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Background: The COVID-19 pandemic imposed social isolation measures, which impacted the child population, especially regarding physical and mental health aspects. Purpose The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between sedentary behavior, cardiorespiratory fitness, immunoglobulin -A secretion, and anxiety symptoms in 267 children aged 6-11 years, eutrophic or overweight. Methods: Sedentary behavior was evaluated by the time of exposure to screens. Cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed using the 6-minute run/walk test and immunoglobulin-A by salivary samples. Anxiety symptoms were reported by the SCAS-version for parents. Results: It was observed that after a period of confinement, overweight in children had a negative impact on cardiorespiratory performance and sedentary behavior. Differences were also observed in the concentration and secretion rate of SIgA in the overweight group compared to the normal weight group. Discussion: The return to face-to-face classes brought a high proportion of overweight students, who showed lower aerobic performance. Considering sedentary behavior, all groups presented values greater than 2 hours of daily exposure to screens. Translation to Health Education Practice: Special attention is needed from health professionals and teachers in relation to reducing sedentary behavior and improving cardiorespiratory fitness in schoolchildren.

The IBSA forum is an important collaboration of India-Brazil-South Africa to address the social developmental challenges of developing countries through South-South Cooperation. All three countries share same colonial history and at present have developing economies and struggling to provide best public services to their citizens through the appropriate policy planning and introduction of welfare schemes. In the field of education, all these countries are facing problem in the expansion of access of education for all due to the challenges such as high number of out of school children, high drop-out rate, high repetition rates etc. To tackle these problems, appropriate education policies on free and compulsory education have been implemented in these countries. Besides these education policies, these countries have started many compensatory programmes to address the major challenges in the goal of universal elementary education. One of the most important compensatory programmes in these countries is school meal programme. In all the three countries, school meal programmes have been started with dual purpose of keeping the children in the school and improving their nutritional status. This paper is an attempt to review the school meal programmes of IBSA countries to highlight their impact on the health and educational attainment of children especially children from the disadvantaged sections of the society.

Globally, an estimated 15 million children are born prematurely each year, resulting in a high burden of under-five mortality and neurodevelopmental disability. Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) is a key intervention to support the development of preterm infants. However, evidence on the impact of KMC in routine care settings remains limited. This paper examines the associations between maternal KMC efforts and child development among preterm infants using data from a prospective cohort study conducted in São Paulo, Brazil. Study outcomes were height-for-age z-scores (HAZ) and cognitive development at age 3 years. Practicing KMC was positively associated with HAZ (+0.91 SD, 95% CI [0.126, 1.695]), and cognition (+0.37 SD, [0.034, 0.806]) of preterm children. The results suggest that KMC can improve children's cognitive and physical development. New programmes to increase KMC uptake in the setting studied may be beneficial for both mothers and their preterm children.

Background: Dental neglect results in dental caries, gum disease, and contributes to chronic diseases such as heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and cancers. Poor oral health habits developed in childhood persist into adulthood and can contribute to chronic diseases. School settings are a practical platform for teaching oral health skills. Purpose: The purpose was to assess the effectiveness of school-based, primary prevention oral health interventions for children and adolescents and to examine these programs for health behavior theory applications. Methods: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Statement and Checklist was used in reporting systematic review data. EBSCOhost database was utilized to search interventions by applying inclusion criteria. Data extraction occurred in four distinct phases to ensure all examined interventions met acceptable standards. Results: Eight interventions satisfied the inclusion criteria. Each study utilized oral health knowledge as an outcome variable. Two of the eight interventions stated that they utilized a specific health behavior theoretical framework. Each study applied health behavior concepts. Interventions were efficacious for improving oral health knowledge. Translation to Health Education Practice: Oral health education interventions in schools appear to be effective in providing dental skills and oral health knowledge.

The objective was to establish how stakeholders in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) conceptualize child mental health impact. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 18 stakeholders from disadvantaged urban communities in Kenya, South Africa, Turkey and Brazil. Participants represented education, welfare and health care agencies; as well as community and religious groups. Data were analysed through a thematic approach and three related themes were identified. Impact was defined as a process of change, with child-centred outcomes and measures that were broader than mental health symptoms improvement. Beneficiaries were identified at child, family, community and service level. Participants wished to see strategies that ensured sustainability of impact, namely child mental health policy, stakeholder engagement, interdisciplinary working, and capacity-building for all stakeholder groups. Child mental health service transformation in LMIC, especially in areas of deprivation, needs to build on existing resources and strengths by co-producing psychosocial outcomes with a range of professional and community stakeholders. Impact on children's mental wellbeing can be achieved through a co-ordinated strategy that involves designated policy, capacity-building, and interdisciplinary networks with meaningful community involvement.

This study aims at checking the effects of an early intervention program (EIP) on the neuropsychomotor development (NPMD) and quality of life (QoL) of 4-18 months old babies attending daycare, following the biopsychosocial (BPS) model of health and the International Classification of Functioning Disability and Health (ICF). It was a quasi-experimental cross-over study, with the evaluations (NPMD and QoL) and interventions (locomotor, stabilizer and manipulative in a circuit format) of 66 babies carried out in the daycare, following an EIP, twice a week, during 4 weeks. The EIP for favoured motor behaviours acquisition, demonstrating that the percentage of babies with risk/delay decreased just after the EIP and positive effects were identified in Physical Capacity in QoL. It is concluded that the proposed EIP program for 4--18 months old infants in daycare showed positive effects on NPMD and QoL, including domains of ICF of function, activity and participation.

We examined the association of maternal depression and anxiety symptoms with the weight status of children at preschool age. The current study is a cross-sectional study, which was carried out in the homes of the participants between July 2016 and August 2017. Maternal depression and anxiety symptoms were assessed using the Beck Depression Inventory-II and the Beck Anxiety Inventory, respectively. Of the 216 children included in the study, 69.4%, 21.3% and 9.3% were classified as [less than or equal to]85th, >85th and <97th and >85th percentile, respectively. The prevalence of moderate/severe maternal depression and anxiety symptoms was 20.1% and 19.5%, respectively. Children whose mothers had moderate/severe symptoms of depression and minimal/mild symptoms of anxiety were more likely to have excess body weight at preschool age than children whose mothers had both minimal/mild symptoms of depression and anxiety. We found that maternal depression symptoms are associated with excess body weight in children at preschool age.

The extreme temperatures expected under climate change may be especially harmful to children. Children are more vulnerable to heat partly because of their physiological features, but, perhaps more important, because they behave and respond differently than adults do. Children are less likely to manage their own heat risk and may have fewer ways to avoid heat; for example, because they don't plan their own schedules, they typically can't avoid activity during hot portions of the day. And very young children may not be able to tell adults that they're feeling heat's effects. Joshua Graff Zivin and Jeffrey Shrader zero in on how rising temperatures from global warming can be expected to affect children. They review evidence that high temperatures would mean more deaths, especially among fetuses and young children (as well as the elderly). When combined with other conditions--such as high humidity, diseases, or pollution--heat can be even deadlier. Even when it doesn't kill, high heat directly causes heat-related illnesses such as heat exhaustion; worsens other conditions, such as asthma, by increasing smog and ozone pollution; and harms fetuses in the womb, often with long-term consequences. High temperatures can also make learning more difficult, affecting children's adult job prospects. What can we do to protect children from a hotter climate? Graff Zivin and Shrader discuss a range of policies that could help. Such policies include requiring air conditioning in schools; heat wave warning systems coupled with public infrastructure that helps people stay indoors and stay cool; and readjusting schedules so that, for example, children are mostly indoors during the hottest time of day or the hottest season of the year.

Background: Sedentary behavior (SB) is related to unhealthy outcomes and is performed in many contexts, including school. The aim of this study was to identify sociodemographic, biological, and psychosocial correlates of SB performed at school in a sample of adolescents. Methods: Adolescents provided information regarding sex, age, socioeconomic status, and psychosocial variables related to physical activity (self-efficacy, attitudes, perception of school environment, peer and parental support). Body fat was estimated using skinfolds, and maximum aerobic capacity with a 20 m shuttle run. Adolescents wore accelerometers and SB performed during class time, physical education (PE) classes, and recesses was estimated. Results: Adolescents (N = 567, 53% female, 12.9 ± 5.3 years old) spent 67% of class time, 41% of PE classes, and 41% of recesses in SB. Girls spent more time in SB, and age was negatively associated with SB. Body fat was positively associated with SB in class time and PE classes. Peer support for physical activity was negatively associated with SB in class time, whereas attitudes related to physical activity were negatively associated with SB during PE classes and recesses. Conclusion: Adolescents spend long periods in SB at school, even during opportunities to be active like PE classes and recesses.

Study aim: To compare two exercise training modes on the physical fitness of 10 year-old children. Material and methods: A sample of 60 schoolboys aged 10 years were randomly divided into 3 groups: Traditional (TG), trained according to the Brazilian national curricular parameters, Maturational (MG), in which the degree of difficulty of the activities was adjusted to the level of maturity of subjects, and Control group (CG). The Greulich-Pyle protocol was used to assess biological maturity. The following fitness tests were applied: 5x10 m shuttle run (SHR), Burpee's test (BCT), goniometric (LABIFIE) measurement of shoulder joint flexibility (SAA), horizontal shoulder flexion (HSF), shoulder joint abduction (SJA), lumbar spine flexion (LSF), hip joint extension (HJE) [10], Sargent's Jump Test (SJT), endurance shuttle run (ESR) and 50-m run. The TG and MG groups trained 16 weeks, twice weekly. Results: The only significant (p less than 0.05) between-group differences were found for SJA (TG greater than MG) and LSF (TG greater than CG). Conclusions: Despite the lack of clear-cut results, biological maturation combined with chronological age should be considered when applying various methodological approaches in order to encourage the engagement in physical exercises as this would have favourable carry-over effects. (Contains 1 table.)

This paper presents the pioneering experience of the Programa Primeira Infancia Melhor (the Better Early Childhood Development Program), also known as "PIM" that has been developed since 2003 in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. PIM's goal is to "provide guidance to families, based on their own culture and experiences, to allow them to promote their children's holistic development from pregnancy to six years of age with emphasis on the first three years of life". PIM has been implemented so far in over 200 towns in Rio Grande do Sul through partnerships between state and local governments with technical cooperation provided by the UNESCO Brasilia Office. This paper in addition to outlining the tenets of PIM also presents an updated overview of Brazilian early childhood in terms of education, health and social indicators. Scientific findings in the field of early childhood and results from other programs focusing on this crucial period of development are also discussed in this work.

In Brazil there are at least 2.247 shelters for children and adolescents, and of these 5% are in the North Region. The conceptions of development exert influence on the care practices adopted and vice versa, both being mutually altered by the institutional environment. This study investigated the association between the conceptions of child development and care practices in a sheltering institution and the educators-child interactions in feeding situations. Participating in this study were 100 educators responsible for the daily care of institutionalised children, and who answered the Knowledge of Infant Development Inventory. The educators were separated into two groups, according to their performance in answering the inventory. They were later observed in their care practices. The data analyses show that personal and professional experience with children, more than level of education, may explain a better performance of the educators when their knowledge about infantile development was measured and in the quality of their care practices. It is concluded that the wider the general knowledge about these issues, the broader the use of practices towards orientation, stimulation, and attention to hygiene. Under such conditions children benefit, for these are practices which promote child development.

In this paper, we suggest that the ability and opportunity to play affords children a natural resource to meet intellectual and emotional challenge. Analysis of case studies focusing on interventions with children caught in the bombing of Beirut, children abandoned to the state system in Romania, and the street children in Rio de Janeiro and Cali is used to support this view. When resources are in deficit, challenge is more likely to become adversity. The impact of adversity is particular to context, but comparison across contexts also shows connections between children's disparate experiences. Analysis confirms that given the opportunity, children interact with and influence their environment through play and that this process provides a resource to meet the challenge of adversity. (Contains 1 figure and 2 tables.)

Objective: To evaluate the impact of a dietary counseling in reducing the intake of energy-dense foods by infants. Design: A randomized controlled trial. Setting and Participants: Sao Leopoldo, Brazil. Mothers and infants of a low-income-group population were randomized into intervention (n = 163) and received dietary counseling during 10 home visits, or control (n = 234) groups. Main Outcomes Measures: Child consumption of sugar-dense (SD) and lipid-dense (LD) foods at 12 to 16 months. Analysis: The effect of the intervention was expressed by relative risks and 95% confidence intervals. Poisson regression analysis was used to determine the association between exclusive breastfeeding and the energy-dense foods intake. Results: A smaller proportion of infants from the intervention group consumed candy, soft drinks, honey, cookies, chocolate, and salty snacks. In the intervention group, there was a reduction of 40% and 50% in the proportion of infants who consumed LD and SD foods, respectively. Being breastfed up to 6 months reduced the risk for consumption of LD and SD foods by 58% and 67%, respectively. Conclusions and Implications: Dietary counseling to mothers may be effective in reducing the consumption of energy-dense foods among infants, and it is helpful in improving early dietary habits. (Contains 3 tables and 1 figure.)

Objective: To identify risk factors for poor child mental health in the southeastern Brazilian municipality of Taubate. Method: In 2001 we carried out a representative school-based survey of Brazilian schoolchildren ages 7 to 14 years (response rate, 83%). We collected extensive data on child mental health and on potential risk and protective factors at baseline (N = 1,112) and collected follow-up information on mental health outcome after 3 years (N = 760). We used the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire as a dimensional measure of mental health at both time points and the Development and Well-Being Assessment to diagnose psychiatric disorder at baseline. Results: Cross-sectionally, both dimensional and diagnostic measures of child psychopathology were associated with dangerous area, nontraditional family, parental stress, harsh physical punishment, poor general health, low IQ, repeating a year at school, and male gender. There were different cross-sectional associations with different types of psychopathology. Psychological difficulties were moderately persistent across time. Younger age, lower maternal education, and lower child's IQ predicted a worse prognosis even after adjusting for initial psychopathology. Conclusions: The multiple factors associated with Brazilian child mental health are broadly in line with previous findings elsewhere. Public health programs to foster child mental health need multiple targets, but may benefit a wide range of the population. (Contains 3 tables and 1 figure.)

Purpose: This paper aims to determine the knowledge that staff in day nurseries in Brazil had of basic measures to promote child health which are connected with high child mortality. These measures included breastfeeding, oral rehydration therapy, child growth follow-up, immunization and the identification of signs that indicate that the child must be referred to a health facility. Design/methodology/approach: A cross-sectional study was performed in day nurseries in the state of Bahia, Brazil, involving 194 care staff from 77 different establishments. Questionnaires, the observation of practical exercises and documentary evidence were used to assess knowledge. Findings: Seventeen percent of professionals were able to use growth charts correctly, 37.1 percent were able to prepare an oral rehydration solution adequately, 77.8 percent were able to provide appropriate breastfeeding counseling, 65.0 percent were able to identify children who showed respiratory danger signs and refer them to a health facility, and 58.5 percent were able to check the immunization status. This suggests a serious lack of basic knowledge in key areas. Research limitations/implications: The losses observed in the beginning of the study and the possibility of the existence of memory bias related to the verbal information obtained might have influenced the results. Practical implications: These findings suggest that there is an urgent need to address the lack of knowledge about basic child health measures shown by these key workers through appropriate educational programs. Originality/value: This is one of the first studies of levels of knowledge about basic child health measures in professionals who work outside the medical profession, and in particular in day nurseries. It also provides valuable information about health knowledge in a developing country. (Contains 2 tables.)

Estimated the number of Brazilian children under 14 whose mothers are HIV-positive, living with AIDS, or dead due to AIDS. Found that of the 210,150 children, 17,600 were HIV-positive Findings underscore the urgent need for new programs to increase the longevity of persons with AIDS and to decrease the likelihood of child displacement and severe family deterioration. (Author)

In 1980 urban Brazil, race of mother significantly affected child mortality after controlling for region, income, and parent education, with a mortality gap of 6.7 years between the whites and Afro-Brazilians. Parent education, indoor plumbing, access to public health care, and presence of adult females significantly reduced the probability of death for both white and nonwhite children. (58 references) (SV)

In order to discern the causes of the health and developmental problems of children, and thence develop preventative strategies, longitudinal cohort studies offer major advantages. They can monitor the consequences of exposure to physical and psychological events and thence identify antecedents of various disorders. We describe the historical background to the development in the UK of this study design, and the uptake of longitudinal birth cohorts in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), using the cohorts in Jamaica, South Africa and Brazil as exemplars. We describe the benefits of such studies and show how undertaking longitudinal cohort studies can have major health and financial benefits to the populations concerned. Additionally, the paper outlines the advantages of collaboration between studies and the pooling of data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: In socially vulnerable populations, evidence is needed regarding the role of maternal nutritional status on child weight during the first 2 years of life. Objectives: We aimed to assess the association of pre‐pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and gestational weight gain (GWG) with offspring BMI‐for‐age z‐scores (BAZs) during the first 2 years of life. Methods: A population‐based birth cohort study was conducted with 900 mother–child pairs. Pre‐pregnancy weight and weight at delivery were collected from medical records, and anthropometric data were measured at birth and at 6‐month, 1‐year and 2‐year follow‐up visits. Linear regression and linear mixed‐effect models assessed associations with pre‐pregnancy BMI, GWG and BAZ during the first 2 years of life. Results: Pre‐pregnancy overweight and obesity and excessive GWG were positively associated with BAZ at birth and at 1‐ and 2‐year follow‐up visits. There were no significant additional BAZ changes per year based on the exposures up to age 2 years. Conclusions: Elevated maternal pre‐pregnancy BMI and GWG were associated with a child's higher BAZ at birth, and these differences remained constant throughout the first 2 years of life in Amazonian children. These findings highlight the importance of promoting adequate maternal weight before pregnancy and during prenatal care also in socially vulnerable populations. Key points: Pre‐pregnancy overweight and obesity and excessive gestational weight gain were associated with child's higher BMI‐for‐age z at birth, and these differences remained constant throughout the first 2 years of life in Amazonian children.Strategies that promote adequate maternal weight before and during pregnancy are necessary in socially vulnerable populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined how different domains of social capital and of social support among caregivers are associated with social-emotional development in children ages 4–6 and how caregiver depressive symptoms modify these associations. Using a stratified random sample of preschools, data included a cross-sectional study of 1147 child-caregiver pairs (543 girls) in a low-income municipality in Brazil. Crude and adjusted linear regression models revealed that all domains of social support and two domains of social capital were associated with less social-emotional development delay in children. Given a significant proportion of children in low- and middle-income countries do not meet developmental milestones, strengthening caregiver social capital and support in these settings may have the potential to improve child social-emotional development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Human cysticercosis (CC) is a global public health problem, especially in Latin America, including Brazil. We aimed to analyze the seroprevalence of CC among school-age children and adolescents. Methods: We analyzed the presence of specific IgG antibodies against Taenia solium metacestodes in 500 serum samples from elementary school children and adolescents in Jataí City, state of Goiás, Brazil. IgG antibodies against the antigenic extract of the parasite were detected and analyzed by ELISA, and specific peptides were identified by confirmatory Western Blotting test. Results: Of the 500 study participants, 205 (41%) were male, and 295 (59%) were female. Participants aged between 4 and 18 years (mean age 8.4 years). The percentage of serum samples reactive by ELISA was 37.2%. These samples were analyzed by Western Blotting, which confirmed that the seropositivity rate was 6.2% (95% CI 2.4-14.7) in 31 samples reactive for CC-specific bands, determined in serum samples from 18 male (5-11 years old) and 13 female (4-12 years old) students. Conclusion: The CC seroprevalence demonstrated in schoolchildren suggests that this parasitosis is endemic in the study area. Further investigations are necessary to clarify the local epidemiology of this parasitosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to define the profile of hospitalizations of children in public hospitals of 52 municipalities of the state of Rondônia, Brazil. We performed an ecological time series study using secondary data provided by the Hospital Information System. The annual trend of Hospitalizations was presented by age group and health region. Linear regression was performed using the Prais-Winsten technique of the statistical package Stata, version 11.0. Hospitalizations for gastrointestinal diseases were found to be decreasing in all age groups, just as those for vaccine-preventable diseases in children aged between 1 and 9 years. Hospitalizations for skin and subcutaneous tissue diseases were increasing in all ages, as well as those caused by epilepsies in children aged 1 to 9 and those caused by diseases related to childbirth and puerperium. Health regions showed a varied hospitalization profile. A stable trend was found in the Cone Sul, Madeira-Mamoré, Café, Vale do Guaporé, and Vale do Jamari regions, whereas a declining trend was found in the Central and Zona da Mata regions. The high rates of hospitalizations for ambulatory care-sensitive conditions in children show how inefficient strategies and investments in primary care have been in the state of Acre, Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Objective: to evaluate the semantics, appearance and usability of the mobile application "Descomplicando a Amamentação" for family members of newborns. Method: applied methodological study, developed with 20 family members of newborns users of educational technology, including pregnant women, postpartum women and family members of newborns. An evaluation instrument containing questions about semantics and appearance was applied, in addition to the System Usability Scale to evaluate usability. In data analysis, the Agreement Index was used, with a cutoff point of 0.8 (80%). Results: when evaluating semantics and appearance, the application achieved a Global Agreement Index of 0.99 (99%), varying from 0.95 (95%) to 1.0 (100%) between the items evaluated. In usability, a global average of 93 was achieved, presenting the best usability achievable in all system characteristics. Conclusion: the technology was considered understandable, relevant, and efficient, as well as easy to use and low inconsistency with high user satisfaction, demonstrating excellent potential for families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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