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A nationwide study from 2004 showed that the children's oral health in Bosnia and Herzegovina is poor with an average dmft index in six-year-olds being 6.2 (4.0), and DMFT 4.8 (3.9) in twelve-yearolds. After the aforementioned nationwide study, only a few regional epidemiological studies have been conducted on the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina. All studies have shown that the state of oral health in children is poor. Although the WHO has clearly emphasized the importance of regularly conducting epidemiological research regarding children's oral health, there is a lack of recent data on the prevalence of caries in children in other areas of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of caries in children aged 2-18 years from the Mostar city area. In this observational, descriptive study, 500 respondents aged 2-18 years participated. For subjects up to 6 years of age, the dmft index was recorded as an indicator of oral health, for subjects with mixed dentition the DMFT index of first permanent molars was used and for subjects aged 12-18 years, the DMFT index was used. Data were analysed for 495 respondents, aged 2-18 years, of both sexes (253 female respondents and 242 male respondents). The prevalence of dental caries in respondents aged up to 6 years is 53%. The prevalence of caries of the first permanent molars in subjects aged 6-12 years is 28.3%, while the prevalence of caries in subjects older than 12 years is 44.9%. The average dmft index of five-year-olds is 3.88 (SD 3.83), while the DMFT index of twelve-year-olds is 2.51 (SD 2.17). The prevalence of caries and previous caries experience of children of all ages from the area of Mostar was lower compared to previous years, both for respondents from the same geographical area and compared to other areas of Bosnia and Herzegovina. New epidemiological studies are needed in order to determine the general oral health trends in Bosnia and Herzegovina. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Patient safety depends on a number of factors such as teamwork, working climate, employee satisfaction, work environment, stress awareness, management perception, and attitude. Nurses have a key role to play in protecting and supporting patients, and their assessment serves as a reliable predictor of overall hospital safety. A positive attitude toward patient safety is associated with a significant reduction in complications. The aim of the study was to analyze the perception of nurses about all aspects of patient safety in relation to the workplace and length of service. Methods: The research included 647 nurses employed in health care institutions at the primary, secondary, and tertiary levels of health care. A descriptive and cross-sectional study included nurses from the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It was conducted in the period from November to December 2021, during the COVID pandemic. A standardized questionnaire on the perception of patient safety was used – Safety Attitudes Questionnaire – SAQ. Results: The analysis of the examined factors in relation to the workplace of the respondents revealed a statistically significant difference in job satisfaction (p < 0.001), as well as in the safety climate at work in relation to the workplace (p = 0.005), working conditions (p < 0.001), and management perception (p < 0.001). Stress levels showed significant differences regarding working position (p = 0.017), but also through the years of service (p = 0.012). Stress was significantly correlated with teamwork (r = 0.124; p = 0.003), showing that better teamwork will help with stress. Conclusion: The synthesis of concepts that includes patient safety and orientation toward patients should be implemented as a strategic quality orientation and set as a priority of every health-care system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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• The overall severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) secondary attack rate in this study was 17%. • Adults were more likely to be secondary cases than children. • Particular care should be taken if primary cases present with cough and rhinorrhoea. • Kissing a SARS-CoV-2 case or sharing a meal with a SARS-CoV-2 case increased the risk of infection. • Reducing contact in the household immediately is key to prevent onward transmission. The secondary attack rate (SAR) of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) was estimated, and the risk factors for infection among members of households with a coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) index case were identified to inform preventive measures. Between 3 August and 19 December 2020, a household transmission study was implemented based on a standardized World Health Organization protocol. Laboratory-confirmed cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection were recruited through the federal COVID-19 database. Trained contact tracers interviewed index cases and household members to collect information on demographic, clinical and behavioural factors. Contacts were followed up for 28 days to identify secondary infections. SAR was estimated and odds ratios (OR) were calculated for risk factors for transmission. In total, 383 households and 793 contacts were included in this study. The overall SAR was 17% [95% confidence interval (CI) 14–21]. Contacts had higher risk for infection if the primary case had both cough and runny nose (OR 4.31, 95% CI 1.60–11.63), if the contact was aged 18–49 years (OR 4.67, 95% CI 1.83–11.93), if the contact kissed the primary case (OR 3.16, 95% CI 1.19–8.43), or if the contact shared a meal with the primary case (OR 3.10, 95% CI 1.17–8.27). These results add to the global literature by providing evidence from a middle-income setting. Standard preventive measures in households with positive cases remain critical to reduce transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]