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This article discusses some of the long-term tendencies of the Paraguayan political economy, focusing, in particular, on impacts on indigenous peoples and, because of the ongoing agribusiness expansion in the northeast of the country, on the Paĩ Tavyterã nation. This analysis is warranted because of the growing recognition of the importance of land-related disputes affecting indigenous peoples, particularly in countries such as Paraguay that rely heavily on agribusiness exports and on the exploitation of natural resources. It is based on more than six years of research dedicated to the land struggles of the Paĩ Tavyterã (and members of the same ethnic group in Brazil, called Guarani-Kaiowa). Instead of a comparative study, this is a relational storytelling text that draws insights from various actors, communities and situations that were obtained through a qualitative and participative methodology, involving indigenous communities as co-participants and co-investigators in the study. Empirical results demonstrate that, despite the fact that Paraguay is a major exporter of agribusiness commodities the accumulation of multiple forms of subtraction is a prevailing geographical force. The reaction of indigenous peoples is in the form of anti-subtraction. The main implication of this research is that the process of decolonisation is, first and foremost, an anti-subtraction movement that aims to revert the deficit caused by the systemic subtraction of socio-economic and socio-ecological opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Brazil, archaeology of the Spanish Jesuit missions tends to focus on Rio Grande do Sul State. Yet the early missions founded in the province of Guairá (1610–1631), current day Paraná State, can offer unique insights into the Jesuit occupation of the Rio de la Plata region and the initial iterations and experimentations of the Jesuit mission project. Herein, we present an analysis of an archaeological collection excavated in 1963 from the San Ignacio mission founded in 1610 and occupied until 1631. We examine the ceramic collection and architectural elements of the mission and discuss the responses to and negotiations of missionization, underscoring the cultural dynamics in this frontier region. We also examine the implications of this ceramic assemblage in relation to current practice in Guaraní archaeology that uses ethnohistorical sources from the Jesuit fathers to identify and interpret precontact Guaraní ceramics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Brazilian Journal of Law & International Relations / Relações Internacionais no Mundo is the property of Relacoes Internacionais no Mundo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Education Policy Analysis Archives / Archivos Analíticos de Políticas Educativas / Arquivos Analíticos de Políticas Educativas is the property of Educational Policy Analysis Archives & Education Review and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The archeological site RS-TQ-141 is located in Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil) and belongs to the pre-colonial Guarani Tradition (between fifth and seventeenth century). The site extends to the bank of the Taquari River. About 200 small fragments of ceramic from the site present internal and/or external coating surfaces. Archaeometry analyses were applied in order to understand coating application mechanism. X-ray Fluorescence (XFR) analyses revealed that the main elements are iron, titanium, potassium, and calcium. Applying the micro Fourier Transform Interferometer (ATR-FTIR) method it was possible to differentiate white and red coatings produced with different types of (ocher) clays. ATR-FTIR was applied in order to try to distinguish the vessels use. The coatings were produced with the same groups of clays used for the manufacture of ceramics. The presence of at least two groups of clay is recorded: montmorillonite-like and kaolinite-like. The white coatings can be distinguished in the FTIR spectra by the presence of a carbonate peak. From this research, there does not seem to be any difference between internal and external coatings. Carbonyl materials were detected, both in the coating and in the production of the ceramics; the latter is probably related to pyrolysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indigenous peoples in Brazil are undergoing transformations since the colonization period, when the contact with the European caused a cultural hybridization process. Currently, the traditional indigenous livelihood seeks strategies for cultural assimilation while trying to resist and preserve its identity with the surrounding society. In this new economic format, in which indigenous peoples increasingly need the use of money, and, given the few options for obtaining income within the Indigenous Land (TI), the most common use has been to seek additional income outside its territory. Thus, this study aimed to analyze the strategies and consequences of the wage process of Kaingang and Guarani people in IT Mangueirinha, PR. Therefore, the research sought to interview bookies, indigenous leaders, and workers who fall within the indigenous wage process. In the end, we realized that these Indigenous leaders have a significant role in the formal salaried employment process of the Indigenous, as well as we identified different responses of the process, according to the culture involved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The category of intangible cultural heritage (ICH), recently institutionalized by several countries (2000, in the case of Brazil) and, internationally, by Unesco (2003), requires the participation of groups and communities in the identification, safeguarding and maintenance of their heritage. Due to the recent nature of these policies, there is still only a small number of studies examining the levels and strategies of participation used in determining ICH. More recently, Rodney Harrison (2013) argued that is important to study not only the participation of humans in heritage processes, but also, especially in indigenous contexts, the participation of nonhumans. In order to contribute to these discussions, the article describes and analyzes the patrimonialization of the ruins of the São Miguel Jesuit-Guarani Missions, located in the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul, as "Tava, Place of Reference for the Guarani People". The process lasted a decade and initially encountered some resistance from the Guarani. However, the establishment of reciprocity and affinity relations between indigenous and non-indigenous agents, the recognition of ICH's political potential and the influence of spiritual aspects, including nonhumans, promoted the participation of the Guarani, who proved to be essential actors for the identification and registration of the cultural landmark in 2014. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The agribusiness sector in Brazil includes a broad coalition between landowners, conservative politicians, banks, industries and transnational corporations and represents one of the most perverse political forces in the country. Because of the erosion of the industrial sector and the accumulation of policy mistakes, agribusiness has become a key macroeconomic player and increasingly responsible for commodity exports. In areas of agricultural frontier, as in the case of Southern Mato Grosso, it gives rise to even higher levels of speculation, dispossession of common land and wide-ranging brutality. Frontier-making creates favourable conditions for the arrival of unscrupulous individuals in search of rapid enrichment and prepared to accept spurious economic and political practices. One of the main indigenous groups in the region, the Kaiowa-Guarani, have a profoundly qualitative involvement with land, nature and life, beyond the reductionist treatment of land as commodity and agriculture as business. Their identity and social experience is directly influenced by the place where the family lived and where relatives were laid to rest. Their culture is marked by the utopic search for the imperishable and virtuous land, although their daily experience is now shaped by fear, aggression, racism and violation of the most basic human rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When DNA profile comparisons between a crime scene trace and a reference sample generate correspondence, the match probability has to be estimated, so that evaluation of the strength of the forensic DNA evidence can be made. The random match probability estimations require information on allele frequencies and an adjustment factor, referred to as theta (θ) or Fst, a co-ancestry correction factor for subpopulation effects. The θ value has been standardized for urban and isolated populations, but inconsistencies have been reported when it is specifically calculated for smaller and isolated populations, including Amerindian populations. Notably, attempts to characterize forensic markers of these minor populations have been extensively limited and more conservative estimates of the correction factor may be generated for each of them. Therefore, we estimate allele frequencies of 21 autosomal STR markers used for forensic testing and calculated relevant forensic parameters for the set. In addition, we featured the possible structure of five Brazilian Amerindian populations that have been genetically isolated for centuries so we could obtain the appropriate θ value for them. The sample consisted of 319 individuals: (1) 121 Kaingang, from two communities: Ivaí (KIV=61) and Rio das Cobras (KRC=60); and (2) 198 Guaranis from three communities: Mbya from Rio das Cobras (GRC=51), Guarani Ñandeva (GND=71) and Guarani Kaiowá (GKW=76). Between Guarani populations low (Rst=0.0402, p < 10−4) to high (Rst=0.1557, p < 10−5) differentiation was found. Regarding Guarani and Kaingang populations, intermediate (Rst=0.0590, p < 10−5) to high (Rst=0.1604, p < 10−5) differentiation was found. The two Kaingang populations showed very low differentiation between them (Rst=0.0017, p = 0.27), which justifies the union of both genetic data for forensic databases and calculations. The combined power of discrimination (PD) and the combined power of exclusion (PE) were calculated for each population, demonstrating the usefulness of this set of markers in forensic and kinship analysis regarding these populations. Considering the demographic heterogeneity of Amerindian populations in general, the Fst mean value (0.03) was evaluated regarding 43 different indigenous populations from the Americas, including Guaranis and Kaingangs. This result confirms the adequacy of the standardized θ value for the forensic random match probability estimations involving Amerindian populations. • Forensic STR markers from Brazilian Amerindian populations were obtained. • Adequacy of the standardized θ value for forensic estimations was confirmed. • Kaingangs are more closely related than the Guaranis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Anthropologica is the property of CASCA and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper examines the legal and ecological problems facing the Guarani Aquifer System. Because the majority of the Guarani Aquifer System underlies Brazil, the Brazilian legal regime forms the paper's principal focus. The importance of the region makes the need for accurate information crucial. Yet relying on such information to manage a complex resource presents risks. Too often, the role of uncertainty in regulating is underplayed. Increasing knowledge over the resource demands categorizing 'hard' and 'soft' uncertainties, especially those presented by climate change. In addition, regulators must acknowledge the unitary nature of the aquifer while remaining sensitive to differing national priorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Espanola de Antropologia Americana is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract: An archeological artifact can be seen as a chronological element, which helps to determine the age of certain society and to understand the thinking, values and the way of life of this society. Thus, the classification of archeological artifacts is one of the approaches used to study the cultural system of antique societies trying to reconstruct their history. The “Centro de Museologia, Antropologia e Arqueologia (CEMAARQ)” of the “Unesp Univ Estadual Paulista” in Presidente Prudente, Sao Paulo state, Brazil, develops projects within this context (identification and preservation). This is the case of the archeological site named “Lagoa São Paulo-02” discovered in 1993 at the margins of the Parana river in the region of Presidente Epitácio city, São Paulo state, Brazil. This site has ceramic fragments of different shapes and sizes that have a strong influence of traces of the Guarani culture, which is one of the Brazilian native populations. These samples were basically characterized via micro-Raman scattering and Fourier transform infrared absorption (FTIR) spectroscopies. The main objective was to identify the pigments used in the manufacture of the ceramic artifacts and to analyze the composition of the ceramic body to understand how the artifacts were made. Three pigments were found: red, black and white. For the red pigment were identified characteristic bands of hematite, an iron oxide found in the red rocks of the river banks that were eroded by water. The black pigment, probably, is due to the use of vegetal charcoal, which is found in nature as the product of burning organic material such as wood. For the white pigment, the FTIR spectra suggested the use of kaolin, either in the ceramic body or in the proper white pigment, due to the presence of the characteristic bands of the kaolinite. Complementary, the additives applied as anti-plastics were identified as charcoal and quartz, being the latter found in the rocks present in the archeological site. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article bases itself on the notion that the only available gateway to the ethno-knowledge strewn in the oral narratives that exist in the more than 180 indigenous languages spoken in Brazil is translation. The article focuses on the translation of a bilingual nhengatu-portuguese poem. The study of the poem allows for an introduction to the languages of the tupiguarani family, particularly those called the General Languages and provides information on translation tools: dictionaries, lexicons, glossaries and wordlists. Translations produced by missionaries during the colonial period and by 19th and 20th century tupinologists are background to the analysis of certain problems: the lack of specialized translators, the scarceness of grammar books and dictionaries, the typological gap between indigenous languages and European languages and finally, the differences in register use: indeed the issue here is translating non-graphic languages where the oral tradition pervades, into languages of the written tradition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Native American populations generally have a higher prevalence of infectious diseases than non-Native populations and this fact can induce different pressures in their immune system. We investigated the patterns of population differentiation (FST ) of 32 polymorphisms related to adaptive immune response in four Native American populations (Aché, Guarani-Kaiowá, Guarani-Ñandeva and Kaingang), and the results were compared with the three major world population data [Yoruba of Ibadan, Nigeria (YRI), Utah residents with northern and Western Europe ancestry (CEU) and Han Chinese of Beijing, China (CHB)] available in the HapMap database. The Aché clearly differentiated from the other Amerindians, but when all Native Americans were compared with the samples of other ethnic groups the lowest difference (0.08) was found with CHB (Asians), the second lowest (0.15) with YRI (Africans) and the most marked with CEU (European-derived). The considerable intra and interethnic differences found can be explained both in terms of diverse evolutionary distances and more recent environmental pathogen exposures; and they should be appropriately considered prior to any specific public health action., (© 2013 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)