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The evaluation of genome size has emerged as a resource for populational, biogeographic, and evolutionary interpretations. Still, little has been recorded on the size of the genomes of decapod crustaceans, mainly freshwater species. Using flow cytometry, we aimed to provide new data on the genome size of the freshwater crabs Trichodactylus fluviatilis Latreille, 1828 and T. petropolitanus (Göldi, 1886) in São Paulo state, southern Brazil. We analyzed 12 individuals with a c-value of 8.0–9.6 picograms. We observed a tendency for freshwater crabs with direct development to have a higher genome-size value than those decapods with indirect development, which links the possible relationship of genome size with the developmental pattern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus Glassella had never been formally recorded in Brazil. Coelho (1996, 1997) assigned specimens collected in northeastern Brazil, in the states of Maranhão and Pernambuco, to Pinnixa floridana , a species that was recently allocated to Glassella and had its rediagnosis proposed. The reassessment of the material analysed by Coelho and the study of three additional specimens collected during an offshore expedition in the state of Espírito Santo resulted in the discovery and description of a new species and the recognition of another undescribed species of Glassella in Brazilian waters. The new species is herein named G. schubarti sp. nov., in honour of the late Christoph D. Schubart, who has made many important contributions to the study of evolution and diversity of brachyuran crabs. These species represent the southernmost records of the genus and the first species of Glassella described from Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to fill a gap in the sustainable management of the reverse supply chain of Guaiamum and Uçá crab waste in Brazil, an endangered species. The study focused on the circular economy, governance, and recent developments, and identified circular economy practices in the utilization of solid waste from the fishing and collection of these species in extractive regions, in line with the United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). A systematic literature review was conducted in major scientific databases. The selection of the 20 research publications followed pre-established criteria, including relevance to the SDGs and systematic review methodology. The results highlighted key variables related to the characteristics of by-products and the factors that influence the adoption of circular economy practices, in line with relevant SDGs. The most mentioned by-products include animal feed, organic fertilizer, biofuels, crab shell chitin biocomposite derivatives, as well as Chitosan-based composites for food packaging applications due to their non-toxicity, antimicrobial, and antifungal properties. The study also identified future research opportunities covering education, policy, and management, in line with the UN SDGs. This study emphasizes the importance of the circular economy for solid crab waste in Brazil, a country with 12% of the world's mangroves, which are essential both as a nursery for crabs and for ocean nutrition. It also analyzes current trends and initiatives in the reverse management of Guaiamum and Uçá crab waste, in the context of Supply Chain and Sustainable Management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The life history of insular gecarcinid crabs is divided into a marine larval and an adult phase, adapted to the terrestrial environment. As adults, individuals migrate seasonally to locations near the sea, engaging in reproductive behaviors. Therefore, identifying breeding and recruitment areas is crucial for the conservation of insular gecarcinids, especially for those endangered, such as Johngarthia lagostoma (H. Milne Edwards, 1837). We used sex ratio and sexual dimorphism analyses (body and cheliped size) as well as records of juveniles and adults to describe the population structure of J. lagostoma in the Trindade Island, Brazil. During the reproductive period, several population parameters were compared among sites with different altitudes, comprising two beaches (Andradas and Tartarugas) and two hills (Príncipe, 136 m; and Desejado, 612 m). Overall, males predominated in the population and invested more in body and cheliped growth than females. However, at Andradas Beach, it was observed a similar frequency of adult males and females as well as a small difference in the body size between the sexes. In comparison, the smallest crabs were found at Príncipe Hill. The analyzed population presented a predominance of adults, especially at Andradas Beach (93.1%). Compared to the other sites sampled, Príncipe Hill showed the highest abundance of juveniles (males: 22.2%; females: 40.8%). Thus, Andradas Beach was considered a reproductive site, while Príncipe Hill had the highest density of juveniles, which makes them priority areas for the conservation of J. lagostoma in Trindade Island. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe the use of abraded bivalve shells by the shellback crabs Hypoconcha arcuata Stimpson, 1858 and H. parasitica (Linnaeus, 1763) in southeastern Brazil. Shells from four species of bivalves were associated with the crabs: Eucallista purpurata (Lamarck, 1818), Chionopsis crenata (Gmelin, 1791), and Tivela zonaria (Lamarck, 1818) (Veneridae), and, most frequently (50%), Dallocardia delicatula (E.A. Smith, 1915) (Cardiidae). This was the first documented record of shellback crabs using valves of veneriid bivalves, as well as the first report of a crab-shell association for Hypoconcha in the South Atlantic Ocean. The relationship between the increase in size of shellback crabs and the size of the chosen shell was discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mithraculus forceps is a common species on islands in Brazil, and investigations of their sexual and population structures provide insights into their life cycle. Our aim was to analyze relative growth, estimate morphological sexual maturity, and investigate sexual dimorphism in a population inhabiting the Alcatrazes Archipelago. Sampling was conducted using artificial refuge and active capture methods. Five body structures were analyzed for relative growth and morphological sexual maturity estimation: carapace and abdomen width, propodus length and height, and gonopod length in males. Sexual dimorphism was observed in carapace and propodus shape. Morphological sexual maturity was estimated at 10.12 mm carapace width for males and 10.66 mm carapace width for females. Some variations in morphometric aspects were observed in the analyzed population when compared to other populations of M. forceps inhabiting unprotected areas. Crabs from Alcatrazes may reach larger sizes due to their protected habitat. This underscores the crucial role of a marine conservation unit in preserving significant ecological processes and highlights the importance of management plans for other locations and environments facing anthropogenic pressures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crab and soil samples were seasonally collected at four mangrove sites (Cacha Prego, CP; Ponta Grossa, PG; Ilha de Maré, IM; and Pitinga, PT) in Todos os Santos Bay, in NE Brazil. Total Cu levels in soils ranged from 2.5 to 89.4 mg kg−1, while in crab organs (muscles, hepatopancreas, and gills), Cu ranged from 20 to 1,320 mg kg−1, with the highest concentrations found in the Ilha de Maré population, where soils showed a clear Cu enrichment. Total Cu content did not explain the abnormally high Cu concentrations observed in crabs from Pitinga, where total content in soil was low. Geochemical partitioning indicated that most of the potentially bioavailable Cu was found in the oxidizable fractions, pyrite and organic matter. Pyrite oxidation during the dry season led to increased Cu bioavailability. This process was of relevance in soils of the Pitinga mangrove, where sulfide oxidation led to soil acidification and to an increase in Cu associated with the most labile fractions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The crab Hepatus pudibundus is a bycatch of the shrimp fishing industry, and despite having no commercial value, it is impacted by fishing activities. In this way, research about relative growth and sexual maturity can help to understand the life cycle of fisheries-affected species. Thus, the present study aimed to estimate morphological sexual maturity (MSM) and analyse the relative growth of a population of H. pudibundus. For morphometric analysis and MSM estimate, the following structures were measured: the carapace (CW) and abdomen width (AW), the left and right cheliped propodus length (LPL and RPL) and height (LPH and RPH) for both sexes, and the gonopodium length (GL) for males. No heterochely was observed for both sexes, but the propodus dimensions showed sexual dimorphism. Males attain MSM at 44.71 mm CW and females at 41.87 mm CW. Males and females showed higher growth rates in GL and AW, respectively, in the juvenile stage, suggesting a greater investment in the development of secondary sexual characteristics before MSM. The present study provides information on the growth pattern of the species, which is significant to the community structure of fishing areas and serves as a parameter for evaluating protective measures that have been implemented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe the development and maturation of the germ cells of the brachyuran crab Eriphia gonagra (Fabricius, 1781). Monthly collections were conducted in Pernambuco state, northeastern Brazil, from November 2018 to October 2019 during the low spring tide. The anatomy of the reproductive system of female individuals follows the basic brachyuran pattern. Five cell developmental stages were identified based on the morphological changes in the developmental stages: oogonia (7.10 ± 1.85 µm), pre-vitellogenic oocytes (42.23 ± 8.61 µm), oocytes in initial vitellogenesis (130.49 ± 21.93 µm), vitellogenic oocytes (139.68 ± 23.45 µm), and mature oocytes (214.77 ± 90.81 µm). Developmental stages were defined and related to gonad coloration and germ- cell development; five maturational stages were identified: immature, initial maturation, advanced maturation, mature, and spawning/resting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insular land crabs (Gecarcinidae) can transit between terrestrial and aquatic environments and inhabit vacant ecological niches that other species do not occupy in oceanic islands. During the reproductive period, these crabs migrate between residential and reproductive areas; this is a critical moment because individuals are more vulnerable to stressful conditions, especially species occupying anthropized islands. Currently, many insular crab species are considered threatened; yet few studies have evaluated the biology of this group, especially the size at which individuals reach sexual maturity. Here, we evaluate the size at the onset of morphological, physiological, and functional maturity for the insular land crab Johngarthia lagostoma in Trindade Island (Brazil) and assess the chronology of the events underlying those processes. Males and females exhibited the same order of occurrence of the different maturity processes, starting by being morphologically, physiologically, and, finally, functionally mature at similar sizes (about 56 mm carapace width). This value corresponds to at least half of the maximum size that J. lagostoma reaches in Trindade Island and is close to the average relative value registered to other Gecarcinidae species. Considering the current decline in the population of insular crabs, such estimates can be used in management programs, mainly for the definition and protection of breeding and recruitment areas. Specifically, our results can be used toward the conservation of J. lagostoma , which is currently classified as endangered in Brazil, especially in the isolated population of Trindade Island. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The genome of CsRV2 from cultured Callinectes danae in Brazil was characterized. • CsRV2 from C. danae appears to be most closely related to the genus Cardoreovirus. • The genome of a new bunyavirus (CdPBV1) was discovered co-infecting C. danae. • CdPBV1 appears to be a new representative of the family Cruliviridae. • Histopathological changes with potential disease associations were recorded in cultured crabs. Portunid crabs are distributed worldwide and highly valued in aquaculture. Viral infections are the main limiting factor for the survival of these animals and, consequently, for the success of commercial-scale cultivation. However, there is still a lack of knowledge about the viruses that infect cultured portunid crabs worldwide. Herein, the genome sequence and phylogeny of Callinectes sapidus reovirus 2 (CsRV2) are described, and the discovery of a new bunyavirus in Callinectes danae cultured in southern Brazil is reported. The CsRV2 genome sequence consists of 12 dsRNA segments (20,909 nt) encode 13 proteins. The predicted RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) shows a high level of similarity with that of Eriocheir sinensis reovirus 905, suggesting that CsRV2 belongs to the genus Cardoreovirus. The CsRV2 particles are icosahedral, measuring approximately 65 nm in diameter, and exhibit typical non-turreted reovirus morphology. High throughput sequencing data revealed the presence of an additional putative virus genome similar to bunyavirus, called Callinectes danae Portunibunyavirus 1 (CdPBV1). The CdPBV1 genome is tripartite, consisting of 6,654 nt, 3,120 nt and 1,656 nt single-stranded RNA segments that each encode a single protein. Each segment has a high identity with European shore crab virus 1, suggesting that CdPBV1 is a new representative of the family Cruliviridae. The putative spherical particles of CdPBV1 measure ∼120 nm in diameter and present a typical bunyavirus morphology. The results of the histopathological analysis suggest that these new viruses can affect the health and, consequently, the survival of C. danae in captivity. Therefore, the findings reported here should be used to improve prophylactic and pathogen control practices and contribute to the development and optimization of the production of soft-shell crabs on a commercial scale in Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The porcelain crab Pachycheles laevidactylus is the most frequent crustacean decapod in the polychaeta sandbanks in some Brazilian locations; however, the only populational data available for this species are from Argentina. Here, we analysed the population structure, sex ratio, reproductive period, size at sexual maturity (functional and morphological) and relative growth of this species from two locations in southern Brazil. The crabs were collected seasonally during one year, sexed, counted and measured. A total of 1534 individuals were sampled, 943 in Torres and 591 in Tramandaí. There was no difference in cheliped size between sexes, while females were larger and had larger pleons than males, and this difference is related to reproduction. The sex ratio was 1:1 in both locations throughout the year. Ovigerous females were found in all seasons, with a higher frequency in the coldest seasons, but the presence of megalopae occurred exclusively in spring. The morphological sexual maturity for females was larger than the size of the smallest ovigerous female collected, as already reported for other decapods. Overall, the species starts reproducing at smaller sizes at locations closer to the edges of its distribution (northern Brazil and northern Argentina). Some differences in relative growth were found between males and females, adults and juveniles, and the implications of these differences are discussed. This study brings the first populational data of P. laevidactylus from Brazil over a year, which was compared with available studies of Porcellanidae and will be useful for comparison with future studies in tropical areas, to better understand how the biological aspects of this species vary along its wide distribution in the south‐western Atlantic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pachygrapsus transversus is an abundant crab in the intertidal ecosystems in the tropical and temperate coasts of the Atlantic Ocean. This study aims to investigate the egg production (number and volume) in P. transversus in a temperate region (Torres, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil), comparing between three stages of egg development and four seasons. Ovigerous females were sampled in 2019 at Praia Prainha once per season. In the laboratory, females were identified, measured, and their eggs were classified by stage of development, counted and measured. The main results were: ovigerous females were collected in all seasons, but showed a sharp decrease in winter; fecundity (stage I) was positively correlated with female body size and the highest number of eggs was found in spring and summer; the egg volume was higher in autumn than all other seasons; there was an increase in egg volume during development, while egg loss was only detected in spring. The reproduction of P. transversus presented seasonal and latitudinal differences, which are attributed to environmental conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present contribution, all of Heller's new decapod genus- and species-group names are listed with their current identities. In total, Heller described 149 species-group taxa, of which 75 are currently still in use, as well as 16 genus-group taxa, eight of which are still in use today. A complete list of the Decapoda publications of Heller with accurate dates of publication is also provided. The identities of two crab species are elucidated, with one herein considered to be a nomen oblitum. The accurate publication dates of two papers in which the same species of shrimp was described under two different names also leads to one considered to be a nomen oblitum to retain stability. Finally, the type localities of three species of freshwater shrimp of the genus Macrobrachium from Brazil are clarified, based on contemporary pre-1900 museum labels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We analysed the egg production of the porcellanid crab Pachycheles laevidactylus Ortmann, 1892 in two coastal locations (Tramandaí and Torres) in southern Brazil. The number of eggs and egg volume were analysed during one year and compared between locations and seasons. A total of 438 ovigerous females were collected from sand banks formed by the polychaete Phragmatopoma caudata Krøyer in Mörch, 1863. The eggs were measured, classified into three stages of development, and quantified. Females with stage-I eggs were more frequent than those with stages II and III, possibly because it is the longest-duration stage. A positive correlation between female body size and fecundity (stage I) was observed, represented by a power function. The ovigerous females of Tramandaí and Torres had the mean/median (Tramandaí) and the maximum (both locations) fecundity higher than previously recorded for the species, nevertheless they also reached the largest body sizes. Fecundity differences were found between locations and among seasons, all attributed mainly to female size, air exposure time, and temperature. Pachycheles laevidactylus did not follow the expected latitudinal pattern of fecundity. The volume of stage-I eggs fluctuated between seasons in Tramandaí only, showing a tendency to be smaller in the warmer seasons. Ovigerous females in Torres lost 36.8% of their eggs between stages II and III, whereas no egg loss was detected in Tramandaí. A similar increase in egg volume was found from stage I to III in both locations, 44.4% in Tramandaí and 41.2% in Torres. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad is the property of Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Instituto de Biologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Outbreaks of human rabies transmitted by hematophagous bats occurred in 2018 in Pará state, Brazil, eastern Amazon, after 12 years of no record of the disease. Thus, it is necessary to understand the epidemiological characteristics of these attacks to protect the local population. This study aimed to characterize the bat bite populations in the municipality of São João da Ponta, Pará State, Brazil, in 2013–2015. The Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN) database was used to identify the five individuals who sought medical care during the study period (seeds). Other individuals who were attacked during the same period but did not seek medical care (n = 61) were reached by snowball sampling, and a descriptive analysis was performed based on information obtained from questionnaires. Majority of the interviewees were men (92.4%; 61/66) and adults aged 20–50 years (69.9%; 46/66) and had <4 years of formal school education (86.3%; 57/66). Additionally, most of them were rural residents (92.4%; 61/66) and crab fishermen (79.3%; 53/66). The interviewees (92.4%; 61/66) identified mangroves of the Mãe Grande de Curuçá extractive reserve, where groups of fishermen sometimes gather for several days for crab fishing, often living in improvised dwellings without walls and covered by tarps or straw (88.8%; 56/66), conducive to attacks by vampire bats. Overall, 42.4% (28/66) of the participants had been bitten more than four times throughout their life. The median number of attacks over the participant's lifetime was 3.11 (range, 1–23). Participants were unaware of the risk of contracting rabies from the bite (95.4%; 65/66). These results suggest that vampire bat attacks are essentially an occupational hazard in the study region. Moreover, for each reported attack, there were at least 12.2 unreported cases. Thus, the study highlights the need to develop strategies for prophylactic treatment of this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodiversity studies might help to understand the ecological dynamics of regions under the influence of upwelling and serve as a baseline to conservation and management strategies. Here, we evaluated the alpha (species richness and Shannon‐Wienner index – H') and beta (Bray Curtis index) diversities of a Brachyura assemblage within a depth gradient (5, 10, 15, 25, 35, and 45 m) in the Macaé region, State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. A total of 1,221 decapod individuals were sampled, comprising 11 species.The highest diversity index was recorded at 5 m in depth and the lowest at 25 m. The ecological indexes (diversity and evenness indexes) were inversely proportional to the organic matter and phi (sediment texture). This finding suggests that the heterogeneous sediment of shallow areas increases habitat complexity, therefore increasing biodiversity. Since the study area is an upwelling zone, the coastal area is more affected by cold‐water masses, leading to a distinct biodiversity distribution when compared with regions that are not under the influence of upwelling. Considering these peculiarities, the importance of coastal areas to the biodiversity of regions affected by upwelling becomes evident. Such areas must have differential importance when conducting environmental conservation and management projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardisoma guanhumi Latreille in Latreille, Le Peletier, Serville & Guérin, 1828 , the blue land crab, is a marine semi-terrestrial crab that builds burrows in different habitats along estuaries, an ecosystem severely modified and fundamental to this endangered species in Brazil. The presence of adequate habitats and physical, chemical, and biological conditions often determine the spatial distribution of populations. We aimed to characterize the most relevant environmental conditions among the main environments present in southern Bahia state, Brazil, and evaluate their influence on the spatial distributions of C. guanhumi to define which habitats are most critical for the conservation of the species. Our results showed that there is no relationship between spatial distributions and any particular habitat, but instead to the physical and other environmental parameters studied. Low-elevation areas along the river shore, shading, a supply of leaf litter, and bare sandy substrate are highlighted as priority for the conservation of C. guanhumi. These physical factors limit the distribution of juveniles, which form dense groups on river shores without significant differences between habitats. The preservation of the native forest and restinga shrubs that border rivers appear as fundamental for the conservation of the species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is the first comparative study of the alpha and beta diversity of crabs from soft bottom areas nearby two coastal islands (Couves and Mar Virado Islands). Crabs were captured monthly from January 1998 to December 1999. The samplings were carried out with a shrimp fishery boat provided with double-rig nets within a marine protected area in Ubatuba off the north coast of São Paulo. The ecological indexes of diversity (H′), equitability (J′) and β-diversity were used to compare the variation in diversity between islands and years. In total, we captured 2221 brachyurans (570 in Couves and 1651 in Mar Virado), belonging to 42 species, 28 genera, and 13 families. Twenty species occurred in both islands, ten occurred only in Couves, and 12 were exclusive of Mar Virado. The three most abundant species were Callinectes ornatus, Hexapanopeus paulensis, and Hepatus pudibundus. There were statistical differences in equitability (between islands in the year of 1998) and abundance (among seasons in the autumn of 1999) (p < 0.05). Although the two islands are geographically close to each other, they have distinct environmental features. Couves Island, for instance, is more affected by the water masses reaching Ubatuba than Mar Virado Island. These characteristics are probably driving the community composition of these islands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Brazilian coast is home to two species of Majoid crabs: Libinia ferreirae and Libinia spinosa, with similar habits, as they live in symbiosis with the jellyfish Lychnorhiza lucerna during their juvenile stage and dwell on the bottom of the ocean near the coast when adults. This study investigated the spatial and temporal distribution of L. ferreirae and L. spinosa during different ontogenic phases on the south and south‐eastern coast of Brazil, between latitudes 22º and 27ºS. Our results showed that both species have different distributions during their development in the three studied regions. Libinia ferreirae were more abundant associated with jellyfish, and L. spinosa were more abundant in the free‐living phase. Environmental factors, especially temperature and salinity, for associated and free‐living crabs, respectively, are the main factors that need to be supported for the establishment of these specimens. We were able to identify that the presence or absence of hosts (given the ecological interactions between the species) is determinant in finding the associated crabs. Geographical variations (morphology of the regions, marine currents and the strength of the tide) are linked directly to the movement of the jellyfish hosts to the coast, influencing the abundance of L. fereirae and L. spinosa populations and affecting their distribution patterns. We can infer that both species are connected with other populations because of the association with the jellyfish, crabs could be passively transported along the south and south‐eastern coast of Brazil, maintaining the connection between metapopulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Threatened Taxa is the property of Wildlife Information Liaison Development and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Recent molecular analyses characterized the freshwater crab Trichodactylus fluviatilis as a species complex. Considering this new scenario, studies about the population features are fundamental to understanding the biology of species belongs to this complex. We investigated the population from southeastern Brazil identify as Trichodactylus cf. fluviatilis, testing the hypotheses that sex ratio differs from the expected 1:1, and that the species shows sexual dimorphism in size, weaponry and body weight. The reproductive period and handedness were also investigated. Population features were determined based on the size-frequency distribution, gonadal development and sex ratio. Sexual dimorphism was analysed comparing the average size and the allometric coefficient. Handedness was verified according to the proportion of right and left chelipeds. Sex ratio skewed towards males and the reproduction was continuous. The sexual dimorphism in T. cf. fluviatilis was found in structures related to weaponry and reproduction. In weaponry, sexual dimorphism was demonstrated by robust chelipeds and high allometric values in males. In females, a high allometric was recorded to the abdomen, structure directly related to reproduction. The right-handedness was observed to the species. All these results contribute to a better understanding of the species' life history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new species of freshwater crab, Fredius ibiapaba, is described and illustrated from a mid-altitude forested patch in Ipú (Ibiapaba plateau, Ceará, northeastern Brazil), between 635 to 782 m. The new species can be separated from its congeners by the morphology of its first gonopod: proximal half remarkably swollen, sloping abruptly downwards distally to a nearly right-angular shoulder; mesial lobe much smaller than cephalic spine; cephalic lobe moderately developed; auxiliary lobe lip, delimiting field of apical spines, protruded all the way to distal margin of auxiliary lobe. Comparative 16S rDNA sequencing used to infer the phylogenetic placement of Fredius ibiapaba n. sp. revealed that it is the sister taxon of F. reflexifrons, a species which occurs allopatrically in the Amazon and Atlantic basin's lowlands (<100 m). Fredius ibiapaba n. sp. and F. reflexifrons are highly dependent upon humidity and most probably were once part of an ancestral population living in a wide humid territory. Shrinking humid forests during several dry periods of the Tertiary and Quaternary likely have resulted in the fragmentation of the ancestral humid area and hence of the ancestral crab population. Fredius reflexifrons evolved and spread in a lowland, humid river basin (Amazon and Atlantic basins), whilst F. ibiapaba n. sp. evolved isolated on the top of a humid plateau. The two species are now separated by a vast intervening area occupied by the semiarid Caatinga [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The environmental quality of a Ramsar wetland site located at the Cananéia-Iguape-Peruíbe Protected Area (CIP-PA), in São Paulo, Brazil, was assessed by geochemical analyses and biomarker assessments (GPx, GST, GSH, GST, MT, LPO, DNA damage) performed in swimming crab Callinectes danae Smith, 1869 organs (posterior and anterior gills and hepatopancreas) to estimate sediment contaminant bioavailability. The results indicated that two sampling stations, PT and PM, exhibited the worst environmental conditions, as sediments collected at both points contained metal contamination, while crabs exhibited significant responses for GPx, GST, and LPO (mostly during winter). Sediment contamination tended to be associated to fine sediments (both seasons) and organic matter (winter). During the summer survey, Pb concentrations in sediments of station PT exceeded the Brazilian Sediment Quality Guidelines (SQGs) and the Canadian Interim Marine Sediment Quality Guidelines. Metal concentrations in sediments sampled in winter were higher compared with summer, with Co, Ni, and Pb exceeding SQGs levels at PT, whereas Co, Ni, Hg, Zn, and Pb exceeded SQGs at PM. Biomarker induction during summer appeared to be caused by natural variables (water salinity and temperature, and molting cycle), whereas oxidative stress and tissue damage during winter appeared to be more clearly linked to metal contamination. Anterior gills presented the clearest signs of seasonal variability, being more responsive to sediment contamination. The results suggest that metals originated from the upper Ribeira de Iguape River are transported toward the estuarine system, causing effects on C. danae individuals. Additionally, seasonality is a strong factor concerning CIP-PA toxicity, since the rainfall regime significantly modifies the freshwater flow and, consequently, estuarine water salinity, suspended particle and metal inputs, as well as the location of depositional areas. Thus, efforts to mitigate CIP-PA contamination should be based on the control of upstream pollution sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seasonality and crab activity affects the nutrients and physicochemical parameters in mangrove soils, thus, affecting the emissions of greenhouse gases, such as nitrous oxide (N2O). Climate change may intensify rainfall and/or enhance droughts, affecting mangroves and associated biota. Crabs are natural soil bioturbators responsible for soil aeration and turnover. We evaluated the effect of Ucides cordatus crab on N2O emissions from mangrove soils under a semiarid climate in Northeastern Brazil. Soil and gas samples were collected over the rainy and dry seasons in crab-naturally-bioturbated and crab-exclusion mangrove plots. We measured the soil's pH, redox potential, and the total contents of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur. We found higher N2O emissions in the crab-exclusion sites compared to the bioturbated sites, as well as higher N2O emissions in the rainy season compared to the dry season. The fluxes of N2O (µg m−2 h−1) were 47.3 ± 9.7 and 8.9 ± 0.5 for the crab-exclusion sites, and 36.5 ± 7.8 and 4.5 ± 2.1 for the bioturbated sites (wet and dry seasons, respectively). The soil turning over by macrofauna led to lower N2O fluxes in natural crab-bioturbated areas, and seasonality was the environmental factor that contributed the most to the changes in N2O emissions. Broadly, anthropic activities and seasonality influence nitrogen fate, N2O emissions, and ecological services in coastal ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reproductive pattern of Goyazana castelnaui is described based on the variation of gonadal maturation stages and secondary sexual characteristics. We analyzed 89 specimens from the Pajeú River in the semiarid region of Brazil from September 2014 to August 2015. The average sex ratio was 1F: 0.5M. The carapace width (CW) and weight of females ranged from 1.18 to 4.97 cm and 1.76 to 37.46 g. Male carapace width and weight were between 1.05 and 4.34 cm and 1.11 to 39.71 g. Goyazana castelnaui had a seasonal reproductive cycle that was more active between September and December. Gonad maturation was before the pubertal moult. The spawning season began in August when temperature increased, and ended in February. The onset of the rainy season (November) is thought to be the trigger for a decline in spawning. The gonads of females and males became mature at the same CW50 (2.84 cm). This size is smaller than the morphometric maturation size: 3.85 cm CW in females and 3.65 cm CW in males. This first contribution to the reproductive biology of G. castelnaui should be a basis for further research on its reproduction, especially in other areas of its distribution. Abbreviations: AM: adult male; AF: adult female; °C: Celsius degree; cm: centimeters; Cw: carapace width; CNPq: Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development; F: female; FC: folicular cells; g: grams; h: hour; INPE: National Institute of Space Research; JF: juvenile female; JM: juvenile male; M: male; MO: mature oocytes; mm: millimeters; µm: micrometer; OO: oogonia; PCA: Principal Component Analysis; PE: Pernambuco; PRPPG: Pro-Rectory of Research and Post-Graduate; PSW: pleon segment width; PVO: pre-vitellogenic oocytes; PVD: posterior vas deferens; RCL: right chela length; RC: ruptured cells; SM: spermatophoric matrix; SP: Spermatophores S: south; Tw: Total weight; UFRPE: Federal Rural University of Pernambuco; VO: vitelogenic oocytes; W: west; [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mangroves are dynamic ecosystems due to influence of abiotic and biotic factors, but the latter are far less studied. Interactions between key invertebrate groups, trees, and soil properties, among others, determine the community structure throughout mangrove stand developing. Covariation among these factors, however, obscures their mutual relationships in shaping mangrove community assemblage patterns. In the estuary of Pacoti River (Ceará State, northeast Brazil), we compared the diversity and distribution of brachyurans and trees among several mid-littoral areas, and their relation with sediment features, to understand their relationships in community assemblage of new mangrove stands in developing. To discriminate the relation among these variables, ordination of data (PCA) and multivariate multiple correlation (PLS) were used. Data show that intertidal establishment of Brachyura was determined primarily by sediment properties, but further spatial distribution and diversity of this key faunal group, and the tree species that establishes, can influence each other. The prop roots habitat of Rhizophora mangle supports a higher brachyuran richness, since it allows the existence of multispecific crab burrow systems underground. Our results show that Rhizophora and brachyurans are key engineer organisms involved in shaping the physical and, hence, the ecological structure of newly established mangrove stands at Neotropics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we describe and illustrate Pirabacarcinus iara n. gen. n. sp. , a novel species within the family Pilumnidae, collected from Miocene deposits of the Pirabas Formation, Brazil. Notably, this constitutes the first known fossil Pilumnidae from Brazil and only the second in South America, with the prior record from the Miocene of Chile. Pirabacarcinus iara n. gen. n. sp. is characterized by a series of distinct morphological characters, setting it apart from other known brachyuran species from the Pirabas Formation and other morphologically similar groups. The combination of a carapace with anterolateral margin longer than posterolateral margin, with three blunt spines anteriorly upturned; and a posterior region of carapace, including metabranchial and intestinal regions sloped, metabranchial region without lobes, and intestinal region reduced, faintly delimited set the new species apart from several brachyuran fossil genera. Opportunity is taken to describe and illustrate three cheliped fragments collected from the same locality of the new species. • Discovery of a new genus and species in Pirabas Formation enhances our knowledge of Brazilian Miocene crabs. • Pirabas Formation yields vital insights into brachyuran fossil evolution. • The description of this species marks the first known fossil Pilumnidae from Brazil and only the second in South America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mangrove forests are important sinks of atmospheric carbon, and the internal deposits and fluxes of organic matter can reflect how these ecosystems respond to disturbances and environmental changes. Data on carbon content of mangrove forests vary geographically due to differences in abiotic (climate, geomorphic settings, tides) and biotic (diversity, herbivory, bioturbation) conditions. Mangroves have been degraded worldwide and ecological restoration is an alternative to recover these ecosystems and their functionality. However, although growing and biomass after disturbances have been addressed, studies on the recovery of faunal groups are rare. The brachyuran crab assemblage is strongly integrated to carbon recycling and ecosystem functioning, since propagule consumption and fossorial activity can affect the diversity and biomass of mangroves. We assessed the aboveground biomass and carbon stock of differently managed mangrove areas in northeastern Brazil, after being deforested for shrimp culture and then abandoned, and compared data with other forests worldwide. After a decade, the area restored with Rhizophora mangle showed higher carbon stock than the self-recovered forest and similar amount as an older forest. We discuss the applied rehabilitation measures regarding the effects of management and brachyuran crabs on forest aboveground carbon storage. The effects of herbivory and bioturbation of brachyurans on the low recruitment of Laguncularia racemosa propagules, contributed to higher biomass levels in the restored forest through reinforcing the predominance of R. mangle, which stocks more aboveground carbon with respect to Laguncularia. This suggests that the particularities of target tree species and brachyuran assemblage need to be considered in mangrove restoration, since they are related to function recovering and carbon cycling in the ecosystem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acinetobacter baumannii is considered an important pathogen of clinical significance that is responsible for a wide range of nosocomial infections. Carbapenem resistance among A. baumannii isolates has increased dramatically in the Past years because of the emergence and dissemination of specific epidemic clones. We aimed to characterize the population structure of A. baumannii isolates from Porto Alegre city, Southern Brazil, in two distinct periods: during the first carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii (CRAB) outbreak (2007–2008) and 5 years later when the CRAB reached endemic levels (2013–2014). The study included 49 CRAB isolates collected in two periods: 2007–2008 (31 isolates) and 2013–2014 (18 isolates). Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) was performed according to Institute Pasteur, followed by eBURST analysis. PCR was used to detect integrase gene, blaNDM, and oxacillinase genes, and also to detect the ISAba1 element upstream blaOXA-23. The eBURST analysis identified the clonal complexes (CCs) CC15, CC32, CC79, CC216, CC221, and CC464 in the first period (2007–2008) and CC1, CC2, CC15, CC79, and CC162 during the endemic period (2013–2014). Molecular analysis by MLST identified 13 new sequence types. As we found A. baumannii with the blaOXA-23 gene of several CCs, it can be concluded that the increase of CRAB infections are not related to a specific clone. Furthermore, the high-risk CC15 and CC79 were related to the first CRAB outbreak and these CCs persisted up to 2014 in Porto Alegre city. The international clones CC1 and CC2 were observed for the first time in only the second period (2013–2014), alerting to the emergence of these clones in Southern Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The marine crab Plagusia depressa, despite its broad geographic range, is not well known. Here, we attempt to fill this gap by studying several aspects of its biology. We sampled P. depressa in the reefs of Coruripe, Brazil and investigated the sex ratio, body size, maturity, the allometric growth of the gonopod in males and of the abdomen in females, the reproductive effort, the breeding season and the influence of environmental variables. We found that 1) the sex ratio, overall, does not deviate from 1:1; 2) females (33.71±10.62 mm) are larger than males (30.45±9.94 mm; t1,764: -4.40, p<0.001); 3) males (23.42±0.24 mm) mature at smaller sizes than females (26.78±0.19 mm); 4) the growth of the gonopod is positive allometric in juveniles (slope = 1.66±0.04), but negative allometric in adolescents (0.93±0.02) and adults (slope = 0.86±0.03). In females, the abdomen undergoes a positive allometry in juveniles (slope = 1.74±0.04) and adolescents (slope = 1.97±0.09), but an isometric growth in adults (slope = 0.99±0.04); 5) the breeding period is continuous and not influenced by rainfall, water temperature and salinity; 6) egg mass strongly increases with body mass (slope = 1.56, R2=0.84, p<0.001). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The deep-sea crab Chaceon ramosae occurs at 350-1200 m depth in the southeast and south of Brazil. Here we evaluated the latitudinal, bathymetric, and seasonal abundance of C. ramosae in southern Brazil obtained during several research cruises. We also obtained populational data to evaluate the effectiveness of the fishing regulations for C. ramosae. Five sampling cruises were carried out in 2009-2010 and the sampling effort comprised 32 fishing hauls with four pots per mainline. In total, 195 individuals were caught, 128 males and 67 females, of which 17 were ovigerous. The highest catch per unit effort occurred between 29°03' and 29°05'S at 800-1000 m in depth. The highest abundance occurred in winter, and almost all ovigerous females were captured in this season. The size at the onset of sexual maturity was estimated at 120 mm carapace width. Depth was the most critical environmental factor explaining C. ramosae distribution. The largest individuals, as well as the mature ones, were mainly captured in shallower regions (400-600 m). Our results confirm the need for prohibiting the fishing for C. ramosae at depths lesser than 500 m. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brazil has a network of marine extractive reserves (RESEX), a form of marine protected area (MPA) using comanagement. The RESEX program aims to bring traditionally marginalized populations with natural resource dependent livelihoods into national development processes by empowering them to participate in governance and steward biodiversity conservation. We apply the socialecological systems framework (SESF) and collective action theory to diagnose challenges for comanagement in the Caete-Teperacu marine RESEX near Bragança, Brazil, a multiuse mangrove estuary supporting a small-scale crab fishery. We conducted key informant interviews and build on over 20 years of research in the region to provide an overarching analysis of the challenges facing comanagement. We describe the variables from the SESF in the case context and find that many social and ecological variables interact in clusters over time, and these clusters can be identified as themes, including (1) social and political momentum supporting the RESEX; (2) shifting perceptions of local residents and fishers; (3) patron-client relationships and social-ecological traps; (4) challenges with institutional fit; and (5) the interactions between harvesting closures, compensation, and dependence on local natural resources. Furthermore, we use collective action theory to help explain the role that each variable plays in either hindering or enabling successful governance. Our findings suggest that institutional resilience is needed to make RESEX adaptive to shifting social and political momenta. It could do this by providing more platforms for communication, deliberation, and knowledge exchange among the relevant actors. We believe our findings reflect broader challenges facing RESEX implementation throughout Brazil, and lessons can be learned for MPAs facing difficulties with the implementation of comanagement worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adults of the tree-climbing crabAratus pisoniioccur in estuarine regions with a range of salinity of 0–35. However, the larvae cannot complete the development in a wide range of salinities. A study about the effect of salinity on the larval development was conducted in order to infer about adult dispersion and occurrence in a wide range of salinity. Two experiments were conducted: (1) from zoae I to megalopae stage and (2) from megalopa to juvenile stage. Larvae from eight females from Paranaguá Bay, Paraná, Brazil were obtained. After eclosion, for the first experiment, 100 zoea larvae from five females were acclimated, individualized and transferred to small aquariums with five distinct salinity treatments (S0, S5, S15, S25 and S35). For the second experiment, 50 megalopae from three females were individualized in aquariums in the same salinity treatments. Both experiments were conducted in incubator BOD with a constant temperature of 25°C and photoperiod of 12 hours (light/dark). Larvae were fed daily with eggs and naupli newly hatched ofArtemiasp. The salinity affected the survival rate during the development in both experiments. Higher survival from zoea I to megalopa stage occurred in salinities 25 and 35 PSU, while from megalopa to juvenile stage in salinities 15 and 25 PSU. In both experiments the larvae did not tolerate low salinities as adults, with total mortality in S0 and S5. Our results suggest that the species have a larval export strategy of zoae larvae to oceanic regions (higher salinities) and megalopae needed to return to estuarine areas with intermediate salinities to complete the development. The occurrence of adults in estuarine areas with low (< 5 PSU) or high (> 25 PSU) salinities most likely occur after the metamorphosis to the juvenile stage by terrestrial dispersion or at the stage of megalopa (marine dispersion) during favourable weather events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new genus and species of pseudothelphusid crab of the tribe Kingsleyini Ortmann, 1897, from the Tapajós River, a southern tributary of the Amazon River basin in the state of Pará, Brazil, is described and illustrated. Michaelthelphusa tuerkayi gen. et sp. nov. is characterized by the male first gonopod possessing marginal and lateral sutures fused at the distal third of the stem and the merged portion strongly twisted towards the lateral side; an apex transversally expanded along caudal-cephalic axis, with a well-developed, but low, somewhat depressed, apical plate; apical plate with spine-like outgrowth cross overlapping the spine-like projection of the mesial process. Moreover, the relationship of the new genus and species with other pseudothelphusid genera from the Amazon basin is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Until now only six species of lithodids have been found occasionally in the Brazilian coast. Most king crabs are accidentally caught during fisheries targeting other species. Herein we report new records for Lithodes confundens and Neolithodes aff. asperrimus from the south of Brazil, from the states of Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina, respectively. Lithodes confundens is found in the western Atlantic with a previous northern limit in the Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Neolithodes aff. asperrimus is known to occur only along the western coast of Africa in the eastern Atlantic and this is the first record of the species in the western Atlantic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the temporal and bathymetric distribution of the speckled swimming crab Arenaeus cribrarius from coastal waters of southern Brazil. Monthly samples were taken at five distinct depths throughout one year in the adjacent area from Babitonga Bay, Southern Brazil. Data on environmental conditions (temperature, salinity, granu- lometry and organic matter) were collected and their association was tested using Multiple Linear Regression and Principal Component Analysis. Juveniles and adults showed different distribution patterns according to depth, with juveniles being more abundant in the shallower areas. The increase in temperature favors the juvenile distribution, while the distribution of adults was related to finer sediments. The pattern of distribution observed for adults might be associated with burrowing habits, or with the search for colder (and consequently deeper) waters, which are richer in nutrients. The high abundance of juveniles in shallower areas might be influenced by the Coastal Water mass that provides higher water temperatures in the summer, and by the Babitonga Bay estuarine complex, which can be an important source of organic matter. We conclude that this region represents a nursery ground for the studied species and is essential to preserve Babitonga Bay in order to maintain A. cribrarius in this region, since this area has suffered from anthropic impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biological invasions have the potential to change the local marine biodiversity through increasing predation pressure and interactions among species. Charybdis hellerii is a swimming crab native to the Indo-West Pacific, it was first collected in the Atlantic Ocean in 1987 and is currently found in high abundance in coastal areas of southeastern Brazil. We evaluated the presence of the invasive crab C. hellerii from the coast of São Paulo state, Brazil, analyzing the stomach contents and performing laboratory-based feeding experiments. In crabs with stomachs full enough to be analyzed (N = 19), mussels (30%) and brachyuran crabs (14.21%) were the most frequent prey items found. Based on these data, we experimentally tested how different densities and life stages (adults and juveniles - differentiated by carapace width - CW) of the invasive crab affected feeding patterns. Results indicated that predator density effects on the predation pressure were dependent on the prey type. Mussels were consumed highest at medium predator densities (30 crabs/m3), whereas crabs were consumed highest at high predator densities (60 crabs/m3). There was no influence of the life stage on prey consumption, suggesting that adults (CW = 57.12–67.59 mm) and juveniles (CW = 39.77–43.18 mm) exhibit similar predation. Charybdis hellerii is an important consumer of benthic native prey, having the potential to change food webs through predation pressure on bioengineers and associated fauna. As the removal of C. hellerii from the environment is difficult, the next step toward is to understand the effect of the invasive crab on the native trophic web. [Display omitted] • Charybdis hellerii is a swimming invasive crab found in the Atlantic Ocean. • We evaluated the role of C. hellerii in the coastal food web in southeastern Brazil. • Mussels (30%) and crabs (14.21%) were the main prey items found for C. hellerii. • Predator density effects on the predation pressure were dependent on the prey type. • Juveniles and adults of C. hellerii had similar predation pressure on prey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigated the composition, spatio-temporal distribution, and the influence of temperature and salinity on the density of brachyurans associated with rocky substrates in an estuary of the Brazilian Amazonian coast. Specimens were collected monthly at four sites representing the two margins (profiles), zones (inner and outer estuary) and the lower and upper mediolittoral portions at each site of the Marapanim estuary. A total of 14 species were collected and multivariate analyses revealed that the species composition varied systematically between zones, margins, mediolittoral sectors and seasons, with the more saline zone, the most eroded margin, the lower mediolittoral, and the rainy season all being characterized by higher densities and a more homogeneous distribution of species. In general, high densities of brachyurans, but low species richness, and marked dominance characterized the sites. Salinity proved to play an important role in the structuring of the community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mangrove crabs influence ecosystem processes through bioturbation and/or litter feeding. In Brazilian mangroves, the abundant and commercially important crab Ucides cordatus is the main faunal modifier of microtopography establishing up to 2 m deep burrows. They process more than 70% of the leaf litter and propagule production, thus promoting microbial degradation of detritus and benefiting microbe-feeding fiddler crabs. The accelerated nutrient turn-over and increased sediment oxygenation mediated by U. cordatus may enhance mangrove tree growth. Such positive feed-back loop was tested in North Brazil through a one year crab removal experiment simulating increased harvesting rates in a mature Rhizophora mangle forest. Investigated response parameters were sediment salinity, organic matter content, CO2 efflux rates of the surface sediment, and reduction potential. We also determined stipule fall of the mangrove tree R. mangle as a proxy for tree growth. Three treatments were applied to twelve experimental plots (13 m × 13 m each): crab removal, disturbance control and control. Within one year, the number of U. cordatus burrows inside the four removal plots decreased on average to 52% of the initial number. Despite this distinct reduction in burrow density of this large bioturbator, none of the measured parameters differed between treatments. Instead, most parameters were clearly influenced by seasonal changes in precipitation. Hence, in the studied R. mangle forest, abiotic factors seem to be more important drivers of ecosystem processes than factors mediated by U. cordatus, at least within the studied timespan of one year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The eastern Atlantic, Mediterranean, and Black Sea species, Liocarcinus depurator (Linnaeus, 1758), is recorded for the first time from the Western Atlantic (Brazil). This is the second invasive species of Liocarcinus Stimpson, 1871 recorded from the Western Atlantic along with L. navigator (Herbst, 1794). Single and occasional records of invasive species are an indication of unsuccessful attempts of introduction, but also possibly represent an early warning for human-mediated connectivity between potential sources and points of entry. The first individuals of the now widespread invasive species Charybdis hellerii (A. Milne-Edwards, 1867) first came to the Western Atlantic as early as 1965, therefore many years before the species managed to establish self-sustaining populations in the late 1980's. An updated checklist of the marine and estuarine decapod invasive species from the Brazilian coast is provided. Sixteen species are now known from the region (farmed species excluded), seven of which have established self-sustaining populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Population connectivity in the blue crab Callinectes sapidus was evaluated along 740 km of the Western South Atlantic coast. Blue crabs are the most exploited portunid in Brazil. Despite their economic importance, few studies report their ecology or population structure. Here we sampled four estuarine areas in southern Brazil during winter 2013 and summer 2014 in order to evaluate diversity, gene flow and structure of these populations. Nine microsatellite markers were evaluated for 213 adult crabs, with identification of seven polymorphic loci and 183 alleles. Pairwise FST values indicated low population structure ranging from -0.00023 to 0.01755. A Mantel test revealed that the geographic distance does not influence genetic (r = -0.48), and structure/migration rates confirmed this, showing that even the populations located at the opposite extremities of our covered region presented low FST and exchanged migrants. These findings show that there is a significant amount of gene flow between blue crab populations in South Brazil, likely influenced by local current dynamics that allow the transport of a high number of larvae between estuaries. Considering the elevated gene flow, the populations can be considered a single genetic stock. However, further information on population size and dynamics, as well as fishery demands and impacts at different regions, are necessary for harvest management purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trindade Island is the largest nesting site for green turtles Chelonia mydas in Brazil and one of the most important in the Atlantic ocean. The terrestrial crab Johngarthia lagostoma forages almost everywhere on the island, including the green turtle nesting beaches. Nothing is known about crab predation on sea turtle eggs at the time of nesting. We obtained unprecedented records of crab predation at sea turtle nests during the breeding seasons of 2017/18 and 2018/19. We analyzed through images and videos the behavior of the predatory species. Not only that, but we observed an average loss of 3 eggs per nest. The period from 0:00 to 3:00 h presented the highest risk of predation. The mortality rate in the egg stage related to neonates was 5% per nest, with an estimated predation impact of 21,600 eggs per season reproductive. • Opportunistic predation of eggs. • Use of Camera trap. • Yellow crabs showed five stages of behavior during predation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new brachyuran crab genus and species, Chronocancer camilosantanai , is described from carbonatic concretions of the Romualdo Formation of the Santana Group, Araripe Sedimentary Basin, northeastern Brazil. Chronocancer camilosantanai n. gen. n. sp. is provisionally assigned to the Orithopsidae. The new genus is superficially suggestive of the orithopsid Bellcarcinus Luque, 2014 (Upper Aptian of Colombia), of which it differs by a combination of characters including: carapace longer than wide, longitudinally suboval, wider anteriorly; internal supraorbital tooth broad triangular; anterolateral margins toothless; carapace hepatic, gastric and cardiac regions devoid of tubercles. The new species is briefly compared to all other known brachyurans found in the Araripe Sedimentary Basin. • A new genus and species of brachyuran crab is described. • This is the fourth crab species described from Romualdo Formation of the Araripe Basin. • Comparisons are made with all known species and a discussion about the family position is made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analysis of the barcode region of the COI gene has unmasked a cryptic hermit crab species confounded under the name Clibanarius vittatus (Bose, 1802), long applied to a common littoral, striped-colored species presumed to range broadly in the western Atlantic from the southeastern United States and Gulf of Mexico to Brazil. Molecular and morphological (color) data from recently collected specimens distinctly show that Bose' name should be restricted to populations in the southeastern coast of the United States and Gulf of Mexico, although the extent of its southern distribution remains uncertain. The two species have a genetic divergence ranging from 5.18 to 7.29% for the molecular marker analyzed. Based on a comparative study of syntypes of three taxa previously considered synonyms of C. vittatus, and examination of museum specimens, together with recent field observations, we conclude that the confounded species should be assigned the name C. symmetricus (Randall, 1840). A lectotype is selected for this resurrected name, with Suriname as type locality. The distribution of C. symmetricus has been found to include with certainty the western and southern Caribbean, and coast of Venezuela to Brazil, although it is possible that it may occur more broadly in the Caribbean, the Antilles, or southern Gulf of Mexico. Morphologically, the two species differ only in color pattern of the lateral surface of carpi of the second and third pereiopods. A redescription of C. symmetricus is presented, including illustrations, photographs, and discussion of taxonomy, coloration, and distribution. A phylogram is included showing relationships with selected species of Clibanarius. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ucides cordatus is an abundant mangrove crab in Brazil constructing burrows of up to 2 m depth. Sediment around burrows may oxidize during low tides. This increase in sediment-air contact area may enhance carbon degradation processes. We hypothesized that 1) the sediment CO2 efflux rate is greater with burrows than without and 2) the reduction potential in radial profiles in the sediment surrounding the burrows decreases gradually, until approximating non-bioturbated conditions. Sampling was conducted during the North Brazilian wet season at neap tides. CO2 efflux rates of inhabited burrows and plain sediment were measured with a CO2/H2O gas analyzer connected to a respiration chamber. Sediment redox potential, pH and temperature were measured in the sediment surrounding the burrows at horizontal distances of 2, 5, 8 and 15 cm at four sediment depths (1, 10, 30 and 50 cm) and rH values were calculated. Sediment cores (50 cm length) were taken to measure the same parameters for plain sediment. CO2 efflux rates of plain sediment and individual crab burrows with entrance diameters of 7 cm were 0.7–1.3 µmol m−2s−1 and 0.2–0.4 µmol burrows−1s−1, respectively. CO2 released from a Rhizophora mangle dominated forest with an average of 1.7 U. cordatus burrows−1m−2 yielded 1.0–1.7 µmol m−2s−1, depending on the month and burrow entrance diameter. Laboratory experiments revealed that 20–60% of the CO2 released by burrows originated from crab respiration. Temporal changes in the reduction potential in the sediment surrounding the burrows did not influence the CO2 release from burrows. More oxidized conditions of plain sediment over time may explain the increase in CO2 release until the end of the wet season. CO2 released by U. cordatus and their burrows may be a significant pathway of CO2 export from mangrove sediments and should be considered in mangrove carbon budget estimates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Neotropical Biology & Conservation is the property of Pensoft Publishers and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)