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This Article is focusing on recycling waste paper, which became one of the main collecting commodities for its widespread use in many economic regions. The introduction provides an overview of the development of a segment of waste paper in the EU. The article presents information about product options, new materials from processed waste and waste paper. The first part of the article describesthe situation in the Central Bohemia region both in terms of production and in terms of processing capacities. The next part of the article contains the practical information and value gained from the process of production of briquettes from waste paper and the description and analysis of technologies as well as description and analysis of achieved physical characteristics of manufactured briquettes. Another mentioned option for using waste paper is the application in substrate production technology as an input material with excellent physical properties, which could become an indispensable component in the production of highquality substrates. The resulting values indicate a higher absorption capacity of fluids that are substrates of biodegradable materials. In both technologies there are present variations of the different samples and their ratios used to manufacture the final products and are shown in the resulting comparison. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The very first scientific paper by the great Austrian geologist Eduard Suess (1831–1914), the dean of geologists internationally during his lifetime, treats the graptolites of Bohemia (the 'Barrandian'). This paper and most of his subsequent papers on palaeontology are accompanied by superb drawings of his observations in which Suess took great care not to insert himself between Nature as he perceived it in the framework of the knowledge of his day and his readers. In his drawings, he exercised what the great German geologist Hans Cloos later called 'the art of leaving out'. This meant that in the drawings, the parts not relevant to the discussion are left only in outline, whereas parts he wished to highlight are brought to the fore by careful shading; but even the parts left only in outline are not schematic, instead they are careful reconstructions true to Nature as much as the material allowed it. This characteristic of Suess' illustrations is seen also in his later field sketches concerning stratigraphy and structural geology and also in his depiction of the large tectonic features of our globe representing a guide to his manner of thinking. His illustrations in his early palaeontological work foreshadowed the later global geologist's approach to our planet (and the Moon!) as a whole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is a reflection on the possibilities for cooperation between the fields of historical demography and genealogy. The first part of the paper summarizes the development of genealogy as a discipline in the Czech context. The paper goes on to recapitulate theoretical and practical examples of the involvement of genealogy in historical-demographic research in western historiography, especially in the North American context. The paper then discusses Czech development from the 1960s to the present. The paper compares the possibilities of both approaches by introducing the creation of a database using the classical application of the method of family reconstitution, discussing its pitfalls and the characteristics of such research in the Czech context. The paper then presents the possibilities of applying genealogical approaches and evaluations the situations in which applying such approaches is most appropriate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary focus of this paper is on the period of tourism from 1938/39 to 1945. The intention of this paper is to present and explain the reasons and consequences of the implementation of organizational changes, as well as the impacts of the integration of tourism into the staterun economy of Nazi Germany. In this context, we evaluated the specifics of the development of tourism areas of the former Czechoslovak state (the Sudetenland, the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, Slovakia). It turned out that even during the war, tourism, despite all the restrictions (legislative, territorial, time, transport, etc.) did not disappear, except in areas where war operations were taking place, and its management became an integral part of the war economy. The explanation can be seen based on the studied materials in the multilayered nature of this part of the national economy and its broad social scope. The paper is based on the study of archival unpublished materials from Czech and foreign archives and literature. The basic method used is the historical-critical method supplemented by a comparative, direct and indirect approach with an effort to capture the overall changes in the field of tourism during the war. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers an overview of the education law from 1760 s to late 1930s and then well-structured analysis of the legal framework for elementary and upper elementary (main) schools from 1938 to 1945, which is characterized by a focus on extensive secondary legislation, which is frequently not even of the Czech origin. The paper intends to illustrate the transformation of the school system from the era of the interwar democratic state through a local variation of fascism into a Nazi-occupied territory where education was mainly intended to serve the indoctrination of children and youth. The author of the paper combines the available laws and regulations with other sources to provide a comprehensive overview of this part of the Czech education system, which has so far been rather neglected in the academic world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Universitatis Szegediensis de Attila Jozsef Nominatae: Acta Historica is the property of University of Szeged, Institute of History and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper focuses on a hitherto unexplored area of research into the modern means of transport - the automobile and automotive issues in the field of theatre. The author has approached this area of problems from a developmental, historical and cultural-historical point of view. The basis consists of selected (surviving) theatre plays (including signs and posters) that appeared on stage in various forms and shapes from the end of the monarchy to the Second World War. The paper is based on a study of the library collections of the IDU (Institute of Theatre Arts) Library, the National Library and the database of the "Czech Amateur Theatre". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, there has been growing interest in public valuation for forest ecosystem services in policymaking. This paper investigates the public's perception of the Czech forest ecosystem services, i.e., provisioning, regulating and cultural services, with associated factors (changes in forest cover, production, and respondents' characteristics). The performance perception of forest ecosystem services was gathered from a nationwide survey in 2020. The Coordination of Information on the Environment Land Cover information in 2000 and 2018 was used for observation of forest cover changes. Coniferous and non-coniferous (broadleaved) roundwood, mushroom, and bilberry production data from the observed years were acquired from the Czech Statistical Office and the Ministry of Agriculture's annual nationwide surveys. The Bohemia vs. Moravia study areas were also statistically compared. Predictor analysis of the high score of performance perception from individual and cluster forest ecosystems was also performed to answer the research objectives. The group of forest provisioning services received high scores in public evaluation (from 3.9 to 4.2), followed by regulating services (mean range: 3.7–4.1). The highest score was found in forest as a natural habitat for wild animals and plants (mean: 4.6). However, the lowest value was the esthetic value (mean: 2.3). Both are categorized as forest cultural services. The broadleaved and mixed forest areas in 2018 were significantly higher than in 2000, especially in Bohemia. Meanwhile, the total coniferous forested region in 2018 declined substantially compared to 2000 (p = 0.030), especially in Moravian areas. A significantly higher total production of the coniferous and broadleaved roundwood removals in 2018 than in 2000 was reported, in contrast to a marked decrease in collected mushrooms and bilberries. The high score of performance perception of forests as the wood provisioning service was positively and significantly associated with the changes in broadleaved roundwood removals. Older-age and female respondents were the primary predictors of the studied cluster and individual forest ecosystem services. The findings indicate that the social value of the individual forest provisioning services supports the implementation of multi-species and multi-purpose forests; hence, it encourages the implementation of the current Czech forest policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to assess the development of business activities in the Czech countryside in the period from 2008 to the present and to show possible limitations and perspectives of this area. The research was conducted by analysing economic entities located in rural municipalities in the peripheral areas of Western Bohemia. The assessment is based on the use of the Public Database of the Czech Statistical Office (statistics on economic entities, number of economic entities, number of economic entities created in 2008–2020) and a dataset on economic entities defunct in 2008–2021 provided by the Czech Statistical Office. We have analysed the economic entities by geographical location, size of municipality and industry specification. We use analysis of variance to assess whether the population size of a municipality has a statistically significant effect on the number of economic entities per 100 residents of the municipality, and we use visualization cartographic methods, density maps and cartograms to assess spatial differentiation. We have found that the nature of business activities in the study area is changing along the lines of urban locations, but, due to a number of factors, many rural economic entities are in a more economically precarious position. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper focuses on two so-called rock castles (Sloup and Jestřebí in northern Bohemia) and their presentation in the early modern topographies written by Mauritius Vogt. While today they are both perceived as former castles, for Vogt, only Jestřebí was an abandoned castle, while Sloup was mainly a hermitage. The relationship between both places leans on their bizarre appearance and connection to the underground. They both were rocks upon a lowland described as saxum vivum. Vogt's view is contextualized by Athanasius Kircher's Mundus subterraneus and other works on the underground. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents results of the first comprehensive analysis of the reception of Ovid's Metamorphoses in Baroque art in Bohemia and Moravia. First aspects of the reception relate to the referentiality that is one of the essential characteristics of Baroque art in Central Europe, where various influences from both neighbouring and more distant regions intersect. Artists mainly used popular illustrated editions of the Metamorphoses: cycles by V. Solis, H. Goltzius, C. de Passe, A. Tempesta, J. W. Baur, and engravings from the 1676 Paris edition or the 1677 Brussels edition. Nevertheless, the receptive character of these works of art cannot be understood as a result of lack of artistic invention but it is quite often strongly rooted in the patrons' requirements, as some preserved archive sources confirm. The article also tries to trace the popularity of editions among artists and patrons through the research of inheritance inventories of patrons and painters. The importance of Ovid's works is also demonstrated on one of the most striking examples, the only existing early modern translation of full text of Metamorphoses to Czech language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper provides a theoretical reflection on the concept of counterfactual history in relation to school education and historical thinking. It shows how counterfactual history, which is widespread in popular culture, can be used to promote historical literacy among primary school children. In addition to theoretical analysis, the study includes a practical demonstration consisting of one model counterfactual history lesson based on the popular counterfactual scenario in which the assassination of Reinhard Heydrich did not take place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with the adoption of School Supervision Act from 1869 in Bohemia, taking into account both Czech and German speaking milieus. Using the example of appointment of District School Inspectors and looking into their activities, it analyses the system deficiencies and complications that the state authorities had to cope with in the first years after adoption and that, eventually, led into an amendment of the aforementioned act four years later. Apart from the inadequate organisational background and salary conditions of district inspectors, the paper points out the financial requirements that the school reform brought about and that had to be covered mostly by local municipalities. This fact significantly contributed to a generally passive or even negative attitude held by autonomous corporations as for the new school legislature implementation, which was enhanced by oppositional stance of Czech political representation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Teaching the thousand-year period of medieval European literature and six-hundred years of Old Czech literature in Czech secondary education is often confronted by two interrelated challenges: the subjects are traditionally taught through a chronological approach to literary history in the first year of school, while presenting language, literary genres, themes, and ideas that are distant and difficult to understand for contemporary readers, particularly the target student group (15--16 years of age). A majority of teachers are unwilling to deal with old literature in their lessons. Can we find a way to modify and improve this practice? In this paper we try to grasp the perceived difficulty and otherness of this corpus in a constructive way and show that it can be productively used, for example, by moving away from the traditional chronological framework and focusing on probing texts (especially narratives) that link the present to the past. We show this possibility through the example of the story of Bruncvík, comparing its medieval version to a more recent version by Alois Jirásek in his Staré pověsti české (Legends of Old Bohemia). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The contribution of this paper is a discussion on the role of cultural life and the potential of cultural tourism in the small town of Choceň in Eastern Bohemia, which is not one of the first-class tourism localities in the Czech Republic. Despite this fact, there is a richness of natural and cultural attractiveness and the organization of varied cultural events. The goal of this research was to determine the assumptions of tourist attractiveness from the point of view of local actors, based on the hypothesis that the attractiveness of the city is closely linked to the attractiveness of tourism. Local actors are the ones who can recognize the genius loci of the place, which should have been considered in development planning. The literature review is mainly devoted to the role of culture, cultural tourism, and rural tourism. This research works with primary and secondary data, with the secondary data being based on location, selection, and implementation assumptions for tourism. The primary data were obtained using a quantitative questionnaire survey method for two target groups—local visitors and local entrepreneurs. This research shows that local actors are aware of their destination's potential and support tourism development. However, cultural events are more likely intended to meet residents' needs, not visitors. It is clear that small industrial towns are rather marginally devoted to the development of tourism. Yet, all local actors need to cooperate for further rural (and tourism) development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the 17th to the 19th century, a score of military events, campaigns and battles took place in the Czech lands, leaving numerous traces and distinctly changing the appearance of the cultural landscape in some regions. The results of long-term aerial-archeological surveys in the Czech lands have demonstrated that this detection method is advantageous in identifying buried sites built in the past in the context of military conflicts. Experience hitherto has made it possible to label archeological remote sensing as a collection of the potentially most effective methods for uncovering sites of field fortifications dated to the modern period and the beginning of the industrial era. This includes finds of both solitary sites and segments of strategically built fortification lines. This paper is an attempt to critically evaluate these hitherto recorded landmarks which have been discovered and documented via aerial prospection from the 1990s to the present. At the same time, this study reflects on the possibilities offered by the modern methods of remote sensing which have played a significant role in the discovery, mapping, documentation, digital terrain modelling, and the 3D virtual reconstructions of these sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces a way to study the reproduction of (the identity of) a region through the concept of perceptual region. Perceptual region—revised here in light of the institutionalization of regions theory and thus comprehended as the subjective image of a region in the mind of an individual person—connects certain 'European' and 'American' regional traditions. Investigating the institutions imprinted in perceptual regions exposes on what basis people construct regions and what (re)produces such regions. This case study deals with the perception of the Bohemian–Moravian boundary in the minds of 454 borderland inhabitants, surveyed with questionnaires. Among the revealed institutions of the former administrative regions of Bohemia and Moravia, there are various formal/homogeneous and functional regions as well as their boundaries—they all reproduce the examined regions. Besides demonstrating that regions are multiple realities (where both space and time matter), social constructs, and dynamic processes, the article discusses the interrelationship of the abovementioned region types and highlights perceptual regions as essential for the region's existence. Furthermore, it suggests that focusing on ordinary people's perceptions may develop knowledge not only about the concept of region but also the concepts of the regional identity of people, resistance identity, and regionalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the relationship between Mesolithic hunter-gatherers, Neolithic farmers and prehistoric herders using a regional-scale analysis of two agriculturally peripheral areas in Bohemia (Czech Republic). Both regions represent ecologically diverse islands used by hunter-gatherer communities for their rich natural resources and set within uniform loess basins colonised by the first LBK farmers. Based on settlement dynamics, radiocarbon dating, artefactual and rich palaeoecological evidence, this thematic review attempts to illustrate how the use of well-defined spatiotemporal scales can affect our perception of the Mesolithic/Neolithic interface. This approach shows that hunter-gathering traditions persisted in the two model areas long enough to allow interaction with incoming farmers and thus that in particular landscapes the transition might have been a slow and gradual process during which the subsistence categories of hunter-gatherers, herders, and farmers overlapped and interacted. Such interactions could have included shared distribution networks of some raw materials and the contemporaneous exploitation by herders and hunter-gatherers of diverse territories rich in natural resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper provides an analysis of eschatological themes in medieval debates between body and soul related to the Kingdom of Bohemia. The oldest poem (after 1320) emphasizes the particular judgment as the dominant eschatological horizon, probably under the influence of the Processus Sathanae. The old Czech translation of Visio Philiberti (ca. 1370) seems to avoid the description of physically conceived pain of a separated soul and stresses the absence of God as the worst punishment. The third old Czech debate (end of the 14th c.) underlines the loving bond between human composites, further accentuated in a contemporary Latin prose debate between body and soul by the archbishop of Prague John of Jenstein in his Liber dialogorum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Language loyalty can be viewed from the perspective of both language stability and language shift. The paper focuses primarily on the latter as it shows how the Bohemian composer Friedrich Smetana (1824–1884) shifted from a predominate use of German to Czech in private and official correspondence and his diaries to become known as the Czech composer Bedřich Smetana. This change serves as a model of the collective language and social shift in Bohemia in the long 19th century. The paper shows, however, that Smetana encountered difficulties in making the language shift from German to Czech due to the stability of his previous language loyalty to German, tracing both Smetana's subsequent evaluation of the limited language shift's success and his explanation of its failure. In this regard, the study also considers the narrative of a Germanisation Smetana invokes to explain his loyalty to the German language during his education and beyond due to the Germanisation of educational institutions. The paper thus shows how Smetana's narrative of his own language biography is a model narrative for his generation as whole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thylacocephala is a clade of marine bivalved euarthropods generally considered to belong to Eucrustacea, although their affinities within this group remain unsettled. Detailed thylacocephalan anatomy and tagmosis is poorly known, and the majority of taxa have been described based only on the valves of the carapace. While some thylacocephalans are considered to have been fully nektic, others probably had a nekto‐benthic mode of life. The group makes its last appearance in the Upper Cretaceous of Lebanon, while the previously oldest definite record is from the Silurian of Wisconsin, USA. This paper describes two new thylacocephalans, Pseudoprotozoea irenae gen. et sp. nov. and Bohemiacaris libori gen. et sp. nov. from the Sandbian (Upper Ordovician) Letná Formation of Bohemia (Czech Republic). Apart from the carapaces, both fossils preserve some evidence of the appendages. Remarkably, even though the newly described taxa represent the oldest unequivocal thylacocephalans, their carapaces display several characters most similar to those of Mesozoic groups. Whether these similarities reflect true close relationships and Ordovician origins for these groups or are only the result of convergent evolution is uncertain. Regardless, the new finds show that ecological differentiation between fully nektic and nekto‐benthic lifestyles was probably achieved early in the evolution of Thylacocephala. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an overview of the legal regulation and practice related to the confiscation of works of art in the so called "time of oppression", which is a legal term for a historical period from 30.9.1938 to 4.5.1945 in the territory of the recent Czech Republic. Since the aim of the paper is to serve as a handout helping to understand the historical context by applying the restitutional statute No. 212/2000 Sb., it shows no detailed case study, but concentrates on an instructional overview. After a brief introduction, which explains the aim of the paper and defines its scope, the time of oppression is divided into two phases - the so called Second Republic and the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. There is a short characterism of the respective phase and an indicative timeline describing the Era of Protectorate. The following parts deal with the legal regulation and confiscation praxis in more detail. The era of the so called Second Republic is by the nature of things shorter; however, the roots of the oppression practice are well illustrated. On the other hand, the description of the protectorate era required it to be subdivided into three parts: i) an introduction of the basic legal framework; ii) institutions dealing with confiscation; and iii) the disposition of confiscated goods, taking into account the museum practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article attempts to present current results of landscape archaeology concerning a military conflict between Prussia and Austria in the summer of 1866 near Hradec Králové (Sadowa/Königgrätz). The aim is to introduce the possibilities of analysing individual available sources using the methods of battlefield archaeology, which is a sub-discipline of post-medieval archaeology. The historical period in question is not only a regional issue. This topic is mainly important with regard to protection of constantly endangered war relics, whose number in East Bohemia has been increasing in the past decade. The knowledge acquired from systematic and rescue excavations conducted in various parts of battlefields in the territory of Hradec Králové region demands new analysis to be appropriately evaluated and interpreted. The primary processing and treatment of finds are equally important as their spatial information and a successful setting into the chronological frame of well-known historical events. Archaeological knowledge thus sheds a new light on these events. The paper presents basic research topics and methods, to which increased attention is currently being paid within the context of archaeological sites. All of them use a wider view of the 1866 historical landscape, which was not distinctly modified for the purpose of military operations, but on the contrary significantly influenced their course and sequence. In order to properly interpret the acquired spatial data, it is necessary to reconstruct this historical landscape and to define the form of various activities which took place there during the war. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shortly after the introduction of the physical unit for the magnetic field in 1832 and the invention of the bifilar apparatus in 1837, both being extraordinary scientific achievements that took place in Göttingen, the Clementinum observatory in Prague became one of the first places where systematic observations of the horizontal intensity of the geomagnetic field began. Karl Kreil was decisively responsible for this. In this paper, we focus on the very beginnings of geomagnetic observations in Prague, dating from the middle of 1839. We describe the archival materials with data that exist from that time, how the main instrument for observing magnetic storms – the bifilar magnetometer – worked and how it was calibrated, and the first magnetic survey in Bohemia. This study indicates the importance of historical geomagnetic observation materials to modern science, such as space weather research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Czech Mycology is the property of Czech Scientific Society for Mycology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Nationalities Affairs / Sprawy Narodowosciowe is the property of Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Slavic Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Slavica Litteraria is the property of Masaryk University, Faculty of Arts and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper sheds further light on Philip Sidney's intellectual network in East-Central Europe, particularly in the Kingdom of Bohemia. Sidney (1554-1586) is celebrated as one of the greatest poets of the Elizabethan age. His immense contribution to the development of English literary culture is unquestioned. It is perhaps surprising to learn that he never expressed any great desire to pursue a literary career. His aim was to become a statesman, as his early biographies show. His career as a poet started after 1580, when he was forced to spend time in a country away from court and politics. Sidney's personal experiences played a hugely important and formative role in his work. He had packed in a great deal into his life by a very young age, graduating from the most prestigious institutions in England and travelling in continental Europe. During his "grand tour," Sidney established a network of correspondence with some of the leading intellectual figures in Central Europe. This paper will investigate an as-yet-unexplored figure in this network, the epidemiologist Thomas Jordanus von Klausenburg (1539-1585). Jordanus was acquainted with several figures in Sidney's intellectual circle, including Thaddeus Hagecius ab Hayek (the Czech physician and astronomer), Hubert Languet (the French diplomat and Sidney's principal mentor while he was in Europe), Johannes Crato (chief physician at the Viennese and Prague court), and Andreas Dudith (the Polish-based Hungarian nobleman, famous for his conversion from Catholic bishop to devout Lutheran). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The album amicorum of the little known Bohemia nobleman Reichart of Štampach is an interesting manuscript, illustrating especially two important journeys of its owner as a member of diplomatic missions. The first mission, headed by the Imperial envoy Friedrich of Kreckwitz in 1591/92, led to Sultan Murad III in Constantinople. The other mission, headed by Niklas Warkotsch, was sent to the Tsar of Russia in Moscow in 1593. The manuscript contains not only entries by members of both delegations and other persons, but also a great number of interesting illustrations as well as marble- and silhouette papers from the Orient. More than other journals of this kind, this album served not only as a proof of the accomplished journeys and established contacts of commemorative value, but also as a collector's item. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on land use changes in the area of interest in the southern part of the Czech Republic (South Bohemia Region). Land use changes have been assessed at several time levels over nearly two centuries. Unlike similar studies, two types of materials were used as source data and compared. Specifically, these are historical maps or aerial photographs and the Corine Land Cover database. The evolution of land use was examined on a representative set of sixty cadastral areas, which evenly cover the territory of three different production areas of the South Bohemia Region. Each production area was then evaluated both as a whole and separately. The paper's results confirm the trend of decreasing the share of intensively used agricultural land (arable land), especially in worse natural conditions, like in other countries of the Central European region. An essential result of the publication was also the demonstration of the unique development of the post-1948 period when there was a significant difference in land use development between the border forage production areas and the rest of the agriculturally used parts of the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is to introduce the phenomenon of Chinese fashion or Chinamode in the 18th century Kingdom of Bohemia, and – in line with the theme of this issue of Cornova – to explain how it moved first into, and then across the territory. Without attempting a thorough analysis of the subject, which would be beyond the scope of a short essay, my investigation centred on interior furnishing and wall decorations in particular: three diverse case studies are provided. The polarity between Chinoiseries and authentic imports from East Asia is also looked at. In conclusion, I try to delineate the phases of Chinese fashion in Bohemia, and present their characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although much has been written about Czech coronations, one of them has gone almost unnoticed. This article focuses on the coronation of Francis II as King of Bohemia, which took place in 1792, a year after the lavish coronation of his father Leopold II. This article examines it in the context of the other coronations of Francis in the same year and documents the entire process of its preparation, from the ceremonial entry into Prague to practical aspects such as security arrangements, accommodation and lighting. Since the entire course of the coronation ceremony itself is already well documented and remained unchanged in Francis’s case, attention is given to a particular part of the coronation mass, namely the accolation of the Knights of St Wenceslas. The paper also deals with the concept of “the people” and the Bubeneč folk celebration, as the latter was an important part of the coronation festivities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper examines the assumptions and conditions of (auto)mobility in a rural microregion in eastern Bohemia, specifically in the localities of municipalities of Široký Důl and Trstěnice. In this manner situated mobility becomes an important part of the research. Using this background, the relationships of transport users to mobility, their experiences, ideas and opinions are studied. Knowledge included in the study was obtained through the author's own field research. The overall picture of historical development of motoring would not be complete without rural environment forming specific conditions for this area of practical human activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents a new structural model of the granitoid intrusions of the Moldanubian plutonic complex in southern Bohemiaeast of the town of Kaplice. Valuable archival gravity data were supplemented by magnetic survey and precise profile gravity measurements to better define the gravitational effect of the granitoid body and provide an accurate model solution. Our findings, based on geophysical analyses and modelling, bring new information on the shape and deep structure of the Moldanubian plutonic complex in southern Bohemia. These results are complemented by a tectonic investigation of the Freistadt granodiorite body and the Kaplice Fault. New information on the geometry of the Kaplice Fault plane acquired from Linsser indications is discussed in relation to its possible recent seismic activity. The usefulness of the Linsser indications method for active tectonic studies is demonstrated. This is the first regional study in this insufficiently known part of the Bohemian Massif, providing new information on the extent of granites and their relationship to one of the most significant faults in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the charters of Prince John Corvinus, illegitimate son of king Matthias Corvinus of Hungary and Bohemia, which relate to his government in the Duchy of Troppau [Opava]. The edited collection of documents numbers a total of 29 charters and writs, only some of which have survived to this day in their original form. On the other hand, some documents exist in copies of various ages and in two cases they are not real charters, but only records of them from the now missing Troppau Chronicle (Chronicon Oppaviense), which was written by the town scribe Henry Polan of Polansdorf from materials stored in the old Troppau city archives. The edited set of documents include all known charters of John Corvinus, either preserved in extenso or at least in the form of excerpts and mentions, and of his officials (provincial governors/Landeshauptmdnner) relating to the Hunyadi ducal government in the Duchy of Troppau. It should be kept in mind, however, that John Corvinuscs "Opavian" documents represent only a small part of a considerable number of charters that were created in an office operating at his princely court. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper evaluates a development of mixed young stand from natural regeneration on a large clear-cut in East Bohemia, the Czech Republic. Clear-cut resulted from windblown forest stand in 2007; after wood clearing a part of plot was left for natural regeneration. The paper evaluates development of regeneration in 2011-2016. Mean number of juvenile individuals culminated in 2014 (2.6 trees/m2), density decrease in next years was affected by mutual competition. Birch (Betula pendula) and aspen (Populus tremula) as nurse tree dominated in upper height stratum. Target tree species occurred mainly in understorey (height below 1.3 m), their quantity gradually increased. Density of target trees species decreased with distance from adjacent mature forest stand. Growth of trees in upper storey corresponded to growth tables, left-hand diameter distribution affected mean stem dimensions. Above growth biomass of nurse stand was 27.9 t.ha-1 (DM) in 2016. Upper soil moisture under nurse stand was lower during the whole year (4-7%) compared to the weeded area; during summer periods short term differences exceeded 10% shortly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with minor place names in Bohemia which include the common noun necky (a Czech word of Slavic origin meaning “a wooden washtub, used for hand washing clothes”) or its diminutive form necičky. The focus is on etymological and motivational analysis of the names as well as their geographical occurrence. The geographical term of a metaphorical origin necky meaning “valley/basin resembling a washtub” occurs in nearly 150 minor place names, found mainly in hilly and plain regions of the Central, Eastern and northeastern Bohemia. The names denote fields, meadows, pastures etc. found in a terrain resembling a washtub, i. e. with sides higher than the bottom, most of them being of a very old origin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The paper is divided into three chapters. In the first part, the author would like to introduce the topic and its research in the Czech Republic. The second part focuses on the forced displaced area in Bohemia due to the building of the biggest military area in the protectorate called "Waffen-SS Böhmen (Beneschau)". After a short history, the author will show the response in the periodical press. The third focuses on the resettlement of the villages from the Drahansko Highlands and the reports on it in the press between 1945 and 1955. Between 1940 - 1945, some Czech areas including towns, villages and hamlets in Bohemia and Moravia (the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia at that time) had to be moved due to the building and expansion of military training grounds. The result of these migration flows resulted in over 123 villages and towns with more than 15,000 families, in total over 56,000, being people impacted by this building of militarised areas. In the war press, one can observe the announced orders, which were mostly positively received by the Czechoslovak public, in part, due to the bad experience with Western states, resulting from the Munich Agreement in 1938. The Nazi war policy and the reckless displacement of the abovementioned localities in the protectorate only deepened and confirmed these ideas. It also guaranteed the approval of these plans on an international scale. Objectives: The author follow the clear lines of post-war Central European politics, an important pillar of which was the national revival and the expulsion of the three-million-strong German ethnic group from Czechoslovakia. Conclusion: Certain forms of propaganda of the new orders and parties could be followed in the post-war press. It was primarily the output body of individual political parties. There was no longer a pluralist democracy as it was before 1938. Publications published by banned political parties ceased to exist. As a result, citizens' awareness was significantly distorted. The leading political group was the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, which was supported by a large part of the Czechoslovak population. The emphasis was on a consistent resettlement campaign, of which one of the forms was the renaming of towns, villages, and other geographical areas. The most important and significant problems in the press were the catastrophic economic afterwar conditions. According to the press, with the newly-settled municipalities returned from military districts, a successful solution to these problems was in the form of a unified agricultural cooperative in the municipalities of the Drahansko Highlands. It could therefore be said that collective farms had not been established in the Czechoslovak Republic after the February coup in 1948, but much earlier. Above all, the press was used to promote to farmers the joining to these units. In the conclusion, the author summarizes her research and draws four main conclusions from the previous chapters by focussing on the main question of how the printed press worked as a propaganda tool for the post-war establishment of Czechoslovakia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper provides an overview of the first Bronze Age finds discovered in recent years in the peripheral area near the upper course of the River Malše, at the border between today's regions of southern Bohemia and Upper Austria. Several isolated finds of metal items and two hoards from the southern Bohemian part of the upper Malše basin indicate the use of this area, seemingly uninhabited in the Bronze Age, as a possible communication corridor connecting the two above -mentioned regions. For the first time, a hoard of bronze artefacts from the Late Bronze Age from Tichá is published in this paper, which significantly contributes to the knowledge and possible interpretation of prehistoric human activities in this region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mixed forests play a key role in terms of stability, production potential, and adaptation to climate change. In addition, the studied Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) belong to the most economically important tree species in Europe. The objectives were to determine the effect of the species composition of these two tree genera on the production, structure, diversity, and growth of mixed stands at lower elevations in the Czech Republic. Based on dendroecological samples, research was also carried out on the influence of climatic factors and climate change on the radial growth of these trees of interest. Mixed forests showed higher timber production by 29.8% compared to spruce and pine monocultures. The production of mature stands ranged from 328 to 479 m³·ha-1. Spruce achieved higher radial growth, but its growth variability was higher than that of pine. Compared to precipitation, temperatures had a greater influence on the radial growth of both tree species, especially in the growing season. In terms of diversity, mixed stands achieved significantly higher structural differentiation and overall diversity compared to monospecific variants. Mixed stands can achieve higher production potential, diversity, and especially resistance to climatic extremes in the lowland regions of the Czech Republic. The differences between mixed stands and monocultures, i.e. the effect of tree species mixing, depend on the appropriate proportions of tree species and their spatial pattern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper provides a comparison of the growth of 13 domestic provenances of European beech on long-term research plots in Bohemia (No. 149 Křivoklát, No. 150 Konopiště) and in South Moravia (No. 153 Bučovice) evaluated at the age of 18 and 20 years, respectively. The plots are part of an originally 14-member series, founded in 1995. The total heights and diameters at breast height of all growing beeches were measured and subsequently mortality, stem volume and hectare growing stock were determined. From among phenotypic characteristics, the stem shape and stem forking were visually evaluated. The mean survival rate of provenances was significantly higher in the plots situated in Bohemia (67% in No. 149 and 64% in No. 150) in comparison with South Moravia (No. 153), where only 46% of the original number of planted beeches survived. On the other hand, beech provenances grow more slowly in Bohemia than in South Moravia. At the Bohemian plots, the mean growth was significantly smaller in Křivoklát (plot No. 149) than in Konopiště (plot No. 150). Although local provenances mostly had a higher survival rate, growing stock, and partially also morphological quality, some of them stand out in this respect. Presented results thus do not fully comply with the current national rules for the transfer of forest reproductive material. Since the beginning of the millennium the transfer of forest reproductive material has been attached to the natural forest areas (PLOs) in the Czech Republic. Their number (41) and limited sizes have fostered an internal debate about merging adjacent, ecologically close natural forest areas (PLOs) into broader regions of provenance where transfer of reproductive material would not be restricted horizontally (e.g. Hynek 2000; Šindelář 2003, 2004; Kotrla et al. 2019, 2020a, 2020b; Kubů 2020; Novotný et al. 2020). Historically, this approach was applied in the Czech Republic in the form of so-called Seed Areas (SOs), which were established for Norway spruce, Scots pine and European larch by the Guidelines for approving and maintaining basic materials and transfer of forest reproductive material (Směrnice 1988), and the Decree No. 82/1996 Coll. They were proposed also for other tree species. For European beech, Pospíšil (1964), Šindelář (1985) and Hynek (1990, 2000) proposed two areas: 1) Hercynian-Sudeten and 2) Carpathian SO. Šindelář (1985), in addition, defined so-called districts, where the remnants of autochthonous beech populations were to be protected from genetic contamination from the outside. In a later proposal, however, Hynek (2000) defined a total of eleven SOs for beech, maintaining the principle of “districts” in the form of so-called core PLOs (8a – Křivoklátsko, 8b – Bohemian Karst, 13 – Šumava, 21a – Jizera Mountains, 27 – Hrubý Jeseník Mountains, 30b – Moravian Karst, 36 – Central Moravian Carpathians, 38 – White Carpathians and Vizovické Hills, 40 – Moravian-Silesian Beskydy Mountains, 41 – Hostýnsko-vsetínské Hills and Javorníky Mountains), into which the transfer of non-indigenous reproductive material should not be allowed. Regarding the allowable vertical transfer generally by ± 1 forest vegetation zone (LVS), an exception of no transfer of reproductive material from other LVS into the 7th LVS was proposed. Recent working proposal for the amendment of the existing Decree No. 139/2004 Coll. (Kotrla et al. 2020a) returns to two broader areas of provenance: I – Hercynian (PLO 1–34) and II - Carpathian (PLO 35–41), assuming a possibility of one-way transfer of reproductive material from the area II to area I, and a possibility of reciprocal transfers between neighbouring PLOs along the border of the areas I and II. Our study covers the series of three research provenance plots established in different natural conditions (Tab. 1) on which a total of 7 Czech and 6 Moravian beech provenances from different altitudinal vegetation zones (LVS 3–7) were planted (Tab. 2). Individual plots were established in a randomized complete block design with 4 random replicates of experimental variants. On individual experimental lots (parcels) with a size of 10 m × 10 m, 50 beech individuals were planted in a 2 m × 1 m spacing. Measurements on the plots No. 149 and No. 150 took place at the age of 18 years, on the Moravian plot No. 153 at the age of 20 years. From the quantitative indicators, the heights and diameters at breast height of all living trees were determined, from which the stem volumes under bark and respective growing stocks per hectare were calculated. An ultrasonic hypsometer Vertex III (accuracy 0.1 m) was used to measure the heights while the breast height diameters were measured with a millimetre calliper. Besides, the survival rates of provenances, stem shapes (scale: 1 – straight, 2 – slightly unilaterally curved, 3 – markedly unilaterally curved or bent several times) and stem forking (1 – continuous stem, 2 – one fork, 3 – repeatedly forked, done only at the plot No. 153) were assessed. The relevant indices of qualitative traits were calculated as averages from numerical values assigned to individual trees at each parcel. The significance of differences between provenances was assessed using the Kruskal–Wallis analysis of variance and the subsequent Kruskal–Wallis post hoc test (Tab. 4). A summary overview of the values of all studied indicators is given in Tab. 3, and comparisons of the growth of provenances are presented in Fig. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8. Overall survival rate was significantly higher at the plots No. 149 and No. 150 (67% and 64%, respectively) in Bohemia in comparison with the plot No. 153 situated in South Moravia (46%). In Bohemia, the provenances 1 Hluboká and 28 Lužná were the best ones in the plot No. 149 Křivoklát, while provenances 4 Karlovice and 15 Konopiště (local) were the best ones at the plot No. 150 Konopiště from the point of view of all monitored indicators. In Moravia (plot No. 153 Bučovice), local provenances 10 Buchlovice and 11 Bučovice were the best ones. Our results demonstrate that the response of beech provenances to the experimental transfer to different site conditions of individual research plots (Tab. 5) does not fully support current zoning rules (Decree No. 139/2004 Coll.), which are in favour of local reproductive material. Although local provenances (10, 11, 14, and 15, see Tab. 2) mostly had a higher survival rate, growing stock and partially also morphological quality, some of them stand out in this respect. In addition, several non-indigenous provenances perform very well in conditions where their transfer is not possible under current legislation. We admit that the experimental plantations are still young and exposure of provenances to local environments rather short. The results obtained so far, however, support and justify partial amendments to the existing regulatory rules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bronze statuette of a bull from the Roman Period, which was according to B. Svoboda located nearby Rymáň at Mníšek pod Brdy (Svoboda 1948: 197, obr. 38: 2), belongs to the finds that has repeatedly been cited in the Czech, scholarly literature. The presented paper provides analysis of the artefact as well as a specification of the find spot. At the same time, the aim of the text is to summarize the knowledge about Roman bull statuettes in provincial and Italian environments and briefly characterize other similar finds from Bohemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper focuses on the development of territorial possession, the formation of tenure units and their hierarchy over time and, in general, on a gradual transformation of medieval forms of ownership into the modern society of the 19th and 20th centuries. This is done using contemporary digital cartography and geographic information system techniques on the historical Bohemian region as an example. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses plant assortments in historical Mannerist gardens and their use during the restoration of such a historical garden. Mannerist gardens were founded in the territory of Bohemia at the time of Emperor Rudolf II. The model garden for the purposes of this paper is the castle garden in Brandýs nad Labem. There are no reliable historical resources which could specify the plant assortment cultivated in this garden at the time of its creation. However, the period of Rudolfine Mannerism is defined by known determinative elements of garden architecture as well as certain cultivated plant species. For this reason, it was possible to compile a list of elements which must conform to the individual forms of greenery (solitary, hedges, alleys, climbers, containers) and their spatial arrangement (point, line, shape) typical for Renaissance and Mannerist composition. The list was created with respect for the current cultural and climatic conditions by evaluating the current utilisation of the garden. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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