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2. Equivalent Years of Schooling: A Metric to Communicate Learning Gains in Concrete Terms. Policy Research Working Paper 8752
- Author
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World Bank, Evans, David K., and Yuan, Fei
- Abstract
In the past decade, hundreds of impact evaluation studies have measured the learning outcomes of education interventions in developing countries. The impact magnitudes are often reported in terms of "standard deviations," making them difficult to communicate to policy makers beyond education specialists. This paper proposes two approaches to demonstrate the effectiveness of learning interventions, one in "equivalent years of schooling" and another in the net present value of potential increased lifetime earnings. The results show that in a sample of low- and middle-income countries, one standard deviation gain in literacy skill is associated with between 4.7 and 6.8 additional years of schooling, depending on the estimation method. In other words, over the course of a business-as-usual school year, students learn between 0.15 and 0.21 standard deviation of literacy ability. Using that metric to translate the impact of interventions, a median structured pedagogy intervention increases learning by the equivalent of between 0.6 and 0.9 year of business-as-usual schooling. The results further show that even modest gains in standard deviations of learning--if sustained over time--may have sizeable impacts on individual earnings and poverty reduction, and that conversion into a non-education metric should help policy makers and non-specialists better understand the potential benefits of increased learning. [This paper is a product of the Office of the Chief Economist, Africa Region and the World Development Report 2018 Team.]
- Published
- 2019
3. The Economic Impacts of Learning Losses. OECD Education Working Papers, No. 225
- Author
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Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) (France), Hanushek, Eric A., and Woessmann, Ludger
- Abstract
The worldwide school closures in early 2020 led to losses in learning that will not easily be made up for even if schools quickly return to their prior performance levels. These losses will have lasting economic impacts both on the affected students and on each nation unless they are effectively remediated. While the precise learning losses are not yet known, existing research suggests that the students in grades 1-12 affected by the closures might expect some 3 percent lower income over their entire lifetimes. For nations, the lower long-term growth related to such losses might yield an average of 1.5 percent lower annual GDP for the remainder of the century. These economic losses would grow if schools are unable to re-start quickly. The economic losses will be more deeply felt by disadvantaged students. All indications are that students whose families are less able to support out-of-school learning will face larger learning losses than their more advantaged peers, which in turn will translate into deeper losses of lifetime earnings. The present value of the economic losses to nations reach huge proportions. Just returning schools to where they were in 2019 will not avoid such losses. Only making them better can. While a variety of approaches might be attempted, existing research indicates that close attention to the modified re-opening of schools offers strategies that could ameliorate the losses. Specifically, with the expected increase in video-based instruction, matching the skills of the teaching force to the new range of tasks and activities could quickly move schools to heightened performance. Additionally, because the prior disruptions are likely to increase the variations in learning levels within individual classrooms, pivoting to more individualised instruction could leave all students better off as schools resume. As schools move to re-establish their programmes even as the pandemic continues, it is natural to focus considerable attention on the mechanics and logistics of safe re-opening. But the long-term economic impacts also require serious attention, because the losses already suffered demand more than the best of currently considered re-opening approaches.
- Published
- 2020
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4. Tradition for Development: Indigenous Structures and Folk Media in Non-Formal Education. Report and Papers from the International Seminar on The Use of Indigenous Social Structures and Traditional Media in Non-Formal Education and Development (Berlin, West Germany. November 5-12, 1980).
- Author
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German Foundation for International Development, Bonn (West Germany)., International Council for Adult Education, Toronto (Ontario)., Kidd, Ross, and Colletta, Nat
- Abstract
Case studies and seminar reports are provided that were presented at an international seminar to examine field experiences in using a culture-based approach to nonformal education. Part I, containing an introductory paper and nine case studies, focuses on indigenous institutions and processes in health, family planning, agriculture, basic education, and conscientization. The introductory paper discusses indigenous sociocultural forms as a basis for nonformal education and development. Seven countries are represented in the case studies: Indonesia, Bolivia, Java (Indonesia), Upper Volta, Botswana, India, and Bali (Indonesia). Section II focuses on the performing arts in both mass campaigns and community nonformal education programs. An introductory paper overviews folk media, popular theater, and conflicting strategies for social change in the third world. The seven case studies consider the specific strategies used in Brazil, Sierra Leone, China, India, Mexico, Jamaica, and Africa. Section III contains the seminar reports developed from discussions of the four regional working groups: Latin America, Africa and the Caribbean, South Asia, and Southeast Asia. A summary of plenary discussions is also provided. (YLB)
- Published
- 1980
5. Transforming dementia research into policy change: A case study of the multi-country STRiDE project.
- Author
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Weidner, Wendy, Amour, Rochelle, Breuer, Erica, Toit, Petra Du, Farres, Rosa, Franzon, Ana C., Astudillo-García, Claudia I., Govia, Ishtar, Jacobs, Roxanne, López-Ortega, Mariana, Mateus, Elaine, Musyimi, Christine, Mutunga, Elizabeth, Muyela, Levi, Palmer, Tiffany, Pattabiraman, Meera, Ramasamy, Narendhar, Robinson, Janelle N., Knapp, Martin, and Comas-Herrera, Adelina
- Subjects
DIFFUSION of innovations ,HUMAN services programs ,HEALTH policy ,TRANSLATIONAL research ,ORGANIZATIONAL change ,QUALITY of life ,DEMENTIA ,PSYCHOLOGY of caregivers ,DEMENTIA patients - Abstract
STRiDE was an ambitious four-year project in seven countries aiming to build capacity around generating and using research to support the development of policies to improve quality of life of people with dementia and their carers. The project's innovative approach combined rigorous academic research and hands-on civil society advocacy. This paper explores the project's unique strategy for policy change and compiles case-studies from several of the STRiDE countries. Finally, we share lessons learned and next steps to keep momentum for policy change going in each of these countries – and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
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6. A new combination of Fourier unit root tests: a PPP application for fragile economies.
- Author
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Zeren, Fatma and Kızılkaya, Fatma
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FOREIGN exchange rates ,PURCHASING power parity ,TEST methods - Abstract
This study offers a new unit root test procedure that is based on the combination of Fourier ADF and Fourier KSS unit root tests by using Fisher's statistics. The main advantage of this approach is that it is a useful method, especially in cases where the findings obtained from the two test methods differ. In this paper, we investigate the mean-reverting properties of the real exchange rate series for seven fragile economies. Fourier ADF and Fourier KSS tests results point to different findings. When the combination unit root test is applied, it is confirmed that the real exchange rate series are stationary for four fragile economies, namely Brazil, India, Indonesia, and Mexico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
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7. Waiting for the Barbarians: Managing the Globalization of Banking in Developing Countries.
- Author
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Martinez-Diaz, Leonardo
- Subjects
- *
BANKING industry , *PROTECTIONISM , *FOREIGN investments - Abstract
This paper outlines the contours of an ongoing research project on the politics of banking-sector opening in Mexico, Brazil, and Indonesia. The project tries to understand why these three countries opened their domestic banking sectors to foreign participation in the 1990s and early 2000s after decades of financial protectionism, and why their governments countries exercised different degrees of control over the opening process. I find that international pressure by itself did not generate significant opening; only when external pressure converged with banking shocks, and sometimes also with domestically-driven ideational change, did significant opening follow. I also find that although the shocks forced major de jure opening in all three countries, in practice, policymakers gradually reasserted control over the opening process and were able to harness foreign capital to advance domestic political priorities. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
8. Breaking Barriers and Building Bridges through Networks: An Innovative Educational Approach for Sustainability
- Author
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Khalifa, Marwa A. and Sandholz, Simone
- Abstract
Worldwide, innovation in education is highly perceived as an effectual approach to promote awareness for sustainability. International organizations interested in education, research and training support projects seeking modernization of Higher Education (HE) and put much emphasis on developing new curricula, teaching methods or materials to respond to current needs. Building ties and promoting cooperation between institutions around the world through Universities and academic arenas are central in innovative educational approaches. This paper reflects on one of such projects; the Center for Natural Resources and Development (CNRD) which aims at supporting achieving the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 7. Eleven University faculties in Brazil, Chile, Egypt, Germany, Indonesia, Jordan, Mexico, Mozambique, Nepal, and Vietnam form part of the CNRD, covering natural, engineering, and social sciences disciplines. To develop solutions for one of the most pressing problems of today; creating sustainable cities, students, teachers and researchers work together in a trans-disciplinary approach. The paper principally deals with the question of how international research and education networks can narrow the distance between countries and promote awareness of sustainability. It discusses approaches in joint education, using modern media and e-learning activities and their contribution to raise awareness of sustainability among young researchers. (Contains 3 tables, 1 figure, and 4 notes.)
- Published
- 2012
9. Does economic prosperity lead to environmental sustainability in developing economies? Environmental Kuznets curve theory.
- Author
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Ahmad M, Muslija A, and Satrovic E
- Subjects
- Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Mexico, Philippines, Russia, South Africa, Thailand, Turkey, Carbon Dioxide analysis, Economic Development
- Abstract
Since developing countries experience economic and environmental sustainability challenges, it is desirable digging into the linkages between economic and environmental parameters. The purpose of this work is to evaluate the existence of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) theory (i.e., the inverse U-shape connection between real GDP per capita and per capita carbon dioxide emissions) in the sample of 11 developing countries. By using balanced annual panel data in the period between 1992 and 2014 and two alternative estimation techniques, we explored the potential inverted U-shaped linkage between carbon dioxide emissions and real GDP per capita in the sample of interest. For analysis purposes, Pedroni and Westerlund co-integration techniques are employed. Then, fully modified ordinary least squares, pooled mean group methods are applied for long-run parameter estimations. And, the Dumitrescu-Hurlin causality approach is employed for causal directions. Firstly, this work's findings provide the supportive evidence to the inverse U-shaped linkage in the long-run, indicating that an increase in real GDP per capita and electricity consumption tends to mitigate long-run carbon dioxide emissions in the developing countries, for the whole sample. Secondly, the country-specific findings suggested the presence of EKC theory for Brazil, China, India, Malaysia, the Russian Federation, Thailand, and Turkey. It implicated that these countries are on the path of attaining environmental sustainability in the long-run. However, Mexico, Philippines, Indonesia, and South Africa failed to lend credence to the EKC theory. It manifested that these countries need to design strategies directed to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from economic activity and electricity generation through efficiency improvement or promotion of renewables. Finally, bidirectional causal links are observed among all the variables of interest. The findings suggest that country-specific targeted action plans should be implemented to ensure the environmental sustainability in the developing world.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
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10. Oil prices and E7 stock prices: an asymmetric evidence using multiple threshold nonlinear ARDL model.
- Author
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Chang BH
- Subjects
- Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Russia, Turkey, Carbon Dioxide analysis
- Abstract
For examining the short-run and long-run asymmetric effect of oil prices on stock prices, recent literature uses standard nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag model. However, this model decomposes oil price series into partial sum of positive and negative changes only and fails to examine the effect of extreme changes in the oil price series on stock prices. This study, therefore, extends the existing literature by focusing on the emerging seven countries, i.e., Brazil, India, Russia, China, Mexico, Indonesia, and Turkey, and uses multiple threshold nonlinear ARDL model. This extended model helps to examine the asymmetric effect of extremely small to extremely large changes in the oil price series on stock prices. The estimates from standard nonlinear ARDL model indicate that, in the short run, oil prices significantly and asymmetrically affect stock prices in the context of Russia, Indonesia, and India only, whereas in the long run, insignificant effect is found for all sample countries. On the contrary, multiple threshold nonlinear ARDL model supports asymmetric effect in long run and short run for all sample countries where this effect is stronger in short run. Moreover, all diagnostic tests indicate that this extended model enjoys a better fit and is more stable than the traditional models. The findings, based on this model, provide deeper insights on the relationship between oil prices and stock prices and can be used for investors, policymakers, and other stakeholders.
- Published
- 2020
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11. Education for All Summit of Nine High-Population Countries (New Delhi, India, December 12-16, 1993). Final Report.
- Author
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United Nations Fund for Population Activities, New York, NY., United Nations Children's Fund, Paris (France)., United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, Paris (France)., and Naik, Chitra
- Abstract
This final report on an international conference of nine high population developing countries on education for all (EFA) begins with a declaration of goals by the representatives of each of the nine nations represented. Participating nations were Bangladesh, Brazil, China, Egypt, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Nigeria, and Pakistan. After a scene setting discussion at the beginning of a pre-summit session when delegates considered the analysis and synthesis paper prepared by United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), they spent the rest of the three day conference taking part in four panel discussions that centered on the main themes of the forthcoming Delhi Declaration with which the document opened. Before the conference, delegates had been presented with background papers on the themes that were enlarged upon by panelists from the United Nations agencies and representatives and ministers of the 9 states. The panel topics were: (1) mobilization, people's participation and decentralization for Education For All (EFA) (United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)); (2) external and internal financial resources for EFA (India); (3) girls' and women's education, women's empowerment, and population issues (United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA)); and (4) education and society (UNESCO). A special panel was convened by the host country for the large Indian contingent to take advantage of discussions with eminent guests that was based on the new initiative, the District Primary Education Programme. The 9 countries agreed to work in collaboration on a distance education initiative, both to enhance training of teachers and other personnel, and to better reach neo-literates and marginalized groups. Appendices include a detailed program and a list of participants. (DK)
- Published
- 1994
12. Education for All Summit of Nine High-Population Countries (New Delhi, India, December 12-16, 1993). Panel Proceedings.
- Author
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United Nations Fund for Population Activities, New York, NY., United Nations Children's Fund, Paris (France)., United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, Paris (France)., and Naik, Chitra
- Abstract
This collection of panel proceedings is divided into five sections each of which is devoted to one panel. Panel 1 focused on mobilization, people's participation, and decentralization for "Education For All (EFA)." Panel 2 was devoted to external and internal financial resources for EFA (Government of India). Panel 3 was on girls' and women's education, women's empowerment, and population issues. Panel 4 was on education and society. The fifth panel was a special panel devoted to India's District Primary Education Program. Participating nations were Bangladesh, Brazil, China, Egypt, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Nigeria, and Pakistan. After a scene setting discussion at the beginning of a pre-summit session when delegates considered the analysis and synthesis paper prepared by UNESCO, they spent the rest of the three day conference taking part in the four panel discussions that centered on the main themes of the forthcoming Delhi Declaration. Before the conference, delegates had been presented with background papers on the themes that were enlarged upon by panelists from the United Nations agencies and representatives and ministers of the 9 states. Together these 9 countries account for more than half the world's population and 75 percent of its illiterates. They are cradles of civilization and founts of spiritual, cultural, and philosophical knowledge that continue to have a profound influence on humanity. Despite differing cultures and historical legacies, the countries have recognized that education is at the heart of sustainable development. (DK)
- Published
- 1994
13. Education for All Summit in the Nine High-Population Countries (New Delhi, India, December 13-16, 1993). Analysis and Synthesis. Discussion Draft.
- Author
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United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, Paris (France).
- Abstract
This document reviews progress in the nine high-populations countries towards the goal of Education for All (EFA). The nine countries are Bangladesh, Brazil, China, Egypt, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Nigeria, and Pakistan. Since the Thailand conference in 1990, most countries have shown improvement with primary education increasing by over 40 million students and attempts to improve educational quality. The book contains the following chapters: (1) "EFA: The Turning Point"; (2) "Education and Demography: A Critical Interaction"; (3) "EFA: The Process"; (4) "The Components of EFA: An Overview"; (5) "Towards Universal Primary Education"; (6) "Programmes for Adolescents and Adults"; (7) "Early Childhood Care and Education"; and (8) "Summing Up." A country by country analysis of educational progress is included. (EH)
- Published
- 1993
14. Achieving Carbon Neutrality Pledge through Clean Energy Transition: Linking the Role of Green Innovation and Environmental Policy in E7 Countries.
- Author
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Yu, Yang, Radulescu, Magdalena, Ifelunini, Abanum Innocent, Ogwu, Stephen Obinozie, Onwe, Joshua Chukwuma, and Jahanger, Atif
- Subjects
ENVIRONMENTAL policy ,TECHNOLOGICAL innovations ,ENVIRONMENTAL degradation ,PARIS Agreement (2016) ,ENVIRONMENTAL impact charges ,CLEAN energy ,CARBON offsetting - Abstract
Most countries, notably those that signed the Paris Climate Agreement, prioritize achieving the zero carbon or carbon neutrality aim. Unlike earlier studies, this one assesses the contribution of environmental policy, clean energy, green innovation, and renewable energy to the E7 economies' achievement of carbon neutrality goals from 1990 to 2019. Findings emanating from the study show that the EKC hypothesis is valid in E7 countries. Implying that emissions in the E7 countries increased with the kick-off of development but declined later due to possible potent environmental regulatory policies put in place. Similarly, across all models, renewable energy (REN), green innovations (GINNO), environmental tax (ETAX), and technological innovations (TECH) were found to exert a negative and significant impact on carbon emissions in the E7 countries both in the short and long run. On the other hand, economic expansion (GDP) positively impacts environmental deterioration. Furthermore, the country-specific result shows that, on average, Brazil, India, China, Russia, Mexico, and Indonesia have significant environmental policies aiding carbon abatement. Except for Brazil, Mexico, and Indonesia, the income growth in the rest of the countries does not follow the EKC proposition. Furthermore, the causality result revealed a unidirectional causal relationship between GDP, REN, and GINNO to CO
2 emission. No causality was found between ETAX with CO2 , while a bi-directional causality exists between technology and CO2 emissions. Based on the finding, policymakers in the E7 countries should move away from fossil fuels because future electricity output will not be sufficient to reduce emissions considerably. Environmental regulations, encouraging technological innovation, adopting green and sustainable technology, and clean energy sources, among other things, demand radical and broad changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2022
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15. How Playful Learning Can Help Leapfrog Progress in Education
- Author
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Brookings Institution, Center for Universal Education, Winthrop, Rebecca, Ziegler, Lauren, Handa, Rhea, and Fakoya, Foluyinka
- Abstract
Humans are born with the natural ability to gain skills through play. Children learn about social norms, roles and responsibilities, and language through curiosity-driven, playful interactions and activities. Learning through play harnesses the power of children's imagination and inspires active engagement with the material. The Center for Universal Education at Brookings, is studying innovations that strive to improve education. If the education sector stays on its current trajectory, half of all youth around the world entering the workforce in 2030 will lack basic secondary-level skills they need to thrive--from literacy and numeracy to critical thinking and problem solving. It is believed that leapfrogging, or rapid nonlinear progress, is needed to change this trajectory. Education that allows students to leap forward in learning should incorporate experimentation and iteration, helping students make meaning of what they are learning, and engage with others in doing so. These types of student-centered, playful learning experiences are an essential component to leapfrogging in education because without them young people will not be able to develop the full breadth of competencies and skills they need to thrive in a fast-changing world. This paper is the first in in a series of Leapfrogging in Education snapshots that provide analyses of a global catalog of education innovations. Of the nearly 3,000 innovations captured in the catalog, two-thirds involve playful learning, which represents the largest category of innovations that were recorded. [Support also provided by the BHP Foundation.]
- Published
- 2019
16. Beyond the project: Building a strategic theory of change to address dementia care, treatment and support gaps across seven middle-income countries.
- Author
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Breuer, Erica, Comas-Herrera, Adelina, Freeman, Emily, Albanese, Emiliano, Alladi, Suvarna, Amour, Rochelle, Evans-Lacko, Sara, Ferri, Cleusa P, Govia, Ishtar, Iveth Astudillo García, Claudia, Knapp, Martin, Lefevre, Michael, López-Ortega, Mariana, Lund, Crick, Musyimi, Christine, Ndetei, David, Oliveira, Deborah, Palmer, Tiffany, Pattabiraman, Meera, and Sani, Tara Puspitarini
- Subjects
TREATMENT of dementia ,SOCIAL support ,MIDDLE-income countries ,STRATEGIC planning ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,STAKEHOLDER analysis ,THEORY ,LOW-income countries ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,ODDS ratio ,HEALTH planning ,ADULT education workshops - Abstract
Evidence from middle-income countries indicates high and increasing prevalence of dementia and need for services. However, there has been little investment in care, treatment or support for people living with dementia and their carers. The Strengthening Responses to Dementia in Developing Countries (STRiDE) project aims to build both research capacity and evidence on dementia care and services in Brazil, Indonesia, India, Jamaica, Kenya, Mexico and South Africa. This article presents the Theory of Change (ToC) approach we used to co-design our research project and to develop a strategic direction for dementia care, treatment and support, with stakeholders. ToC makes explicit the process underlying how a programme will achieve its impact. We developed ToCs in each country and across the STRiDE project with researchers, practitioners, people living with dementia, carers and policymakers at different levels of government. This involved (1) an initial ToC workshop with all project partners (43 participants); (2) ToC workshops in each STRiDE country (22–49 participants in each); (3) comparison between country-specific and overall project ToCs; (4) review of ToCs in light of WHO dementia guidelines and action plan and (5) a final review. Our experiences suggest ToC is an effective way to generate a shared vision for dementia care, treatment and support among diverse stakeholders. However, the project contribution should be clearly delineated and use additional strategies to ensure appropriate participation from people living with dementia and their carers in the ToC process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
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17. GROWTH, STABILITY, BUT WHAT ABOUT EQUITY? REASSESSING INDONESIAN INEQUALITY FROM A COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE.
- Author
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Frankema, Ewout and Marks, Daan
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INCOME inequality ,COST of living ,CONSUMPTION (Economics) ,HOUSEHOLD surveys ,CROSS-cultural studies - Abstract
Inequality estimates derived from household consumption expenditure surveys (Susenas) suggest that economic inequality in Indonesia was comparatively moderate during the rapid economic transition in the Suharto era (1966-1998). Yet the expenditure distribution concept and problems of underreporting and selection bias constrain meaningful international inequality comparisons. This paper reassesses Indonesian inequality from a comparative perspective employing various alternative data sources and indicators. A comparison with Brazil, Mexico and the US reveals that Indonesian inequality levels are generally closer to Latin American levels than to US levels. Except for large short-term fluctuations, we did not find an overall increasing or decreasing inequality tendency between 1966 and 1998. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
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18. Air-conditioning and the adaptation cooling deficit in emerging economies.
- Author
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Pavanello, Filippo, De Cian, Enrica, Davide, Marinella, Mistry, Malcolm, Cruz, Talita, Bezerra, Paula, Jagu, Dattakiran, Renner, Sebastian, Schaeffer, Roberto, and Lucena, André F. P.
- Subjects
AIR conditioning ,EMERGING markets ,HEAT adaptation ,THERMAL comfort ,HUMAN comfort - Abstract
Increasing temperatures will make space cooling a necessity for maintain comfort and protecting human health, and rising income levels will allow more people to purchase and run air conditioners. Here we show that, in Brazil, India, Indonesia, and Mexico income and humidity-adjusted temperature are common determinants for adopting air-conditioning, but their relative contribution varies in relation to household characteristics. Adoption rates are higher among households living in higher quality dwellings in urban areas, and among those with higher levels of education. Air-conditioning is unevenly distributed across income levels, making evident the existence of a disparity in access to cooling devices. Although the adoption of air-conditioning could increase between twofold and sixteen-fold by 2040, from 64 to 100 million families with access to electricity will not be able to adequately satisfy their demand for thermal comfort. The need to sustain electricity expenditure in response to higher temperatures can also create unequal opportunities to adapt. Adaptation to heat stress through the use of air conditioners has received increasing attention. Here the authors show that income and humidity adjusted temperature are common determinants for adopting air conditioning, but their relative contribution varies in relation to household characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
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19. A comparison of drinking behavior using a harmonized methodology (Liq.In7) in six countries.
- Author
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Morin, C., Gandy, J., Moreno, L. A., Kavouras, S. A., Martinez, H., Salas-Salvadó, J., and Guelinckx, I.
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DRINKING (Physiology) ,DRINKING behavior ,INGESTION ,POPULATION geography ,RESEARCH evaluation ,SNACK foods ,HOME environment ,FOOD diaries - Abstract
Purpose: To assess drinking occasions (volume and type) according to consumption with food in or outside meals, and location, for six countries.Methods: A total of 10,521 participants aged 4-65 years from Argentina, Brazil, China, Indonesia, Mexico and Uruguay completed a validated 7-day fluid intake record. For each drinking event, the volume consumed, the fluid type, the location of intake, and whether the drink was accompanied by food (meal or snack) or not, was recorded.Results: Similar drinking behaviors were found in Mexico and Argentina; fluid intake during meals was 48 and 45% of total fluid intake (TFI), respectively. In Brazil (55%), Indonesia (58%) and China (66%) most fluid was consumed without food. In Uruguay, 34% of TFI was with a main meal, 31% with food between meals and 35% without food. Indonesia had the highest median (25-75th percentile) TFI; 2520 (1750-3347) mL/day, and China the lowest 1138 (818-3347) mL/day. Water was consumed with meals for 37% of Chinese and 87% of Indonesian participants, while the four Latin-American American countries showed a preference for sweet drinks; 54% in Mexico, 67% in Brazil, 55% in Argentina and 59% in Uruguay. Diversity in fluid type was noted when drinking with food between meals. Apart from China, most drinking occasions (> 75%) occurred at home.Conclusions: Three distinct drinking behaviors were identified, namely, drinking with meals, drinking as a stand-alone activity, and a type of ‘grazing’ (i.e., frequent drinks throughout the day) behavior. Most drinking occasions occurred at home. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
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20. Fluid intake patterns of children and adolescents: results of six Liq.In7 national cross-sectional surveys.
- Author
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Morin, C., Gandy, J., Brazeilles, R., Moreno, L. A., Kavouras, S. A., Martinez, H., Salas-Salvadó, J., Bottin, J., and Guelinckx, Isabelle
- Subjects
ALCOHOLIC beverages ,BEVERAGES ,CARBONATED beverages ,CLUSTER analysis (Statistics) ,DRINKING (Physiology) ,FRUIT juices ,MILK ,POPULATION geography ,SWEETENERS ,WATER ,SOCIOECONOMIC factors ,LIFESTYLES ,ADOLESCENCE ,CHILDREN - Abstract
Purpose: This study aimed to identify and characterize patterns of fluid intake in children and adolescents from six countries: Argentina, Brazil, China, Indonesia, Mexico and Uruguay.Methods: Data on fluid intake volume and type amongst children (4-9 years; N = 1400) and adolescents (10-17 years; N = 1781) were collected using the validated 7-day fluid-specific record (Liq.In
7 record). To identify relatively distinct clusters of subjects based on eight fluid types (water, milk and its derivatives, hot beverages, sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB), 100% fruit juices, artificial/non-nutritive sweetened beverages, alcoholic beverages, other beverages), a cluster analysis (partitioning around k-medoids algorithm) was used. Clusters were then characterized according to their socio-demographics and lifestyle indicators.Results: The six interpretable clusters identified were: low drinkers-SSB (n 523), low drinkers-water and milk (n 615), medium mixed drinkers (n 914), high drinkers-SSB (n 513), high drinkers-water (n 352) and very high drinkers-water (n 264). Country of residence was the dominant characteristic, followed by socioeconomic level, in all six patterns.Conclusions: This analysis showed that consumption of water and SSB were the primary drivers of the clusters. In addition to country, socio-demographic and lifestyle factors played a role in determining the characteristics of each cluster. This information highlights the need to target interventions in particular populations aimed at changing fluid intake behavior and improving health in children and adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2018
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- View/download PDF
21. The dual characteristics of closed-end country funds: the role of risk.
- Author
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Shen, Chung-Hua, Chen, Shyh-Wei, and Chen, Chien-Fu
- Subjects
MARKET segmentation ,INVESTORS ,COUNTRY funds ,RISK ,MARKET volatility - Abstract
This article explores which of two hypotheses, market segmentation or investor sentiment, determines the behaviour of Closed-End Country Funds (CECFs) with the inclusion of risk factors. The risk factors are proxied volatility, as estimated with a Bivariate Markov-switching Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (BSWARCH) model, which simultaneously includes foreign and US markets. Our findings are as follows. On average, a positive response is larger than a negative response in terms of absolute value. And, the market segmentation hypothesis with risk factors gains support in Mexico, where CECF returns are related to a market with low volatility but not to one with high volatility. Third, the investor sentiment hypothesis, which argues that CECF returns are not responsive to foreign markets, is weakly supported in Brazil, the Philippines, Indonesia and, to a lesser degree, in Germany. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
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22. Broadening Our Sights: Internationalizing Teacher Education for a Global Arena
- Author
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Olmedo, Irma and Harbon, Lesley
- Abstract
This article represents the collaborative efforts of two college faculty, one in the USA and one in Australia, exploring notions of internationalization of colleges of education and research on multilingualism and teacher education. First, the paper presents experiences of interactions with international researchers in Mexico, Brazil, Germany, Austria, Italy, Finland and Australia. Second, it presents research of three overseas immersion language teaching and learning experiences pursued with teacher candidates from Australia in Indonesia, Korea and China. The article focuses on two questions: in what ways can teacher educators enhance their expertise to prepare teachers for multicultural teaching in a global context? How can teacher educators and institutions create contexts and experiences where teachers and prospective teachers develop their knowledge, skills and dispositions to teach from an international and multicultural perspective? In essence, how can faculty prepare teachers to internationalize curricula and effectively teach students, not only from different ethnic groups and cultures but also different nations and languages?
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
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23. Metropolitan migration and population growth in selected developing countries.
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- Africa, Algeria, Americas, Argentina, Asia, Birth Rate, Brazil, Central America, Chile, Colombia, Developed Countries, Evaluation Studies as Topic, Geography, Ghana, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Iran, Korea, Latin America, Mexico, Mortality, North America, Peru, Philippines, Population Characteristics, Population Density, Singapore, Socioeconomic Factors, South Africa, South America, Syria, Thailand, Venezuela, Demography, Developing Countries, Economics, Emigration and Immigration, Population, Population Dynamics, Population Growth, Social Planning, Transients and Migrants, Urban Population, Urbanization
- Published
- 1983
24. Improving Adult Literacy Outcomes: Lessons from Cognitive Research for Developing Countries. Directions in Development.
- Author
-
World Bank, Washington, DC., Abadzi, Helen, Abadzi, Helen, and World Bank, Washington, DC.
- Abstract
Adult literacy program outcomes have been disappointing. A number of principals and methods from cognitive and neuropsychological research can be used to make literacy instruction more effective, including the following: improving cognitive function; fast reading; reading practice; literacy as a motivator; and improving use of class time. Cognitive science has been used to understand how literacy shapes the neural system for spoken and written language and to use this information to improve literacy instruction. Research has been done in the areas of human evolution, cognitive limitations of unschooled people, efficient reading skills, reading comprehension, memory, phonological awareness, perceptual learning, and health issues. Materials, methodology and teacher preparation determine how much people learn and retain. Issues that affect literacy learning include, course duration, textbook contents, teacher selection, and social benefits. Governments need to determine whether increased costs of more scientifically based literacy training are worth the benefits. Additional research is needed to determine which methods are more effective and how costs and benefits compare. (Contains the results of a research study in adult literacy, a description of literacy tests, a learner questionnaire, an extensive bibliography and an index.)(SLR)
- Published
- 2003
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