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Objective: To explore the characteristics of the association between the triglyceride glucose (TyG) index and nonfatal cardio-cerebrovascular disease risk in a community population. Method: This was a prospective cohort study. From December 2011 to April 2012, the first investigation was conducted among subjects with more than 40-year old who were from Shijingshan district and Pingguoyuan community in Beijing. The second investigation was conducted from April to October 2015. All the subjects were divided into three groups according to the tertile of the TyG index at baseline. The multivariate Cox proportional risk regression model was established to explore the correlation between the TyG index and nonfatal cardio-cerebrovascular disease risk and the Kaplan-Meier survival curve of the TyG index group was drawn. Subgroup analyses were performed according to age, gender, body mass index, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), hypertension, and hyperlipidemia to determine the correlation characteristics between the TyG index and nonfatal cardio-cerebrovascular disease among subgroups. Results: A total of 9 577 subjects were finally included to analyze. The mean follow-up time of this study was (34.14±3.84) months. During the follow-up, 363 subjects (3.8%) occurred nonfatal cardio-cerebrovascular disease. The multivariate Cox regression analysis results showed that the hazard ratio ( HR ) of nonfatal cardio-cerebrovascular disease in the high TyG index group was 1.54 (95% CI 1.19-1.98), 1.60 (95% CI 1.23-2.10), and 1.57 (95% CI 1.20-2.05) in the three models, compared with the low TyG index group. The Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that the risk of nonfatal cardio-cerebrovascular disease increased from the low-TyG index group to the high-TyG index group ( P =0.015). In the six subgroups analysis, only gender was shown to have a significant interaction effect with the TyG index and nonfatal cardio-cerebrovascular disease risk. In the female population, the risk of nonfatal cardio-cerebrovascular disease is significantly increased with the increase in the TyG index level ( P <0.001). Conclusions: A high TyG index is independently related to the increased risk of nonfatal cardio-cerebrovascular disease in the Beijing community population. Gender has a significant interaction with the TyG index and nonfatal cardio-cerebrovascular disease risk. Therefore, the TyG index may be a useful marker to predict the nonfatal cardio-cerebrovascular disease risk of a community population.

Background: Models to predict mortality in trauma play an important role in outcome prediction and severity adjustment, which informs trauma quality assessment and research. Hospitals in China typically use the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-10-CM) to describe injury. However, there is no suitable prediction model for China. This study attempts to develop a new mortality prediction model based on the ICD-10-CM lexicon and a Chinese database., Methods: This retrospective study extracted the data of all trauma patients admitted to the Beijing Red Cross Emergency Center, from January 2012 to July 2018 (n = 40,205). We used relevant predictive variables to establish a prediction model following logistic regression analysis. The performance of the model was assessed based on discrimination and calibration. The bootstrapping method was used for internal validation and adjustment of model performance., Results: Sex, age, new region-severity codes, comorbidities, traumatic shock, and coma were finally included in the new model as key predictors of mortality. Among them, coma and traumatic shock had the highest scores in the model. The discrimination and calibration of this model were significant, and the internal validation performance was good. The values of the area under the curve and Brier score for the new model were 0.9640 and 0.0177, respectively; after adjustment of the bootstrapping method, they were 0.9630 and 0.0178, respectively., Conclusions: The new model (China Mortality Prediction Model in Trauma based on the ICD-10-CM lexicon) showed great discrimination and calibration, and performed well in internal validation; it should be further verified externally., (Copyright © 2021 The Chinese Medical Association, produced by Wolters Kluwer, Inc. under the CC-BY-NC-ND license.)

To explore the characteristics of water-soluble inorganic ions (WSIIs) in PM 2.5 during the process of continuous improvement of air quality in Beijing in recent years, a continuous collection of PM 2.5 sample campaign was conducted in Beijing from 2017 to 2018. The PM 2.5 mass concentration and WSIIs were then determined. The results showed that the average concentration of PM 2.5 in Beijing was (77.1±52.1) μg ·m -3 , with the highest and lowest values during spring [(102.9±69.1) μg ·m -3 ]and summer [(54.7±19.9) μg ·m -3 ], respectively. The average concentration of WSIIs was (31.7±30.1) μg ·m -3 , accounting for 41.1% of the PM 2.5 mass, and the seasonal contributions were: autumn (45.9%) > summer (41.9%) > spring (39.9%) ≥ winter (39.2%). SNA was an important component of the WSIIs that accounted for 86.0%, 89.5%, 74.6%, and 73.0% of the total WSIIs during spring, summer, autumn, and winter, respectively. With an increase in temperature, the concentration of NO 3 - increased initially and then decreased, while the concentration of SO 4 2- increased. When the relative humidity was less than 90%, the concentrations of both NO 3 - and SO 4 2- increased with an increase in relative humidity. With the aggravation of pollution, the overall contribution of WSIIs in PM 2.5 increased significantly, and the evolution characteristics of different ions were different. Among them, the concentration and contribution of NO 3 ) decreased. During the observation period, the primary sources of WSIIs were secondary conversion, combustion source, and dust. The control of coal combustion and motor vehicles is critical to reduce the emission of WSIIs. The backward trajectory analysis showed that the air masses from the south and west of Beijing corresponded to the high PM - continued to increase, while the contributions of SO 4 2- and the ions from dust (Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ , and Na + ) decreased. During the observation period, the primary sources of WSIIs were secondary conversion, combustion source, and dust. The control of coal combustion and motor vehicles is critical to reduce the emission of WSIIs. The backward trajectory analysis showed that the air masses from the south and west of Beijing corresponded to the high PM 2.5 concentration and proportion of WSIIs, and the contribution of secondary ions was significant. However, the concentrations and proportions of the air masses from the northwest and north were relatively low, but the contribution of Ca 2+ was high.

To investigate the characteristics of carbonaceous species in PM 2.5 in Beijing after the implementation of the Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Air Pollution, PM 2.5 was continuously sampled in the heavily polluted southern urban area of Beijing from December 2017 to December 2018. The characteristics of organic carbon (OC) and element carbon (EC) were then determined. The results showed that the annual concentrations of PM 2.5 , OC, and EC in Beijing varied in wide ranges of 4.2-366.3, 0.9-74.5, and 0.0-5.5 μg ·m -3 , respectively, and the average mass concentration were (77.1±52.1), (11.2±7.8), and (1.2±0.8) μg ·m -3 . Overall, the carbonaceous species (OC and EC) accounted for 16.1% of the PM 2.5 mass. The seasonal characteristics of the OC mass concentrations were: winter [(13.8±8.7) μg ·m -3 ] > spring [(12.7±9.6) μg ·m -3 ] > autumn [(11.8±6.2) μg ·m -3 ] > summer [(6.5±2.1) μg ·m -3 ]. The concentration of the EC during the four seasons was low, ranging from 0.8 to 1.5 μg ·m -3 . The annual average mass concentration and contribution of secondary organic carbon (SOC) were (5.4±5.8) μg ·m -3 and 48.2%, respectively, highlighting the significant contribution of the secondary process. With the aggravation of pollution, although the contribution proportion of OC and EC decreased, their mass concentrations during "heavily polluted" days were 6.3 and 3.2 times that of "excellent" days, respectively. Compare to non-heating period, the mass concentrations of PM 2.5 , OC, and SOC increased by 14.4%, 47.9%, and 72.1% in heating period, respectively, which emphasized the importance of carbonaceous species during heating periods. Potential source contribution function (PSCF) analysis showed that the southwest areas of Beijing (such as Shanxi and Henan province) were the main potential source areas of PM 2.5 and OC. The high value area of the PSCF of EC was less and the main potential source area was in the south of Beijing (such as Shandong and Henan province).

Objectives: To understand the prevalence of HIV nucleic acid using internet-based dry blood spots HIV testing strategy in men who had sex with men (MSM) and to probe the factors associated with HIV infection. Methods: Using convenient sampling method, 1 375 MSM were recruited and their dry blood spots samples were collected before being mailed to the laboratories for HIV nucleic acid testing. Results were showed to these MSM on a specific website by inputting their codes to it. Non-conditional binary logistic regression method was used to identify the associated factors on HIV infection. Results: The overall proportions of HIV nucleic acid positives appeared as 9.7 % (131/1 349) and HIV antibody positives as 8.3 % (112/1 349). Fresh infections accounted for 14.5 % (19/131) among the newly-identified HIV nucleic acid positives, and the interval was ranging from 6 to 120 days, between the laboratory testings and the closest date that experiencing high risk behavior. Risk factors that related to HIV infection would include: 30 to 39 years of age (comparing to those under the age of 30, OR =1.88, 95 %CI : 1.07-3.29), ≥8 000 Yuan of monthly income (comparing to those without income, OR =0.42, 95 %CI : 0.19-0.96), inconsistent condom use during anal sexual contacts in the last six months (compared with those who had not anal sex or used condoms consistently in anal sex in the past six months, OR =2.22, 95 %CI : 1.45-3.40), ever use of Rush Poppers (compared with those who never used Rush Poppers, OR =2.33, 95 %CI : 1.49-3.64), addictive drug abuse (compared with those who never abused addictive drugs, OR =5.43, 95 %CI : 2.32-12.69), and not having regular sexual partners (compared with having regular sexual partners, OR =1.74, 95 %CI : 1.13-2.68) etc .. Conclusions: Dry blood spots HIV nucleic acid testing could help to identify the fresh HIV infections at an early stage, so as to prevent further transmission in the MSM population, among which fresh HIV infections accounted for a fairly large proportion. It is necessary to set up programs in reducing the abuse of drugs or Rush Poppers, and to promote condom use and advocate on stable sexual partnership etc ., among the MSM population.

Larvae of a previously unknown species of gall midge were found causing large numbers of pustulate leaf galls on Peking lilac, Syringa reticulata subsp. pekinensis (Oleaceae), in parklands and street greenery in Beijing, China. Heavily galled leaves become senescent and fall off prematurely. The gall midge is named Pekinomyia syringae Jiao Kolesik, its morphology is described and the COI mitochondrial gene and 12S ribosomal gene segments are sequenced. A new genus, Pekinomyia Jiao Kolesik (Cecidomyiinae: Lasiopteridi), is erected for the new species. The new genus differs from other Lasiopteridi in the strongly sclerotized aedeagus and the lack of mesobasal lobes in the male terminalia and is not assigned to any known tribe.