews from scientific congresses and official publications from the Brazilian Government at the time were also examined. Via the technical analysis of the contents of the aforementioned publications, it was possible to conclude that the Brazilian nationalist discourse at the time sought what was called the "refinement of the White race" by strengthening its women while, at the same time, systematically ignoring Black women. (Contains 1 note.)

Health-related popular articles are easily found among media sources. With the increasing popularity of the internet, medical information--full of misconceptions--has become easily available to the lay people. The ability to recognize misconceptions may require good biomedical knowledge. In this sense, we decided to use articles from the internet as part of a formal exam to evaluate students' learning of Clinical and Applied Biochemistry (CAB). This test, known as the True-or-False (T-or-F) exam, is made up of statements found online that are judged by freshmen medical and nutrition students taking Basic Biochemistry. In the last four teaching-semesters, students' acceptance and responses to T-or-F exam on CAB were evaluated through questionnaires (using a 0-4 Likert scale). Results from 258 students revealed that 71, 87, and 94% of them believed, respectively, that the exam was (i) difficult, (ii) of good quality, and (iii) that using media-questions is relevant for evaluating the learning of CAB. Moreover, the average grade in the T-of-F exam was 5.85 (out of 10). This low average is probably because students are not familiarized with this sort of examination that does not emphasize on memorizations of biochemical pathways and processes--it instead evaluates mostly the comprehension and application of knowledge, levels 2 and 3 in Bloom's scale. Such conclusion was possible by analyzing 192 questions in four exams--67% were at levels 2, 3 or above. This kind of media-based exam could be well applied to several other disciplines in health sciences. (Contains 4 tables, 2 boxes, and 2 footnotes.)

The understanding of complex physiological processes requires information from many different areas of knowledge. To meet this interdisciplinary scenario, the ability of integrating and articulating information is demanded. The difficulty of such approach arises because, more often than not, information is fragmented through under graduation education in Health Sciences. Shifting from a fragmentary and deep view of many topics to joining them horizontally in a global view is not a trivial task for teachers to implement. To attain that objective we proposed a course herein described--Biochemistry of the envenomation response--aimed at integrating previous contents of Health Sciences courses, following international recommendations of interdisciplinary model. The contents were organized by modules with increasing topic complexity. The full understanding of the envenoming pathophysiology of each module would be attained by the integration of knowledge from different disciplines. Active-learning strategy was employed focusing concept map drawing. Evaluation was obtained by a 30-item Likert-type survey answered by ninety students; 84% of the students considered that the number of relations that they were able to establish as seen by concept maps increased throughout the course. Similarly, 98% considered that both the theme and the strategy adopted in the course contributed to develop an interdisciplinary view. (Contains 2 tables and 1 box.)

Objective: To assess long-lasting effects of childhood trauma on the functional outcome of adult patients diagnosed with schizophrenia. Method: Ninety-nine stable patients with schizophrenia followed in an outpatient program at a public university hospital in Porto Alegre, southern Brazil, were investigated for childhood traumatic experiences by the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) and for functional impairment by the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule (WHO/DAS). The schizophrenia diagnosis was assessed by ICD-10 and DSM-IV criteria according to the Operational Criteria Checklist for Psychotic Illness (OPCRIT). Results: Childhood trauma in general was associated with increased disability in adulthood, reflected by impaired Overall Behavior (p = 0.023) and Global Evaluation (p = 0.032). Analysis of specific traumatic domains revealed that increased childhood physical neglect was associated with functional impairment in Overall Behavior (p less than 0.000), Social Role Performance (p = 0.037) and Global Evaluation (p = 0.014). Higher emotional abuse was associated with impaired Overall Behavior (p = 0.026), and higher emotional neglect with poor Global Evaluation (p = 0.047). Additionally, earlier onset of illness was associated with lower level of functioning evidenced by impairment in Overall Behavior (p = 0.042). Linear regression using WHO/DAS sections (Overall Behavior, Social Role Performance and Global Evaluation) as dependent variables and CTQ subscales indicated that only physical neglect had an effect on adult functionality. Conclusions: Childhood trauma was associated with functional and social impairment in adult patients with schizophrenia. Specific types of abuse and neglect, such as physical neglect and emotional abuse and neglect, influenced disability, and the most robust association was physical neglect. Studies involving more patients, with normal controls and additional measurements of biological liability, should be conducted to confirm this association and to increase the understanding of gene-environment relationship in schizophrenia and pathways to disability. Practice implications: Further investigation is warranted to clarify the association between childhood trauma and disability in schizophrenia, as well as to develop standardized instruments for the assessment of trauma and earlier detection of risk along with education of patients and families about adequate care, in an effort to reduce the incidence of disability in schizophrenia. (Contains 4 tables.)

Considering the fact that information on HIV/AIDS is a strategy for disease control, this project was planned to provide comprehensive information about HIV infection and AIDS to schoolteachers and their students. Previous analysis of adolescent students' knowledge of HIV/AIDS showed that they still have doubts about transmission, diagnosis, and treatment. Thus we provided them with dynamic educational activities on the subject. Schoolteachers, students, and researchers worked together for 3 years developing HIV/AIDS educational material and activities such as theater plays, a first reader, games, and musical performances. The material produced by schoolteachers, students, and researchers in this multidisciplinary approach should be a way to promote prevention by fostering reflection and discussion regarding the disease process, HIV infection, and an understanding of the disease transmission. These creative, interactive activities may improve understanding on HIV/AIDS, and enhance school community assurance through the diffusion of information on HIV/AIDS to Brazilian society. (Contains 3 tables.)

Purpose: Given the importance of education-based approaches in stimulating breastfeeding, the paper aims to investigate the feasibility and efficacy of discussing breastfeeding with school children. Design/methodology/approach: Two workshops about breastfeeding and on the view of the human being as a mammal were carried out in schools in Brazil. Children were invited to express their views of breastfeeding based on what they had learned. Questionnaires were applied immediately before and 15 days after the workshops to assess the impact on children's knowledge. Findings: There was on average a low level of knowledge about breastfeeding previous to the interventions. The interventions increased children's self-perception as mammals, and managed to enhance their knowledge about several important issues regarding breastfeeding. Research limitations/implications: There was a fairly small number of participants and a restricted age range. More studies with other age ranges are warranted. Practical implications: Educative interventions on breastfeeding targeting young school children can have very positive results, suggesting that school could successfully include breastfeeding. Originality/value: This is the first study to demonstrate the impact of this innovative approach on school children's awareness on breastfeeding and it demonstrates this pedagogic approach to be effective. (Contains 2 tables.)

Purpose: This paper aims to determine the knowledge that staff in day nurseries in Brazil had of basic measures to promote child health which are connected with high child mortality. These measures included breastfeeding, oral rehydration therapy, child growth follow-up, immunization and the identification of signs that indicate that the child must be referred to a health facility. Design/methodology/approach: A cross-sectional study was performed in day nurseries in the state of Bahia, Brazil, involving 194 care staff from 77 different establishments. Questionnaires, the observation of practical exercises and documentary evidence were used to assess knowledge. Findings: Seventeen percent of professionals were able to use growth charts correctly, 37.1 percent were able to prepare an oral rehydration solution adequately, 77.8 percent were able to provide appropriate breastfeeding counseling, 65.0 percent were able to identify children who showed respiratory danger signs and refer them to a health facility, and 58.5 percent were able to check the immunization status. This suggests a serious lack of basic knowledge in key areas. Research limitations/implications: The losses observed in the beginning of the study and the possibility of the existence of memory bias related to the verbal information obtained might have influenced the results. Practical implications: These findings suggest that there is an urgent need to address the lack of knowledge about basic child health measures shown by these key workers through appropriate educational programs. Originality/value: This is one of the first studies of levels of knowledge about basic child health measures in professionals who work outside the medical profession, and in particular in day nurseries. It also provides valuable information about health knowledge in a developing country. (Contains 2 tables.)

This study investigated the health-related concerns of adolescents living on streets as compared to poor and privileged adolescents living with their families in Sao Paulo, Brazil. The different groups of respondents were similar in terms of individuals' fear of disease and lack of concern about health in old age. AIDS and cancer were feared by most of the respondents in the different groups, particularly because of their severity and people's vulnerability to these conditions. Health in old age was not a major concern in any of the study groups. It is suggested that health educators take into account the wide range of concerns among adolescents on the streets in order to design interventions that cater for different levels of interest and motivation. It is also argued that there is a need for health education in order to clarify misperceptions about disease transmission, prevention and treatment among adolescents from different socioeconomic backgrounds. (Contains 3 tables.)

Reports a study of the effects of short-term fitness education on low-fit female college students' knowledge and attitudes. Group A received handouts and lectures. Group B received handouts only. Pre- and posttesting indicated lectures were more effective than handouts. Both groups demonstrated significantly higher knowledge about health and fitness than control subjects. (SM)

BACKGROUND: Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs), such as Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) transmitted by biological, socioeconomic and cultural factors that increase the vulnerability of certain population groups such as civil construction workers. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the knowledge of workers in the construction industry about infection by HIV and associated factors. METHODS: A cross-sectional, analytical study was conducted, including 381 construction workers, in the cities of João Pessoa, Cabedelo, and Santa Rita, in the State of Paraíba, Brazil, performed through interviews, using a data collection instrument with social demographic variables and the HIV Knowledge Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive measures, and for comparison between the categories the Kruskal-Wallis test was used, with margin of error of 5%. RESULTS: A predominance of male workers was observed (97.4%) among 381 workers; aged 30-39 (34.1%); married (81.4%); with up to eight years of education (66.6%); family income of up to 2x the minimum wage (52.8%) and coming from the country (43.8%). The average of correct responses was 63.3%, with higher indices (70.0%) related to transmission and forms of prevention. There were higher percentages of hits among those who had studied for 12 years or more. Workers from the capital of Paraíba presented a higher number of correct responses (67.44%). CONCLUSIONS: There is a low index of knowledge of construction workers about HIV, highlighting their consequent vulnerability to acquiring this infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Determine if different technology‐based health education interventions can reduce oral health inequalities between the sexes in a sample of adolescents. Methods: A cluster randomized clinical trial was conducted in three phases with an initial sample of 291 male and female adolescents 14–19 years of age. Phase I (n = 288) comprised a clinical examination performed by a calibrated examiner using the simplified oral hygiene index (OHI‐S) and gingival bleeding index (GBI). Phase II involved two educational interventions: video (VD; n = 147) or oral counselling (OR; n = 141) with standardized content. In phase III, an App was made available to half of the clusters (OR + App; n = 66/OR without App; n = 71/VD + App; n = 63/VD without App; n = 63), and the clinical examination was performed a second time. Data were evaluated using descriptive analysis and nonparametric tests. Results: In phase I, boys had a lower standard of oral hygiene compared with girls, with higher mean OHI‐S (p = 0.039) and GBI (p = 0.015). After VD and OR interventions, no significant difference between sexes was found regarding the mean OHI‐S. However, males had a higher mean GBI compared with females in the OR group (p = 0.006). When the App was added to OR and VD groups, males in the 'OR without App' group had a higher mean GBI compared with females (p = 0.007). Conclusion: This clinical trial demonstrated that educational interventions involving information technologies were effective at reducing oral health inequalities between the sexes among adolescents. However, oral counselling alone was not efficient in reducing GBI in male adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Permanent education in health aims to ensure that professionals are constantly learning in the workplace and in the last few years institutions resorted to the technology-mediated education modality and new teaching possibilities were explored. In Brazil, between 2017 and 2021, only six articles and five monographs were published about listening effort. Objective The objective of this study was to develop a website with scientific content on the topic listening effort for Speech -Language Therapist and Audiologist with free online access. Methods The study was carried out in five stages: Analysis, contemplating the search for scientific materials to prepare the material. Design, in which the writing and design of the website was carried out. Development, carrying out the adequacy of the online material. Implementation, a stage in which professionals in the area evaluated the quality of the material after consenting to participation through a free and informed consent term. Review, stage in which the researcher analyzed the evaluators' responses. Results The five stages of elaboration of the website were carried out, which was evaluated by professionals in the area. The average of responses to all applied questions rated the website as "superior". Conclusion The website development was validated for online availability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dengue, a disease with multifactorial determinants, is linked to population susceptibility to circulating viruses and the extent of vector infestation. This study aimed to analyze the temporal trends of dengue cases and deaths in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, from 2007 to 2020. Data from the Notifiable Diseases Information System (Sinan) were utilized for the investigation. To assess the disease's progression over the study period and predict its future incidence, time series analyses were conducted using a generalized additive model (GAM) and a seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (SARIMA) model. Over the study period, a total of 463,566 dengue cases and 125 deaths were reported. Notably, there was an increase in severe cases and deaths, marking hyperendemics characterized by simultaneous virus circulation (79.17% in 2016–50% in 2019). The generalized additive model revealed a non-linear pattern with epidemic peaks in 2010, 2013, 2016, and 2019, indicating an explosive pattern of dengue incidence. The SARIMA (3,1,1) (0,0,0)12 model was validated for each year (2015 to 2019). Comparing the actual and predicted numbers of dengue cases, the model demonstrated its effectiveness for predicting cases in the municipality. The rising number of dengue cases emphasizes the importance of vector surveillance and control. Enhanced models and predictions by local health services will aid in anticipating necessary control measures to combat future epidemics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The current study provides people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLHIV) the support to cope with this disease and to improve their quality of life, since their longevity has significantly increased. Aim: Investigating the effect of an educational intervention on PLHIV's strategies to cope with HIV. Methodology: Quasi-experimental, before-and-after study type, whose data were collected before and after educational intervention, was carried out with 75 PLHIV at a School Outpatient Clinic. The Brazilian version of the Ways of Coping Scale was herein used. It is a questionnaire comprising 4 disease-coping domains, namely: coping focused on problem, emotion and on seeking social support and religious practices. Results: There was increased use of all coping-strategy domains after the educational intervention, as well as reduced standard deviation, and it pointed out that the recorded values were grouped closer to the mean therefore showing less variability. Coping focused on social support was the strategy mostly used after the educational intervention; it was followed by strategies focused on both emotion and problem. The least used strategy was the one focused on religion/fantasy. Discussion: This study identified the need of introducing a new coping strategy focused on prejudice against patients with HIV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to characterize the language employed in educational and communications materials about STIs, HIV/AIDS and viral hepatitis produced by the Ministry of Health between 2010 and 2019, identifying elements related to health promotion and disease prevention. We conducted an exploratory descriptive study. The materials were selected by performing a systematic search of the Ministry of Health website focusing on the period 2010-2019. The materials were analyzed to determine the educational approaches adopted. The preventive, educational and personal development approaches were identified in 100% (201), 24.87% (50) and 7.96% (16) of the materials, respectively. The radical and popular education for health approaches were not observed. The almost exclusive focus on the preventive approach reveals that promoting changes in individual habits and behavior alone is not sufficient to combat and solve the problem of STIs, HIV/AIDS and viral hepatitis in Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]