Search

Rapid urbanization has made mountain development an important means to alleviate the shortages of construction land on plains, which has significantly affected regional ecosystem services. In-depth research on the impact of urbanization on ecosystem services under altitude gradients is of great significance to clarify the relationship between the two. Based on data from 2000, 2010 and 2020, the urbanization level and ecosystem services of the study area were evaluated. The spatial correlation of ecosystem services was analyzed by Moran's I. A spatial Durbin model (SDM) was selected to fit the regression. The results show that (1) from 2000 to 2020, the ecosystem services in the study area displayed obvious regional characteristics and aggregation characteristics; (2) in plain areas, the indirect effects of economic, population and land urbanization have a greater negative impact, and compared with shallow mountain areas, deep mountain areas are more negatively affected by economic urbanization and land urbanization; and (3) the significant difference in regression results reflects the rationality of using the spatial Durbin model, as in this paper, and proves the scientific nature of regional coordinated development. The research results provide a reference for the future coordinated development of regional economies and environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Incorporating EST/ESS into urban zoning plans contributes to sustainability. • Quantified landscape functional zones by delineating ecosystem service bundles. • Spatial analysis shows the trade-offs and synergistic relationships of ES pairs. • SEM analyzes the patterns between socio-ecological factors and EST/ESS. Understanding the complex impact of socio-ecological factors on ecosystem service trade-offs and synergies (EST/ESS) is critical in delivering multiple benefits to various stakeholders. However, the impact mechanism is poorly understood. To portray more clearly the actual changes in EST/ESS resulting from the configuration of socio-ecological factors in urban development, this study proposes a methodological framework to quantify EST/ESS for Beijing's zones and identify the mechanism by which EST/ESS interacts with socio-ecological factors. First, we quantified four key ecosystem services (ESs) that showed declining trends between 2000 and 2020. We then identified three landscape functional zones based on ES bundles and quantified EST/ESS intensity. Consistent with our prediction, there were significant differences of EST/ESS in ES pairs between zones, demonstrating the necessity of zoning management. We further applied structural equation modeling to analyze the mechanism of how socio-ecological factors influence EST/ESS. The pathways and intensities varied across regions, where vegetation cover and landscape configurations played mediating roles, whereas natural, physical, and biological factors, socioeconomic, and climatic factors, influenced EST/ESS mainly through indirect effects. Finally, based on the mechanism explored, we proposed strategies for zoning planning. These findings have practical implications for sustainable management in Beijing and other regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]