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This study examined whether individual differences in personality (development) from adolescence to emerging adulthood were associated with burnout and happiness in emerging adulthood. At Time 1 (2009; M[subscript age] = 15.7 years), Time 2 (2012), and Time 3 (2015), Belgian participants (N = 329; 43.1% boys) reported on the personality dimensions of extraversion, agreeableness/benevolence, conscientiousness, emotional stability, and openness/imagination. Burnout (exhaustion, disengagement) and happiness (life satisfaction, overall affect) were measured through self-reports at Time 4 (2018). For each personality dimension, except benevolence, higher levels were associated with fewer burnout symptoms. Initial levels of all personality dimensions were related to more happiness. Shallower decreases in extraversion, emotional stability, and stronger increases in imagination were related to fewer burnout symptoms and more happiness. Results indicate the importance of studying personality "development" as a determinant of later well-being, above and beyond effects of initial levels. Findings offer new insights into the field of personality, occupational, and positive psychology.

Because parents of children with cerebral palsy encounter many challenges, the quality of their parenting varies substantially across time. To understand how and why their parenting behaviors change across time, we examined the contributions of child behavior and parents' psychological needs to explanations of yearly variation in responsive, autonomy-supportive, and psychologically controlling parenting. We also explored whether parents' motivation to take care of their child explained why some parents engage in better-quality parenting than others. Parents (N = 117) of children with cerebral palsy (M[subscript age] = 10.98 years) participated in a three-wave longitudinal study. Multilevel analyses indicated that yearly variations in parents' need satisfaction and frustration related to yearly fluctuations in, respectively, autonomy-supportive and psychologically controlling parenting. Child behaviors had few unique effects on parenting. Parents' autonomous motivation was associated with better overall quality of parenting. We discuss implications for practice and directions for future research.

The current study examined the explanatory role of satisfaction of parental psychological needs in effects of childhood aggression on various adolescent-perceived parenting behaviors in middle adolescence. Research questions were examined in a large multi-informant, prospective community study of ethnic majority Belgian families ("N" = 609, 49.7% girls). Aggression was rated by parents when children were in middle childhood ("M"[subscript age] = 7.5 years) using the Child Behavior Checklist. Parents reported on satisfaction of their needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness when children were in preadolescence ("M"[subscript age] = 10.5 years) and early adolescence ("M"[subscript age] = 13.5 years) using the Parenting Stress Index. Parenting behaviors were rated by adolescents in early adolescence ("M"[subscript age] = 13.5 years) and in middle adolescence ("M"[subscript age] = 15.5 years), using the Parenting Scale (overreactive discipline), the Psychological Control Scale, Youth Self-Report (psychological control), and the Parenting Practices Questionnaire (warmth). Mediation of associations from aggression to parenting by parents' psychological needs was examined using multiple mediation structural equation modeling analyses. Childhood aggression was related to decreased satisfaction of parents' needs for competence, relatedness, and autonomy in early adolescence. Satisfaction of parents' needs for relatedness and, to a lesser extent, competence affected later parenting, and satisfaction of all three needs affected changes in parenting. Relations were specific for the different parenting constructs but similar across parental gender. Targeting parents' psychological needs may aid effectiveness of interventions that are aimed at decreasing (psychologically, overreactive) controlling parenting and at increasing supportive parenting. (Contains 2 figures and 2 tables.)

Prevalence rates of behavioral problems in children with motor disabilities are commonly based on questionnaires developed for a general population (e.g., Child Behavior CheckList). These questionnaires do not take into account lower levels of intellectual functioning. The first aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of parent-reported and daily caretaker-reported behavioral problems in children with motor and intellectual disabilities (MID) using the Developmental Behavior Checklist. Second, we investigated whether behavioral problems were related to sex and age. Our third and fourth aim were to determine whether behavioral problems are related to maladaptive personality traits and to marital stress and conflict. Participants were 101 Flemish children with MID (mean age = 14 years 6 months). For total behavioral problems, we found prevalence rates of 18% and 8% based on parent and daily caretaker reports, respectively. Based on parent reports, twenty seven percent of the children with MID exhibited anxiety problems. Behavioral problems were not related to sex. Older children showed fewer behavioral problems than younger children. Multiple hierarchical regression analyses revealed that lower scores on Compulsivity and higher scores on Emotional Instability and Disagreeableness were related to behavioral problems. In addition to personality traits, stress and conflict in the marital relationship was also positively associated with behavioral problems. Given the importance of behavioral problems in children with MID, this study is of theoretical and clinical interest and has the potential to inform targeted clinical interventions. (Contains 6 tables.)

This prospective longitudinal study addressed 3 key questions regarding the processes of parenting in a large community sample of mothers (n = 589) and fathers (n = 518). First, the collective impact of parental Big Five personality dimensions on overreactive and warm parenting, assessed 6 years later by adolescents, was examined. Second, mediation of these associations by sense of competence in the parenting role was addressed. Third, it was explored to what extent associations were similar for mothers and fathers. Agreeableness and Extraversion were related to lower levels of overreactivity and higher levels of warmth. Sense of competence completely mediated relations between personality and overreactivity and partially mediated relations between personality and warmth. The associations were found to be similar for mothers and fathers. Overall, sense of competence was shown to be an important mechanism that can explain the link between personality and parenting. (Contains 6 tables and 2 figures.)

Individual heterogeneity exists in the onset and development of conduct problems, but theoretical claims about predictors and prognosis are often not consistent with the empirical findings. This study examined shape and outcomes of conduct problem trajectories in a Belgian population-based sample ( N = 682; 49.5 % boys). Mothers reported on children's conduct problems across six waves (age 4-17) and emerging adults reported on their behavioral adjustment (age 17-20). Applying mixture modeling, we found four gender-invariant trajectories (labeled life-course-persistent, adolescence-onset, childhood-limited, and low). The life-course-persistent group was least favorably adjusted, but the adolescence-onset group was similarly maladjusted in externalizing problems and may be less normative (15 % of the sample) than previously believed. The childhood-limited group was at heightened risk for specifically internalizing problems, being more worrisome than its label suggests. Interventions should not only be aimed at early detection of conduct problems, but also at adolescents to avoid future maladjustment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the inter-rater reliability of the Merkmalprofile zur Eingliederung Leistungsgewandelter und Behinderter in Arbeit (MELBA). PARTICIPANTS: Twenty-five young adults with psychosocial limitations. METHODS: The MELBA measures work ability in five themes: cognitive, social, work performance, psychomotor characteristics and cultural/technical communication, divided into 29 work-related items, which are assessed by work-related tasks and by observations during work performance. Two raters independently evaluated one participant during the same time/test and independently assigned scores on 19~items out of 29. For this observational study the inter-rater reliability, expressed as the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC), was calculated for every item. An ICC of at least 0.75 was considered as showing good reliability, below 0.75 was considered poor to moderate reliability. RESULTS: The ICC for six items was good: comprehension (0.81), attentiveness (0.84), problem solving (0.79), imagination (0.88), independence (0.79) and speed of reaction (1.0) showed good reliability. CONCLUSION: Especially the items of cognitive characteristics of the MELBA showed a good inter-rater reliability and can be used to measure work ability in people with psychosocial limitations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to investigate the internal consistency and the construct validity of the Dutch version of the Supports Intensity Scale (SIS-NL1.0; ) in individuals with physical disabilities ( N = 65). To investigate the construct validity, the relationship between SIS subscales and practical skills (Barthel Index; BI) was calculated. Support was provided for the internal consistency. The SIS subscales (except Behavior) had moderate to high intercorrelations and the SIS was able to discriminate between groups with different number of disabilities. However, weak relationships were found between the BI and four out of eight SIS subscales. For people with physical disabilities, future revisions of the SIS should also take into consideration limitations in practical skills in other support domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Children with cerebral palsy (CP) are at risk for under-nutrition. The European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) guidelines identified anthropometric nutritional red flags for neurologically impaired children: weight for age z-score (WFA) < -2, triceps skinfold (TSF) or arm muscle area (AMA) < 10th centile and faltering weight. This study aimed to (1) evaluate the nutritional status of Flemish children and adolescents with CP using different anthropometric indicators; (2) assess the prevalence of nutritional red flags and (3) identify risk factors for low anthropometric parameters., Methods: This study was a prospective, longitudinal observational study recruiting children and adolescents with CP (2-20 years) in 9 specialized Flemish centres. Measurements were performed at baseline (t 1 , n = 325), after 6 (t 2 , total n = 268) and 12 months (t 3 , total n = 191). WFA z-scores were based on Flemish growth charts; TSF, subscapular skinfolds (SSF) and AMA compared with US reference data. Weight faltering was defined as ≥0.5 decrease in weight SDS at t 2 or t 3 ., Results: At t 1 50 patients (15.4%) were classified as gross motor function classification system (GMFCS) 1, 95 (29.2%) as GMFCS 2, 49 (15.1%) as GMFCS 3, 54 (16.6%) as GMFCS 4, and 77 (23.7%) as GMFCS 5. The overall median (Q1; Q3) age was 11.7 (8.2; 15.9) years; 61.5% were boys and 22 (6.8%) had a gastrostomy (17 (22.1%) of GMFCS 5 group). The median (Q1; Q3) WFA z-score was -1.13 (-2.6; -0.1); 71.4% of the GMFCS 5 children had a WFA z-score < -2. The median (Q1; Q3) MUAC z-score was 0.17 (-0.7; 1.0); 16.9% of the GFMCS 5 children had MUAC z-score < -2. Median (Q1; Q3) TSF and SSF z-scores were respectively -0.01 (-0.8; 0.9) and 0.27 (-0.3; 0.9). All anthropometric indices tended to decrease with increasing GMFCS (p < 0.001). At t 1 42.1% had at least one nutritional red flag, at t 2 40.3% and at t 3 41.4%. Of those with at least one nutritional red flag at t 1 or t 2 , respectively 14.7% and 18.8% suffered weight loss 6 months later. A GMFCS >2 and dysphagia were associated with a higher risk for lower scores of nearly all nutritional indices., Conclusions: Underweight was detected in almost three quarters of CP patients with GMFCS 5 classification, whereas deficits in subcutaneous fat and arm muscle reserve were observed in one fifth. Nutritional red flags, present in about 40% of the Flemish CP children, were apparently not successfully addressed in clinical practice, since up to one-fifth of CP patients with warning signs lost even further weight in the following 6 months. Beside a GMFCS >2, dysphagia was one of the most common conditions influencing the presence of low nutritional indices., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd and European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism. All rights reserved.)

This study aimed to gain more insight in the sources of daily parenting among mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Specifically, we examined associations between daily variations in child behavior, mothers' psychological needs, and mothers' controlling and autonomy-supportive parenting. Moreover, the study examined the potential mediating role of daily vitality and stress within these associations. In total 41 mothers (M age = 41.84 years) of children with ASD (M age = 10.92 years, range 7-15) participated in a 7-day diary study. Multilevel structural equation modeling revealed that both daily child behavior (i.e., externalizing problems and prosocial behavior) and mothers' psychological needs relate to day-to-day variation in parenting behavior. Daily stress and vitality played an intervening role in most of these associations.

This longitudinal study examined the bidirectional associations between parents' sense of competence and children's externalizing problems, mediation of these associations by parenting behaviors, and differences between mothers and fathers concerning these associations. A sample of 551 families with children (49.9% girls; mean age = 7.83 years, SD = 1.08) participated. We found children's externalizing problems to predict parents' sense of competence 6 years later, both directly and, for mothers but not for fathers, indirectly through inept discipline. Parents' sense of competence did not predict children's externalizing problems, either directly or indirectly via parenting behaviors. Some differences were found between mothers and fathers in the associations between parenting behaviors and sense of competence.

Objective: To determine whether employees with disabilities were initially assigned to jobs with work demands that matched their work capacities., Participants: Forty-six employees with various physical, mental, sensory and multiple disabilities working in a sheltered workshop., Methods: Physical and psychosocial work capacities were assessed post-offer and pre-placement using the Ergo-Kit and Melba. Work demands of the jobs were determined by workplace assessments with TRAC and Melba and were compared with the work capacities., Results: Of the 46 employees, 25 employees were not physically overloaded. When physical overload occurred, it was most often due to regular lifting. All employees were physically underloaded on six or more work activities, most often due to finger dexterity and manipulation. Almost all employees (n=43) showed psychosocial overload or underload on one or more psychosocial characteristics. Psychosocial overload was most often due to endurance (long-term work performance), while psychosocial underload was most often due to speaking and writing., Conclusion: Despite the assessment of work capacities at job placement, underload and overload occurred on both physical activities and psychosocial characteristics. Assessing both work capacities and work demands before job placement is recommended. At job placement more attention should be paid to overloading due to lifting and long-term work performance.