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Background and aims: Bell's palsy is an acute, unilateral, lower motor neuron peripheral facial paralysis. It is the most common cause of facial paralysis in the ages ranging from 13 to 65 years. It not only causes physical disfigurement of face but is also associated with social stigma and psychological trauma to the patient. In Bell's Palsy, there is hypoxic damage to the nerve due to reduced blood flow and cellular injury to the capillaries. Pentoxifylline is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor that increases the cAMP and cGMP levels at the site of the RBC cell membrane thereby improving the dexterity of the cell membrane allowing the RBCs to pass through the damaged and narrowed blood vessels thereby improving the perfusion and oxygen delivery to the damaged tissues. Vasoactive agents are not routinely used as an active component in the treatment. Since vascular compromise plays a predominant role in the pathophysiology of Bell's palsy, it is proposed that the addition of a vasoactive agent like Pentoxifylline can improve the recovery rate and shorten the duration of treatment in the management of Bell's Palsy. Materials and methods: The study was conducted in the Department of ENT, BMCRI, Bangalore during the period February 2021 to August 2022. This is a prospective randomized control study which included 70 patients attending the out-patient department of ENT, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Bangalore. Written informed consent was taken from all patients included in the study. A detailed history, thorough clinical examination, and relevant investigations were done for these patients. Patients were randomly divided into Group A and Group B based on random numbers generated by the WINPEPI software version 11.65. The study group (Group A) received standard treatment in addition to Tab Pentoxifylline 400 mg TID for 1 week. The control group (Group B) received only the standard treatment regimen. Patients were followed up on Days 5, 10, 15, and 6 months to assess recovery following treatment. The recovery of facial nerve function was evaluated as per the House-Brackmann Grading system for any improvement. Both pre-treatment and post-treatment HB grades were analyzed. The data collected were tabulated and subjected to statistical analysis using ANOVA. Results: The age distribution of the patients showed that the most common age group affected in this study was 18–30 years. Males were affected more than females (1.2:1). The most common HB grade at presentation noted in this study was Grade 4 in both groups (54.2%). At the beginning of the treatment, in Group A, around 43% patients had HB grade of 3 and 57% patients had HB grade of 4. In Group B, around 20% patients had HB grade 2, 28.57% patients with grade 3 and 51.43% patients with grade 4. After a follow-up period of 6 months, in Group A, around 43% of patients achieved a HB grade of 1, 51% patients achieved a grade of 2 and about 6% patients had a grade of 3. In Group B after a follow up period of 6 months, 29% patients achieved HB grade of 1, 46% patients achieved grade of 2 and 26% patients had a grade of 3. It was observed that 42.86% of patients had better outcomes (Normal facial function) in Group A (Study group) compared to 28.57% of patients in Group B (Control group). It is evident that a patient who presented with HB grades of 2 or 3 and who presented within 5 days had better chances of recovery which was statistically significant (p = 0.001). Interpretation and conclusion: From the present study, it may be concluded that Bell's palsy occurs in all age groups. It affects younger age groups more commonly (2nd decade) and affects males more than females. The study group who had received Tab Pentoxifylline along with standard treatment had better outcome. This highlights the benefit of vasoactive agent in the management of Bell's palsy by improving the oxygen delivery to the affected tissues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In India, around 77 million people are at high risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Yoga interventions can be effective in preventing T2DM. We conducted a feasibility randomized controlled trial (RCT) in India, and the intervention was the Yoga Programme for T2DM Prevention (YOGA-DP). This study aimed to identify and explore the facilitators and challenges in conducting the feasibility trial in India, and more specifically, to explore the perceptions and experiences of trial staff in relation to running the feasibility trial and Yoga instructors in relation to delivering the intervention. Methods: An exploratory qualitative study was conducted at two trial sites in India (Yoga centers in New Delhi and Bengaluru). Semi-structured interviews were conducted with ten participants (six trial staff and four Yoga instructors) to explore their perceptions and experiences related to the study's aim. Data were analyzed using deductive as well as inductive logic and an interpretative phenomenological approach. Results: Feasibility-trial-related facilitators were useful participant recruitment strategies and help and support received from the trial coordination center. Intervention-related facilitators were strengths of the intervention content, structure, and delivery (including materials) and competencies of Yoga instructors. Feasibility-trial-related challenges were lack of awareness about T2DM among potential participants, stigma and fear associated with T2DM among potential participants, difficulties in explaining the research and obtaining written informed consent from potential participants, expectations and demands of potential participants and control-group participants, gender and language issues in participant recruitment, other participant recruitment-related challenges, issues in participant follow-up, and issues in data collection and trial documentation. Intervention-related challenges were the limited interest of participants in Yoga, participants' time constraints on practicing Yoga, participants' health issues hindered Yoga practice, beginners' difficulties with practicing Yoga, participants' demotivation to practice Yoga at home, issues with the Yoga practice venue, confusion regarding the intervention structure, issues with intervention materials, and the incompetence of Yoga instructors. Conclusions: The perceptions and experiences of trial staff and Yoga instructors helped us to understand the facilitators and challenges in running a feasibility trial and delivering the intervention for T2DM prevention, respectively. These findings and their suggestions will be used when designing the definitive RCT for evaluating YOGA-DP's effectiveness, and may be helpful to researchers planning similar trials. Trial Registration Number: India (CTRI) CTRI/2019/05/018893. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mozambique tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters) is an invasive fish and a continuous breeder in inland waters of India. Present investigation highlights the distinct developmental stages of developing ovary and associated changes in the energy content. This investigation helps to understand the allocation of energy for development of eggs, prespawn and also oral brooding by the female. Although it is a continuous breeder, based on size of the ovary, number of eggs, their size and energy content, immature, early maturing, developing, prespawning and spawning stages are clearly noticed. Egg diameter during development of ovary varied between 0.31 mm (immature) and 2.21 mm (spawning). Energy content of ovary from immature to spawning stage ranged from 20.7515 kJ g−1 dry ovary to 31.1560 kJ g−1 dry ovary. Nearly 28.73% of energy content of ovary is expended for spawning. Similarly, yolk‐sac fry utilized nearly 25.85% of energy of the fertilized egg for its development. Energy content of ovary of mouth‐brooding female averaged 22.9528 kJ g−1 dry ovary, which is comparable to energy content of early maturing stage of ovary (24.5558 kJ g−1 dry ovary). A strong correlation between body weight and energy content of the developing ovary (P < 0.01), and between ovary weight and energy content of ovary (P < 0.01), was evident. During mouth‐brooding, the fish continues to allocate energy to its developing ovary. Energy investment by the fish is the result of simultaneous processes associated with gonadal and somatic energy. As body size growth and gonadal development are interconnected, information on energy utilization by an iteroparous mouth‐brooding fish could provide the pattern of energy allocation during ovarian developmental phase. Further details of energy utilization, as explained in this paper, could be used as one of the factors to predict the efficiency of fish production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In adult patients seeking orthodontic treatment, some common reasons include unesthetic appearance and functional impairment such as difficulty in speaking or breathing. Thus, malocclusion and orthodontic care have become a Quality of Life (QoL) issue. Aim: To investigate the oral health-related quality of life in adults before and after orthodontic treatment. Materials and Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted in Faculty of Dental Sciences, M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bangalore, India over a two year period from December 2014 to October 2016. Finally, 34 patients were included in the study. Longitudinal data which included OHRQoL (Oral Health-Related Quality of Life) and study casts for assessing the outcome by the Peer Assessment Rating (PAR) index was collected from two periods: (i) pretreatment data (T1), and (ii) post-treatment data (T2) collected one month after fixed orthodontic appliance debonding. Pretreatment and post-treatment Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14) and PAR scores were compared using Paired t-test. Correlations between occlusal indices (PAR) and OHRQoL (OHIP-14) were determined by Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. Results: Total of 42 patients were included in the study, out of which 34 patients responded to the questionnaire in which 11 were males and 23 females in the age range 18-30 years. From pre to postorthodontic treatment mean OHIP-14 summary score had significantly improved (score reduced) from 30.3 to 16.0. Similarly, mean PAR scores had reduced from 17.62 to 3.44. Significant correlation (p-value <0.05) existed between improvement in OHRQoL scores and improvement in occlusion after orthodontic treatment. Conclusion: The present study concluded that there was an improvement in oral health following fixed orthodontic treatments which were associated with changes in OHRQoL, PAR scores and changes in occlusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surface water bodies are the major source for irrigation, drinking, domestic and livestock use in rural, transition and urban population in India. The present study was aimed at assessing the water quality status of surface water bodies in the agro-ecosystems of rural and transition zone of Bengaluru. One of the major sources of water contamination is leaching of inorganic fertilizers and pesticides from agriculture fields since excess of these chemicals and their residues are bound to reach the water bodies over a period of time. The water samples were collected from sixteen different locations and samples were analyzed for physical and chemical properties namely, pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, potassium, calcium, magnesium, boron along with heavy metals such as, arsenic, iron, zinc, cadmium, nickel, chromium, copper, manganese and lead. Heavy metals like arsenic, nickel, iron and aluminum exceed BSI limits and with permissible limits in rural and transition zone of Bengaluru. The cadmium (0.003 mg/L) concentration was found only in the transition zone of south Bengaluru. The water quality index of surface water in the south transact ranged from 21.31 to 98.89 which falls under C1 (excellent drinking, irrigation and industrial) to C4 (poor irrigation) category and 30.69 to 104.07 in north transact, falls under C2 (good domestic, irrigation and industrial) and C5 (very poor restricted use for irrigation). The highest water quality index falls under C3 and C2 categories along the south and north transact of Bengaluru. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate the long‐term impact of integrated nutrient management to study the influence of fertilizer and manure on different biochemical constituents and carbon mineralization of roots and stubble of finger millet (Eleusine coracana L.) at the Experimental Farm, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, India. The farm continuously received uniform treatments for 40‐years during 1978–2018 under a groundnut + finger millet cropping system. Cellulose, hemicellulose, and ash contents for roots and stubble were recorded higher with the treatment T5 [farmyard manure (FYM) at 10 t ha−1 + 100% recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF)] while the control treatment showed their lowest values. The treatment T5 caused a higher cumulative rate of CO2 evolution from roots (49.68 mg CO2 g‐1 C) and stubble (58.48 mg CO2 g‐1 C) at the 98th day of incubation following a sigmoid curve pattern for the carbon mineralization. The correlation was highly significant between the rate of decomposition and cellulose content for roots (r = 0.892**) and stubble (r = 0.947**). Unlikely, the correlation was negatively significant between the decomposition rate and the lignin content in roots (r = −0.745*) and stubble (r = −0.720*). We conclude that the combined application of FYM at 10 t ha−1 and 100% RDF is the most efficient treatment to increase saccharification, reduce lignification, and sequester a higher rate of carbon mineralization capable of preserving the soil organic carbon (SOC) and facilitating alluviation of more resistant carbon in a Typic Kandiustalf soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Early biomarkers of progression to severe dengue are urgently required to enable effective patient management and control treatment costs. Innate immune cells, which comprise the earliest responders to infection and along with the cytokines and chemokines they secrete, play a vital role in orchestrating the subsequent adaptive immune response and have been implicated in the enhancement of infection and "cytokine storm" associated with dengue severity. We investigated the early innate immune cytokine profile of dengue patients during acute phase of disease in a prospective blinded study that included subjects with acute dengue and febrile controls from four major hospitals in Bengaluru, India along with healthy controls. We used intracellular cytokine staining and flow cytometry to identify innate immune biomarkers that can predict progression to severe dengue. Results: Dengue infection resulted in enhanced secretion of multiple cytokines by all queried innate immune cell subsets, dominated by TNF-α from CD56+CD3+ NKT cells, monocyte subsets, and granulocytes along with IFN- γ from CD56+CD3+ NKT cells. Of note, significantly higher proportions of TNF-α secreting granulocytes and monocyte subsets at admission were associated with mild dengue and minimal symptoms. Dengue NS1 antigenemia used as a surrogate of viral load directly correlated with proportion of cytokine-secreting innate immune cells and was significantly higher in those who went on to recover with minimal symptoms. In patients with secondary dengue or those with bleeding or elevated liver enzymes who revealed predisposition to severe outcomes, early activation as well as efficient downregulation of innate responses were compromised. Conclusion: Our findings suggested that faulty/delayed kinetics of innate immune activation and downregulation was a driver of disease severity. We identified IFN- γ +CD56+CD3+ NKT cells and IL-6+ granulocytes at admission as novel early biomarkers that can predict the risk of progression to severity (composite AUC = 0.85–0.9). Strong correlations among multiple cytokine-secreting innate cell subsets revealed that coordinated early activation of the entire innate immune system in response to dengue virus infection contributed to resolution of infection and speedy recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: India has the highest number of HIV infected persons in the world after South Africa. Much HIV related behavioral, clinical and laboratory based research is ongoing in India. Yet little is known on Indian HIV patients' knowledge of research, their processes of decision making and motives for participation. We aimed to explore these areas among HIV infected individuals to understand their reasons for participating in research. Methodology/Principal Findings: This is a cross sectional survey among 173 HIV infected adults at a tertiary level hospital in Bangalore, India, done between October 2010 and January 2011. A pre-tested questionnaire was administered to the participants by trained research assistants to assess their knowledge regarding research, willingness to participate, decision making and determinants of participation. Participants were presented with five hypothetical HIV research studies. Each study had a different level of intervention and time commitment. Of respondents, 103(60%), said that research meant ‘to discover something new’ and 138(80%) were willing to participate in research. A third of the respondents were unaware of their right to refuse participation. Willingness to participate in research varied with level of intervention. It was the lowest for the hypothetical study involving sensitive questions followed by the hypothetical drug trial; and was the highest for the hypothetical cross sectional questionnaire based study (p<0.0015). Individual health benefits and altruism were the primary motives for participation in research and indicate the presence of therapeutic misconception. Women were less likely to make autonomous decisions for participation in interventional studies. Conclusions/Significance: Despite a majority willing to participate, over a third of respondents did not have any knowledge of research or the voluntary nature of participation. This has ethical implications. Researchers need to focus on enabling potential research participants understand the concepts of research, promote autonomous decisions, especially by women and restrict therapeutic misconception. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the Department of Physics at the Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore, India which was founded by Sir C. V. Raman in 1933. As mentioned, it specializes in optics, spectroscopy and crystallography. It presents names of several Indian scientist who have studied there including Homi Bhabha, Vikram Sarabhai and S. Ramaseshan. It also discusses various aspects of the department including research activities, its infrastructure and courses taught over there.

The article focuses on Earth Day event held on April 22, 2012 organized by the Geological Society of India in Bangalore. The main function included a walkathon, quizzing and objective test for students as Nagesh Hegde, an environmentalist from Bangalore was the chief guest. Different disciplines of Earth Sciences including M.S. Rao, B. Mahabaleswar and R. N. Patra focused on issues related to environment.

Water samples were collected from 35 locations in the Arkavathi river, its tributaries and lakes spread across the Bengaluru metropolitan area in Southern India during monsoon (October 2018) and post-monsoon (February 2019) seasons. Eleven pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) (sulfamethoxazole, chloramphenicol, ethyl paraben, diclofenac, propylparaben, ibuprofen, BP-1, oxybenzone, bisphenol A, triclosan, triclocarban) were investigated for their occurrence, seasonal variation, and toxicological effects on the biota. The PPCPs belong to different classes like non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antibiotics, antibacterials, UV-filters, plasticizer, and preservatives. Ibuprofen was present in high concentrations (1834 ng/L) followed by triclosan (1761 ng/L) and diclofenac (1130 ng/L) in the river. Samples collected during monsoon season had lower concentrations of sulfamethoxazole, chloramphenicol and diclofenac whereas rest of the target analytes had lower concentrations during post-monsoon season. Dilution in monsoon season and adsorption to the sediments in the post-monsoon season can be the possible reasons for the seasonal variability. The highest detection frequencies of PPCPs at the Arkavathi river indicates the continuous discharge of wastewater from highly populated metropolitan and industrial areas. The ecotoxicity data for diclofenac and triclosan suggest high risk (Hazard Quotient >1) for various species of fish and algae observed from the Kumbalagodu (S20) and Shanumangala (S19) stations respectively from the mid-stream of Arkavathi river. It was followed by bisphenol A with a hazard quotient of 0.88 in Banashankari (S25) that can affect specific species of fish. No human health risk assessment was estimated from the identified sampling stations. This is the first report on seasonal occurrence of PPCPs with their associated toxicological studies from the Arkavathi river, its tributaries, and lakes across the Bengaluru metropolis. [Display omitted] • First study reporting PPCPs from Arkavathi river, its tributaries and lakes. • Detection frequency ranged from 0% to 69% for target analytes. • Ibuprofen, diclofenac and triclosan were detected at high concentrations. • Water dilution, sorption and biotransformation caused seasonal variations in PPCPs. • Hazard quotient for PPCPs indicated that the fish and algae are at risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• LC–MS/MS method development and validation for 12 target PPCP compounds. • 1/X2 was selected as the best suitable weighting model for quantification of analytes. • Evaluation of percent relative error was the most suitable approach for selecting best curve fit model. • 10 target analytes were detected in the surface water matrix. A novel analytical method is presented for 12 target pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs), belonging to different classes like antibiotics, non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs, parabens, UV-filters, plasticizer, and antibacterials. The method development comprises of solid-phase extraction (SPE) with lipophilic–hydrophilic material balanced Oasis HLB cartridge, followed by reverse-phase liquid chromatography interfaced to linear ion trap tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) with electrospray ionization. Chromatographic separation was achieved with a gradient elution of 25 min run time using 5 mM ammonium acetate buffer with pH adjustment using acetic acid. In addition, cost effective organic solvent with buffer used together as the mobile phase with Chromatopak C 18 column (150 mm × 4 mm, 5-μm,) in negative ionization mode. Recoveries ranged from 61.74 % to 119.89 % for most of the compounds. Matrix-matched calibration curves were used for counterbalancing the matrix effects for all the analytes, and ibuprofen D3 internal standard was used for assessing the effectiveness of extraction technique and monitoring the recovery of sample analysis. Simple empirical weighted linear regression curve technique was adopted practically for each analysis in enhancing the analyte accuracy at lower quantification level. The 1/x2 model was selected as the best suitable model for quantification of analytes, which can be evaluated by deviation from back-calculated concentration in terms of percentage relative error (%RE). Weighted calibration curves with regression value for most of the compounds were ≥ 0.98, except triclosan with a regression value ≥ 0.93. Precision showed as % relative standard deviation (%RSD) were always below 15.0 %. Accuracy-test was evaluated by the statistical one-sample t -test and no significant difference was observed between nominal and experimental value. The limit of quantification (LOQ) ranged from 3.0 ng/mL (BP1) to 1000 ng/mL (naproxen). Finally, the validated method was used for the first time to determine target analytes in surface water samples collected from Arkavathi river flowing across southern India's Bengaluru city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Surgery forms the mainstay of treatment for most primary liver tumours and metastatic lesions when resectable. With advancement in surgical and anaesthetic techniques, the morbidity associated with hepatectomies have been lowered. Local or thermal techniques have come into vogue and have been shown to have acceptable outcomes. The authors of this study have analyzed the patients who have undergone ablation of liver lesions and assessed their outcomes. Aim: To evaluate the efficacy of less invasive techniques namely Radiofrequency ablation and Microwave ablation in treating primary and secondary liver tumours. Materials and methods: This study was done in HCG Hospital, Bangalore between December 2015 and July 2017. Patients with primary hepatic tumours and metastatic liver lesions measuring less than 5cm in diameter who underwent Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) or Microwave ablation (MWA) were evaluated and findings noted. Only one patient with tumour >5cm was included in view of recurrence after surgery and preclusion of re-surgery due to lack of consent for the same. Results: A total of 20 patients underwent RFA or MWA of liver lesions during the study period. Of the 20 patients, 17 were male and 3 were female. The patients were between the ages of 36 and 78 years of age with the mean age being 60.5 years. The indication for ablation was Hepatocellular carcinoma in 13 patients, Colorectal metastases in 2 patients and other causes such as metastases from Gastric GIST, Neuroendocrine tumours, Adenocarcinoma of pancreas, stomach or GE Junction. Most lesions were under 5cm in diameter and 100% ablation was achieved in all but one patient. All patients had pain as their only complaint post procedure. There has been no incidence of any major complication. None of the patients who have undergone complete ablation have had evidence of local recurrence on followup. Conclusion: Management of liver lesions by ablation techniques, wherever applicable, is the way forward as it is associated with lesser morbidity and shorter hospital stay and has better acceptance among patients when compared to surgical resection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recurrent IVC Leiomyosarcoma with Duodenal involvement - A case report Jagadeesh Krishnamurthy, Prashanth Basappa Chowdary, Basant Mahadevappa Department of Hepatopancreaticobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, HCG Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India. Abstract: Tumours of the Inferior Vena Cava (IVC) are extremely rare and Leiomyosarcomas form the majority of the IVC tumours. These tumours are often incidentally detected on imaging. They are slow growing tumours and surgical resection forms the mainstay of treatment with the aim of achieving cure. However these tumours are notorious for recurrence with close to half of them recurring following surgery. We present a case of Recurrent Leiomysosarcoma of the IVC with involvement of the duodenum causing bleeding and partial obstruction. Patient underwent resection and interposition graft placement of the IVC and a whipple's procedure. Patient is planned for adjuvant radiotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: It has been established that liver transplantation is an effective method of treating cirrhosis as well as early hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in cirrhosis of liver. With regard to overall survival, patients with HCC generally have worse outcomes than those who have no evidence of malignancy preoperatively. However, data regarding patients who are found to have incidental HCC on histopathological examination of the explant livers is lacking. This study evaluates this incidence in a tertiary care hospital and evaluates the clinical profile and postoperative management of this cohort. Aim: 1. To detect the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in explant livers without preoperative evidence of malignancy. 2. To reveal any perioperative changes in the management of such cases. 3. Long term survival evaluation in these patients. Materials and methods: This is a retrospective study done in HCG Hospital, Bangalore. Patients who underwent liver transplantation between January 2013 and June 2017 were included. Patients who had incidental hepatocellular carcinoma on explant hepatectomy specimens were evaluated and findings noted. Results: 3 out of the 29 patients who underwent liver transplantation were found to have incidental HCC. All the patients were males and were 60, 35 and 56 years of age respectively. The duration of diagnosis of liver cirrhosis varied between 2 to 4 years. The indications for transplantation were HBV induced cirrhosis, cryptogenic cirrhosis and HCV induced cirrhosis. Pre-operative AFP values were between 2.68 and 4.09. None of the patients had any focal lesion suspicious of a neoplasm on preoperative imaging; neither did they have any lesion suggestive of a tumour intraoperatively. All three patients were diagnosed to have early HCCs with presence of dysplastic nodules. All the patients had an uneventful postoperative course. No adjuvant treatment was given following transplantation for this subset. All three patients are currently doing well (> 2.5 years on follow up) and are on biannual reviews with no evidence of recurrence of disease. Conclusion: A finding of incidental hepatocellular carcinoma following liver transplantation, although uncommon, is still possible. It must be borne in mind that although these patients generally perform well with regard to long term survival, they will require surveillance similar to a patient who was transplanted for a preoperative diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma, namely biannual follow-up for the first 2-3 years following which they can followed up annually. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on the World Water Day celebrations in Bangalore, India held on March 22, 2011 and organized by the Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board (BWSSB) and Bangalore Jalamandal Abhiyanthara Sangha (BJAS). The event began with a Walkathon from Cauvery Bhavan to the Gyana Jyoti auditorium, Central College campus. Seminars covering technical, social and spiritual issues on water such as its increasing demand, availability, quality and challenges in its distribution were also held during the event.