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This paper aims to analyze the behavior of a group of industrial multinational subsidiaries located in Brazil in the period 2003-2019. In this context, their surplus increased substantially because of the rise in commodity prices. For this reason, we intend to analyze the destination of the surplus towards non-productive uses. The methodology used incorporated accounting data that were processed to construct useful variables within the disciplinary framework of political economy and economics for economic development. Through this, it was possible to measure the capital flight and financial investments of the selected companies. This paper ties in with the debate on financialization, global productive changes and the forms these phenomena take in developing countries. Despite the surplus increase, the selected firms lost productive density because they promoted non-productive uses, in a general context of the Brazilian economy characterized by financialization and deindustrialization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of a clean and economically sustainable ecosystem has changed the context of innovations, and since the beginning of the 21st century, discussions about Ecoinnovationhave gained relevance. In this context, the present work aims to analyze the need for a National EcoinnovationSystem (SNECO) in the Wind Sector, based on the conception of national innovation systems. It starts from the theoretical development of heterodox economics, with a neo-Schumpeterian focus, which seeks to present answers to the problems encountered in the market through innovation. Methodologically, the study consists of a documental survey, analyzing theoretical and applied academic research on Ecoinnovationin an analysis of the wind sector, based on secondary data. The results show that although there is no evidence of a consolidated Brazilian energy SNECO with strong interaction in the scientific/technological, productive, and political subsystems, potentialities are perceptible. To this end, political and operational measures become necessary, expanding and reorganizing the government's strategic action, followed by cooperative actions among the organizations present in the Brazilian wind energy system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Family Health Strategy, the primary health care program in Brazil, has been scaled up throughout the country, but its expansion has been heterogeneous across municipalities. We investigate if there are unique municipal characteristics that can explain the timing of uptake and the pattern of expansion of the Family Health Strategy from years 1998 to 2012. We categorized municipalities in six groups based on the relative speed of the Family Health Strategy uptake and the pattern of Family Health Strategy coverage expansion. We assembled data for 11 indicators for years 2000 and 2010, for 5,507 municipalities, and assessed differences in indicators across the six groups, which we mapped to examine spatial heterogeneities. Important factors differentiating early and late adopters of the Family Health Strategy were supply of doctors and population density. Sustained coverage expansion was related mainly to population size, marginal benefits of the program and doctors’ supply. The uptake was widespread nationwide with no distinct patterns among regions, but highly heterogeneous at the state and municipal level. The Brazilian experience of expanding primary health care offers three lessons in relation to factors influencing diffusion of primary health care. First, the funding mechanism is critical for program implementation, and must be accompanied by ways to support the supply of primary care physicians in low density areas. Second, in more developed and bigger areas the main challenge is lack of incentives to pursue universal coverage, especially due to the availability of private insurance. Third, population size is a crucial element to guarantee coverage sustainability over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assesses growth determinants in the Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa and Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria, and Turkey nations the period 2001-11. Particular emphasis is laid on the bundling and unbundling of ten governance dynamics. Contemporary and noncontemporary fixed- and random-effects regressions are employed. The following are some findings. First, governance is more positively significant in noncontemporary specifications as opposed to contemporary regressions. Second, there is some interesting evidence on the heterogeneity of political governance as a driver. Political governance and its constituents (political stability and voice and accountability) are significantly positive in gross domestic product (GDP) growth but insignificant in real GDP output regressions. Third, the other governance dynamics are more significant determinants of real GDP output, as opposed to GDP growth. Accordingly, they are insignificant in contemporary regressions and negatively significant in noncontemporary regressions for GDP growth. Fourth, the constituents of economic governance have the highest magnitude in the positive effects of governance dynamics on real GDP output. Related Articles [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To analyze economic development as a process subject to a historical context, this work begins with a brief overview of the contributions and limitations of development economics, the pioneering school of thought in this sub-discipline. It then differentiates modern economic growth (based on continuous innovation) from delayed development and economic underdevelopment. Based on this, the study proposes a theoretical framework to unify aspects of development theory, specifically, institutional theory and some elements of complex processes, primarily path dependence. This theoretical framework is then applied in two countries, Brazil and Mexico, to define their historical development trajectories and propose an explanation for the divergent economic performance seen in these two nations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our paper provides a comparative perspective on the development of public primary education in four of the largest developing economies circa 1910: Brazil, Russia, India and China (BRIC). These four countries encompassed more than 50% of the world's population in 1910, but remarkably few of their citizens attended any school by the early 20th century. We present new, comparable data on school inputs and outputs for BRIC drawn from contemporary surveys and government documents. Recent studies emphasize the importance of political decentralization, and relatively broad political voice for the early spread of public primary education in developed economies. We identify the former and the lack of the latter to be important in the context of BRIC, but we also outline how other factors such as factor endowments, colonialism, serfdom, and, especially, the characteristics of the political and economic elite help explain the low achievement levels of these four countries and the incredible amount of heterogeneity within each of them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Se sostiene que las diferencias en las tasas de crecimiento del producto se vinculan a las diferencias en las elasticidades-renta que, a su vez, son determinadas por el grado de intensidad tecnológica de la producción nacional. Para corroborar esta hipótesis se efectuaron pruebas estadísticas. Se estimaron las elasticidades hipotéticas a fin de demostrar su validez en el caso brasileño: i) básica, ii) ampliada con flujos de capitales, y iii) implícita. Se emplearon técnicas de cointegración y un vector de corrección de errores en las estimaciones de las elasticidades reales para cada categoría tecnológica de producto de la pauta comercial brasileña. Los resultados se corroboraron mediante la investigación de funciones de impulsorespuesta y la descomposición de los errores finales de predicción, confirmándose que los bienes de mayor intensidad tecnológica presentan una elasticidadrenta más elevada. Así, según la ley de Thirlwall, una mayor producción nacional de esos bienes impulsaría el crecimiento. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current article examines how China, Brazil and Russia -- three major second-generation industrial states whose legal systems are founded on European civil law -- have reacted to the legal challenges of modern risk society in their recent codifications of tort law. The author provides an overview of the new liability regimes that have been put in place, demonstrating the extent to which traditional fault-based liabilities have been replaced by stricter liabilities based on risk, whether resulting from organisational shortcomings in industrial processes or inherent in industrialisation and technical development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Agricultural productivity matters for poverty reduction and growth. • Land productivity declines with farm size in all regions of Brazil. • The farm size – total factor productivity relationship changes with modernization. • The relationship between farm size and TFP becomes U-shaped or positive by 2006. • TFP is more relevant than land productivity for policy and poverty. The relationship between farm size and productivity is a recurrent topic in development economics, almost as old as the discipline itself. This paper emphasizes the importance of choice of productivity measures in the inverse relationship literature. First, we seek to clarify the common measures, their relationships, and advantages and limitations in empirical work. Second, we argue that total factor productivity (TFP), not land productivity, is the appropriate indicator for most policy questions. Lastly, using a pseudo-panel of Brazilian farms that are aggregated at the farm size and municipality levels over the period 1985–2006, we provide new evidence on the inverse relationship between farm size and both land productivity and TFP. The inverse relationship between size and land productivity is alive and well. The relationship between TFP and size, in contrast, has evolved with modernization during this period, becoming increasingly U-shaped or even positive. Policy implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]