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Background: This study investigated different patterns of emotional labor among community nurses in China and analyzed the relationships between the sense of career success and emotional labor. Methods: A total of 385 community nurses from Beijing participated in this investigation. Latent class analysis was used to identify meaningful subgroups of participants, and analysis of variance was used to analyze relationships between emotional labor classes and the sense of career success. Results: Emotional labor among community nursing staff in China was divided into three latent classes: active (n = 90, 25.6%), apathetic (n = 65, 18.5%), and moderate (n = 197, 55.9%). The active emotional labor classes had significantly higher career success (p<0.05). The "gaining recognition" dimension showed significant differences across the three classes. Conclusion: Our findings suggested managers to implement a variety of measures to strengthen interventions for employees' emotional labor that are targeted to incentive mechanisms, which will improve nurses' sense of career success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To understand the relationship between sense of place and creativity and the mechanisms that affect this relationship, the researchers constructed a mediation model to examine the effect of sense of place on creativity and the mediating role of psychological resilience in elementary school students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: A total of 1,711 students in an elementary school in Beijing, China, were surveyed using Chinese-language versions of the Sense of Place Scale, the Psychological Resilience Scale-Short Version, and the Innovative Behavior Inventory. SPSS (version 23) and PROCESS plug-in (version 3.3) were used for correlation and mediation analyses. Results: (1) Correlation analysis revealed that sense of place was positively related to psychological resilience (r = 0.445, p < 0.01) and creativity (r = 0.590, p < 0.01). (2) Psychological resilience was also positively correlated with creativity (r = 0.625, p < 0.01). (3) Further, after controlling for gender and grade level, it was found that sense of place directly predicted creativity and that sense of place also indirectly predicted creativity through psychological resilience. The direct effect (0.45) and the mediating effect (0.23) accounted for 65.95 and 34.05% of the total effect, respectively. Conclusion: The results demonstrate that sense of place is a positive predictor of creativity and can play a facilitating role to some extent. Moreover, psychological resilience is a mediating factor, acting as a buffer between sense of place and creativity. These results contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms influencing creativity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liquid water in aerosol particles has a significant effect on their optical properties, especially on light scattering, whose dependence on chemical composition is investigated here using measurements made in southern Beijing in 2019. The effect is measured by the particle light scattering enhancement f (RH), where RH denotes the relative humidity, which is found to be positively and negatively impacted by the proportions of inorganic and organic matter, respectively. Black carbon is also negatively correlated. The positive impact is more robust when the inorganic matter mass fraction was smaller than 40 % (R=0.93 , R : the Pearson's correlation coefficient), becoming weaker as the inorganic matter mass fraction gets larger (R=0.48). A similar pattern was also found for the negative impact of the organic matter mass fraction. Nitrate played a more significant role in aerosol hygroscopicity than sulfate in Beijing. However, the deliquescence point of ambient aerosols was at about RH = 80 % when the ratio of the sulfate mass concentration to the nitrate mass concentration of the aerosol was high (mostly higher than ∼ 4). Two schemes to parameterize f (RH) were developed to account for the deliquescent and non-deliquescent effects. Using only one f (RH) parameterization scheme to fit all f (RH) processes incurs large errors. A piecewise parameterization scheme is proposed, which can better describe deliquescence and reduces uncertainties in simulating aerosol hygroscopicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new mechanism of new particle formation (NPF) is investigated using comprehensive measurements of aerosol physicochemical quantities and meteorological variables made in three continents, including Beijing, China; the Southern Great Plains site in the USA; and SMEAR II Station in Hyytiälä, Finland. Despite the considerably different emissions of chemical species among the sites, a common relationship was found between the characteristics of NPF and the stability intensity. The stability parameter (ζ =  Z / L , where Z is the height above ground and L is the Monin–Obukhov length) is found to play an important role; it drops significantly before NPF as the atmosphere becomes more unstable, which may serve as an indicator of nucleation bursts. As the atmosphere becomes unstable, the NPF duration is closely related to the tendency for turbulence development, which influences the evolution of the condensation sink. Presumably, the unstable atmosphere may dilute pre-existing particles, effectively reducing the condensation sink, especially at coarse mode to foster nucleation. This new mechanism is confirmed by model simulations using a molecular dynamic model that mimics the impact of turbulence development on nucleation by inducing and intensifying homogeneous nucleation events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Air pollution has been a major concern in China, especially in densely populated megacities. Particulate pollutants, generally known as aerosols, have sizes that range widely and complex physical and chemical compositions with high spatiotemporal variabilities. We have conducted a series of experiments using the same comprehensive observation system, measuring various aerosol properties in the three megacities of Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou. Although there are differences in the total particle number concentration and particle number size distribution among the three sites due to differences in emission sources and sampling seasons, a high proportion of ultrafine particles was observed in all cities, i.e., 86.33%, 88.34%, and 81.1%, respectively. The high particle number concentration at the Beijing and Guangzhou sites was caused by an increase in nucleation-mode particles at nighttime. The concentration of nucleation-mode particles at nighttime was significantly higher than during the daytime. We call this phenomenon a nocturnal nucleation event, and combined with analyses of factors involved, attribute this event to traffic emissions. To investigate the pollution sources at each location, we identified and quantified the pollution contributions from different sources by applying the k-means clustering analysis to observational datasets of environmental quantities. Clustering results showed that traffic emissions were the main contributor in Beijing and Guangzhou, with direct and significant impacts ranging from 37% to 45%, respectively. • Particle sources were identified and quantified in three Chinese megacities by K-means clustering. • Frequent Nocturnal Nucleation Events have been observed in Beijing and Guangzhou. • Traffic emissions were the main contributor in Beijing and Guangzhou. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The important role of traffic emissions in air pollution has been widely recognized. However, the corresponding contributions to the ultrafine particle distribution and new particle formation (NPF) are poorly understood due to the mixed influences of various sources. Measurements of particle evolution and NPF were made at a heavy traffic site near the 5th Ring Road of Beijing from August 2017 to October 2019. A positive matrix factorization receptor model (version 5.0) consisting of the log-normal fit method and the k -means clustering method was used to identify and quantify the major sources of particle number concentrations. Based on the characteristics of NPF, additional analyses were performed to identify formation sources, including back-trajectory clustering and correlations between auxiliary variables and the relative contributions of all resolved factors. Traffic emissions mainly influenced Aitken mode (25–100 nm) particles (>60%), and NPF significantly contributed to the ultrafine particle distribution (47.2%). Additionally, regional transport notably affected the occurrence of NPF at the observation site, with northwest airmass transport influencing the nucleation mode the most and southeast airmass transport influencing the Aitken mode the most. • Source contributions were determined by analyzing NPF characteristics and using k-means clustering and PMF. • Two-year particle evolution and NPF features reveal that traffic emissions contribute significantly to the Aitken mode. • NPF is a major contributor to the PNSD and identified key influential factors on the ultrafine particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]