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Developing social innovation and entrepreneurship competences and skills of children and young people is on the agenda of European educational policy-makers. The European research and innovation project "DOIT -- Entrepreneurial skills for young social innovators in an open digital world" suggests using makerspaces and tools, within schools and externally, to promote practice-based social innovation and entrepreneurial learning of children and young people. This article first gives an overview of different types of maker-spaces, addresses the concept of maker education, and highlights common development goals of such education with entrepreneurship education regarding particular attitudes and competences. The main part then describes the DOIT learning program that allows children and young people (6-16 years) to acquire skills and an entrepreneurial mind-set for turning creative ideas into potential social innovations. This program is currently trialed in DOIT pilots in different types of makerspaces in ten European countries. The article describes learning processes and outcomes that are promoted by the program with two examples that are different regarding the makerspaces, topics and other aspects. Some first experiences and lessons learned from these and other pilots are summarized.

Background Studies confirm the positive effect of sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) taxation on public health. However, only a few countries in Europe adopt SSB taxes. From a public policy perspective, we investigate the conditions under which countries do or do not follow this evidence. Methods Crisp-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) of 26 European Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development countries with and without an SSB tax. We test which configurations of conditions (problem pressure, governmental composition, strategic planning, health care system, public health policies, inclusion of expert advice in policymaking) emerge as relevant in determining adoption and non-adoption between the years 1981 and 2021. Pathways that lead to the presence and absence of SSB taxes are identified separately. Results At least one of the following configurations of conditions is present in countries that introduced taxation: (i) high financial problem pressure, low regulatory impact assessment activity; (ii) high public health problem pressure, a contribution-financed health care system, no holistic strategy for combatting non-communicable diseases (NCDs); (iii) a tax-financed health care system, a holistic NCD strategy, high strategic and executive planning capacity. In countries that did not adopt SSB taxes, we find (i) high regulatory impact assessment activity, high levels of sugar export; (ii) no holistic NCD strategy, high spending on preventive care; (iii and iv) a lack of strategic planning capacity and either a high share of spending on preventive care or inclusion of expert advice. Discussion Evidence inclusion requires clear policy priorities in terms of strategy and resources to promote public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The periorbital morphology of goniopholidids is discussed, exploring the diversity of patterns and the relevance of the data for phylogenetic studies. Revision of material is focused on Goniopholis spp. and aff. Goniopholis spp., from England, Germany, and Belgium, providing a comparative description of their interorbital morphology. Traditional interpretation of the interorbital elements in species of Goniopholis (G. simus, G. baryglyphaeus), where the frontal is interpreted as excluded from the orbit by a prefrontal-postorbital contact in the skull roof, is contested and clarified through the analysis of new specimens, including a morphometric analysis. In Goniopholis, failure to identify the palpebral and its subtle contact with the prefrontal has lead to misinterpretation of elements and structures near the orbit, and the differential preservation/loss of palpebrals explains variability of the orbit in shape and orientation. In all European goniophilidids the frontal reaches the primary orbital border and there is no prefrontal-postorbital contact on the dorsal surface of the skull. Extensive contact of the palpebral with the primary orbital border creates a secondary (functional) orbital border, from which the frontal is excluded in most taxa. The condition is not exclusive of European goniopholidids and is paralleled by protosuchids, peirosaurids, and baurusuchids. At least four main morphological patterns are recognized, revealing a high diversity of European goniopholidids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: We explored the impact that basal medial-lateral electrode position had on threshold (T) and comfortable (C) levels and ECAP thresholds (T-NRT): Medial-lateral position as measured by wrapping factor (WP) indicated that the array was generally positioned close to the modiolus (mean WP=0.62, S.D. 0.05). There was however quite some variation in medial-lateral position of electrodes within the first 180° of the basal turn; mainly dependent on the number of markers inserted in the cochlea opening. Method: Basal medial-lateral position was categorized into "poor", "moderate" and "good" indicating some lateral wall contact, mid-scala position or perimodiolar position. Electro-physiological data and psycho-physical levels were analysed by electrode position group. Results: Across the three groups ECAP thresholds were higher for basal electrode contacts compared to apical ones with ECAP thresholds being consistently low across the three groups for apical electrode contacts. However there were differences in ECAP thresholds between groups for basal electrodes with ECAP thresholds for the "poor", laterally- positioned basal electrode contacts being higher than for the other two groups. A similar trend was seen for T and C levels. Longitudinal ECAP data for a smaller group of patients indicated that ECAP thresholds generally reduced over time; by approximately 20 current level units. Conclusions: ECAP thresholds varied across the electrode array for patients implanted with Nucleus CI532. ECAP thresholds for basal electrode contacts varied according to medial-lateral position, however ECAP thresholds were consistently low for apical electrode contacts. These results reinforce the importance of inserting only to the first position marker of the CI532 to ensure the best perimodiolar position and lowest stimulation levels. However levels generally reduced over time and fitting methods based on objective ECAP threshold measures are compatible with the CI532. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]