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Background: The cardiopulmonary effects of chemical constituents and sources of indoor fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) remain unclear., Objectives: To examine the individual and joint effects of constituents of indoor PM 2.5 on cardiopulmonary function of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and the role of identified sources., Methods: This panel study recruited 43 stable COPD patients from November 2015 to May 2016 in Beijing, China. Daily indoor and outdoor PM 2.5 were collected for five consecutive days simultaneously. Twenty-four elements were measured and principal component analysis was used for source appointment. Pulmonary function and blood pressure (BP) were also measured at daily visit. The linear mixed-effect models were used to estimate the effect of each constituent and source. Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) models were used to estimate the overall effect of all measured constituents., Results: The combustion, indoor soil/dust and road dust sources were identified as the main sources of indoor PM 2.5 and combustion sources contributed over 40% during the heating season. Most constituents were significantly associated with elevated BP of COPD patients and the joint effects of mixed exposures were also significant especially during the heating season. Most associations of chemical constituents with pulmonary function were negative but not statistically significant during the heating season, as was the joint effect. Few associations were observed during the non-heating season. Further, we observed combustion sources throughout the study period and road dust sources during the heating season were significantly associated with increased BP but not decreased pulmonary function., Conclusion: The combustion and road dust sources and their related constituents of indoor PM 2.5 could cause adverse effects on cardiovascular function of COPD patients especially during the heating season, but the effect on pulmonary function still needs to be further studied., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Numerous research has explored the associations of outdoor or indoor fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) and health effects; however, few studies compared the effects of indoor PM 2.5 originated from outdoor (PM 2.5,os ) and indoor sources (PM 2.5,is ). To assess the associations of PM 2.5,os and PM 2.5,is with cardiopulmonary function in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and healthy elderly adults, blood pressure (BP) and pulmonary function were repeatedly examined in 43 COPD patients and their 32 healthy spouses in Beijing, China. Iron was used as tracer element to separate PM 2.5,os and PM 2.5,is . Mixed-effects models were applied to assess the associations of PM 2.5,os or PM 2.5,is and health effects after controlling for potential confounders. There was a reduction in forced expiratory volume in first second (FEV 1 ) in COPD patients associated with PM 2.5,is during the heating season. PM 2.5,os was positively associated with diastolic BP (DBP) in healthy elderly adults during the heating season. There was a reduction in peak expiratory flow (PEF) in healthy elderly adults associated with PM 2.5,os during the non-heating season. Exposure to indoor- and outdoor-originated PM 2.5 had different health effects on cardiopulmonary function in different populations. The results provide supporting evidence for improving indoor air quality to promote public health among susceptible population., (© 2018 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Background: Metro system has become popular in urban areas. However, short-term effects of size-fractionated particulate matter (PM) on cardiac autonomic function in metro system remain unexplored., Objectives: To explore the contribution of ambient PM to in-cabin PM and investigate the short-term effects of exposure to size-fractionated PM and black carbon (BC) in metro system on cardiac autonomic function in young healthy adults., Methods: Thirty nine young healthy adults were asked to travel in metro system during 9:00-13:00 on a weekends between March and May 2017. We performed continuous ambulatory electrocardiogram monitoring for each of them, and measured real-time size-fractionated PM, BC, nitrogen dioxide, nitric oxide, carbon dioxide, ozone, noise, temperature and relative humidity in metro cabin. We also collected the data of ambient PM 2.5 (aerodynamic diameter < 2.5 µm) concentrations in Beijing. Linear regression model was used to estimate the infiltration factor of ambient PM 2.5 to assess the relationship between metro cabin PM and ambient PM. Mixed-effects model was used to estimate the associations between changes in HRV parameters and PM 0.5 (aerodynamic diameter < 0.5 µm), PM 0.5-2.5 (aerodynamic diameter between 0.5 µm and 2.5 µm), PM 2.5-10 (aerodynamic diameter between 2.5 µm and 10 µm), and BC, respectively., Results: We found that size-fractionated PM in metro systems were significantly associated with HRV parameters. Per IQR (interquartile range) increase in PM 0.5 (1.6*10 7 /m 3 ) in 1-h moving average concentration was associated with a 13.96% (95% CI: - 18.99%, - 8.61%) decrease in SDNN (standard deviation of normal-to-normal intervals). Similar inverse associations were found between size-fractionated PM exposure and LF (low frequency power), HF (high frequency power), respectively, and smaller particles had greater effects on HRV parameters at shorter lag time. Sex of participants modified the adverse associations between size-fractionated PM and HRV. An IQR of 1-h PM 0.5 increasing was associated with a decrease of 6.05% (95% CI: - 22.87%, - 14.44%) in males and a 34.87% (95% CI: - 49.59%, - 15.85%) in females in LF (P for interaction = 0.026). The infiltration factor of ambient PM 2.5 was 0.39 (95% CI: 0.33, 0.45). It is estimated that PM 2.5 originated from ambient air may account for 20.2% of the PM measured in metro cabin. Per IQR increase in BC (5.5 μg/m 3 ) in 5-min, 1-h, and 2-h moving averages, a primary tracer for ambient PM from combustion source, was associated with decreases of 0.84% (95% CI: - 1.20%, - 0.47%), 2.22% (95% CI: - 3.20%, - 1.22%), and 4.44% (95% CI: - 6.28%, - 2.56%) in SDNN, respectively., Conclusions: Short-term exposure to PM may disturb metro commuter's cardiac autonomic function, and the potential effects depend on the size of PM and the sex of commuters. Ambient PM from combustion source may have adverse effects on the cardiac autonomic function of passengers in cabin., (Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier Inc.)