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Populations living at high altitude are known to have a number of distinctive physiologic traits, including an increase in lung volume and compliance. We asked whether the factors that result in the increased compliance of high altitude natives were sufficiently expressed in utero that an increase in respiratory system compliance (Crs) could be detected at birth. Measurements were performed at about 1 day after birth on 34 infants born in La Paz, Bolivia (3,600 m, Pb about 495 mm Hg) and 36 born in Santa Cruz (400 m, Pb about 735 mm Hg). All infants were full-term and healthy, with body weights of at least 2,700 g. We measured Crs from expirations within the tidal volume range by the multiple occlusion method. Breathing pattern was measured from the spirometric record, and an index of chest wall distortion was obtained from the ratio of volume and abdominal displacement during spontaneous breathing and relaxations against closed airways. Rib cage and abdomen dimensions did not differ between the two groups. Crs values in Santa Cruz were similar to those previously obtained in Montreal and in other Caucasian infant populations at low altitudes. Crs was 33% and Crs/kg 37% greater (p less than 0.001) in the high altitude group, which included equal numbers of Amerindians and Mestizos of European ancestry. Dynamic elevation of the end-expiratory level was similar in both groups. Ventilation/kg and the distortion ratio were slightly yet significantly higher in the high altitude infants, suggesting an increased ventilatory drive.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)