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Background and Aims: Non‐communicable diseases such as hypertension and diabetes are matters of huge concern worldwide, with an increasing trend in prevalence over the previous decade. First of all, this study aimed to evaluate the association between economic status (ES) and body mass index (BMI), ES and comorbidity of hypertension and diabetes, and BMI and comorbidity independently. Second, it explored the mediating role of BMI in the association between ES and comorbidity of hypertension and diabetes. Finally, it investigated whether the mediating effect differs with the place of residence, gender, and education levels. Methods: A total of 11,291 complete cases from the Bangladesh demographic and health survey 2017–18 were utilized for this study. Survey‐based binary logistic regression or multiple logistic regression was used to find the association among outcome, exposure, and mediator variables, and a counterfactual framework‐based weighting approach was utilized for mediation analysis. Results: Middle‐income (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 1.696, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.219, 2.360) and rich (AOR: 2.770, CI: 2.054, 3.736) respondents were more likely to have comorbidity of hypertension and diabetes compared to the poor. The odds of comorbidity increased with the increase in BMI. A positive association was observed between ES and BMI. A significant mediating role of BMI in the association between ES and comorbidity was found. We observed that 19.85% (95% CI: 11.50%, 49.6%) and 20.35% (95% CI: 14.9%, 29.3%) of total effect was mediated by BMI for middle and rich respondents, respectively, compared to the poor. Conclusions: The mediating role of BMI was greater for female, no or primary educated respondents, and respondents from rural areas. Therefore, the study will facilitate policymakers of Bangladesh and other countries with a similar set‐up to decide on health policies regarding hypertension and diabetes. Highlights: Non‐communicable diseases (NCD) like hypertension and diabetes are matters of enormous concern worldwide.The study used the BDHS 2017–18 data set to investigate the link of economic status (ES) and body mass index (BMI) with comorbidities of hypertension and diabetes.The mediating role of BMI was greater for female, no or primary educated respondents, and respondents from rural areas. BMI significantly mediates the association between ES and the coexistence of hypertension and diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global COVID-19 pandemic disrupted various facets of societal functioning, with the education sector facing unprecedented challenges. The sudden closure of schools and universities, coupled with the shift towards remote learning, created a dynamic educational environment. It significantly affected academic performance, psychological health, dropout rates, school closures, and even increased early marriage rates in Bangladesh. In 2021, the dropout rate stood at 14.15 percent. This study delves into the specific repercussions of the pandemic on the education landscape in Bangladesh. The research reveals the disparities in access to online education, shedding light on the socio-economic factors influencing digital learning engagement. Through a comprehensive analysis of quantitative and qualitative data, we explore the multifaceted effects on educational institutions, students, and educators. We present the impact of COVID-19 on education graphically using interpolation polynomials. Mitigating the impact of COVID-19 on the education sector in Bangladesh necessitates a multifaceted approach that addresses various interconnected challenges. Moreover, prioritizing mental health support for students, teachers, and parents is paramount in navigating the emotional toll of the pandemic. Collaboration and partnerships with international organizations, non-government organizations (NGOs), and private sector entities are indispensable for mobilizing resources and expertise. Bangladesh can effectively manage the pandemic's complications and ensure the continued viability of its educational system by implementing such an all-encompassing approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today's world, the key variable for measuring population health is life expectancy (LE). The purpose of this research is to find out how life expectancy is related to other factors and develop a model to account for the predictors that contribute to LE. This study is also conducted to investigate and measure the effect of socioeconomic variables on LE in Bangladesh. In this study, the predictor variables are employment rate, gross national income (GNI), population growth rate, unemployment rate, and age dependency ratio. Path analysis disintegrated bivariate analysis and showed that employment rate, GNI, and age dependency ratio are significantly related to life expectancy, although bivariate analysis showed all variables are significantly related to LE. The maximum values of significant factors, GNI and employment rates, are $1930 and 21.32% happened in 2019, which is positively correlated with life expectancy. Also, the maximum value of the age dependency ratio (81.52%) happened in 1991, whereas the maximum value of the dependent variable LE (72.59 years) happened in 2019. It has been observed that LE, GNI, and employment rates all rise with one another. There exists an adverse relationship between LE and age dependency ratio. Based on comparisons with other highly developed nations, Bangladesh's GNI needs to grow faster than other significant factors to boost life expectancy. We have forecasted variables that were significantly related to LE until 2030 for the purpose of sustainable development goals, especially the 3rd goal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural regeneration and forest successional development are influenced by gap formation in forest stands. Nonetheless, there are limited studies that provide quantitative information on the influence of gaps on forest regeneration. We evaluated characteristics of inner and outer canopy gaps and their effects on natural regeneration in 40 canopy gaps in Sitapahar forest reserve of Bangladesh. A total of 50 individuals of 27 gapmaker tree species were found, of which 58% were formed by logging and the rest by natural damages. Elliptical shape represented 53% of the gaps followed by circular and rectangular gaps. The mean area of the outer and inner gaps was 50.1 ± 8.6 and 20.0 ± 3.0 m2, respectively. Gap formation types and shapes did not vary significantly between outer and inner gaps, while the mean gap area in older gaps was significantly higher than in new gaps. In comparison with outer gaps, mean densities of seedlings and saplings in the inner gaps were significantly higher, which is probably because of the closeness to seed trees. The diversity index of regenerating species and their height and collar diameter did not vary significantly between the inner and outer gaps. Positive, but weak relationships of gap area with subcanopy tree density and diversity were found. Since gaps were found dominated by few light-demanding tree species such as Brownlowia elata, Lithocarpus acuminata, Lithocarpus polystachya, and Macaranga denticulate, it is suggested that larger gaps need to be replanted with a combination of light-demanding and shade-tolerant native trees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural regeneration in tropical forests is considered an essential part of forest restoration efforts; however, it is often under-estimated where the main focus has traditionally been on tree planting. This study assessed natural regeneration and its potential for the conservation of native tree species in Sitapahar Forest Reserve, Bangladesh. We established 99 temporary plots (2 m × 2 m each) in three canopy classes, namely dense canopy (DC, 70–100% canopy coverage), moderate canopy (MC, 40–70%), and open canopy (OC, <40%). In each plot, regenerating tree species were counted, identified, and height (m), collar diameter (cm), and diameter at breast height (dbh, cm) were measured. We identified 79 regenerating tree species under 31 plant families of which 61 were found in DC areas followed by 56 and 36 in MC and OC areas, respectively. Most of the species in DC areas were late-successional, while the OC areas were dominated by early successional species. Diversity and density of regeneration were lowest in OC areas. Findings of this study suggest harnessing biodiversity conservation by promoting natural regeneration and identifying the areas with higher potential for assisted natural regeneration that will enable in situ conservation of rare and vulnerable species by protecting them from further erosion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Starting in 2006 to 2007, the Government of Bangladesh implemented the Maternal Health Voucher Scheme (MHVS). This program provides pregnant women with vouchers that can be exchanged for health services from eligible public and private sector providers. In this study, we examined whether access to the MHVS was associated with maternal health services utilization, stillbirth, and neonatal and infant mortality. Methods and findings: We used information on pregnancies and live births between 2000 to 2016 reported by women 15 to 49 years of age surveyed as part of the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Surveys. Our analytic sample included 23,275 pregnancies lasting at least 7 months for analyses of stillbirth and between 15,125 and 21,668 live births for analyses of health services use, neonatal, and infant mortality. With respect to live births occurring prior to the introduction of the MHVS, 31.3%, 14.1%, and 18.0% of women, respectively, reported receiving at least 3 antenatal care visits, delivering in a health institution, and having a skilled birth attendant at delivery. Rates of neonatal and infant mortality during this period were 40 and 63 per 1,000 live births, respectively, and there were 32 stillbirths per 1,000 pregnancies lasting at least 7 months. We applied a difference-in-differences design to estimate the effect of providing subdistrict-level access to the MHVS program, with inverse probability of treatment weights to address selection into the program. The introduction of the MHVS program was associated with a lagged improvement in the probability of delivering in a health facility, one of the primary targets of the program, although associations with other health services were less evident. After 6 years of access to the MHVS, the probabilities of reporting at least 3 antenatal care visits, delivering in a health facility, and having a skilled birth attendant present increased by 3.0 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) = −4.8, 10.7], 6.5 (95% CI = −0.6, 13.6), and 5.8 (95% CI = −1.8, 13.3) percentage points, respectively. We did not observe evidence consistent with the program improving health outcomes, with probabilities of stillbirth, neonatal mortality, and infant mortality decreasing by 0.7 (95% CI = −1.3, 2.6), 0.8 (95% CI = −1.7, 3.4), and 1.3 (95% CI = −2.5, 5.1) percentage points, respectively, after 6 years of access to the MHVS. The sample size was insufficient to detect smaller associations with adequate precision. Additionally, we cannot rule out the possibility of measurement error, although it was likely nondifferential by treatment group, or unmeasured confounding by concomitant interventions that were implemented differentially in treated and control areas. Conclusions: In this study, we found that the introduction of the MHVS was positively associated with the probability of delivering in a health facility, but despite a longer period of follow-up than most extant evaluations, we did not observe attendant reductions in stillbirth, neonatal mortality, or infant mortality. Further work and engagement with stakeholders is needed to assess if the MHVS has affected the quality of care and health inequalities and whether the design and eligibility of the program should be modified to improve maternal and neonatal health outcomes. Arijit Nandi and colleagues evaluate maternal health services utilization, stillbirth, and neonatal and infant survival following implementation of the Maternal Health Voucher Scheme in Bangladesh. Author summary: Why was this study done?: Most women in Bangladesh do not receive essential maternal health services, with especially low rates of coverage for poorer households in rural areas. Starting in 2006 to 2007, the Government of Bangladesh implemented the Maternal Health Voucher Scheme (MHVS) to increase demand for and equitable use of maternal health services. Prior studies suggest that access to the MHVS, consistent with the broader literature on maternal voucher programs, was associated with greater use of priority maternal health services. However, it is unclear if short-term increases in maternal health service use are sustained over time and evidence for impacts on perinatal, infant, and maternal health outcomes, including mortality, is inconclusive. What did the researchers do and find?: We linked details on the rollout of the MHVS across subdistricts (i.e., upazilas) to information on pregnancies and live births reported by women surveyed as part of the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Surveys between 2000 to 2016. We used a difference-in-differences design to evaluate the association between upazila-level access to the MHVS and maternal health services utilization, stillbirth, and neonatal and infant mortality. We observed increases in the use of maternal health services, particularly on the probability of delivering in a health facility, that materialized 2 or more years after program implementation. However, improvements in stillbirths, neonatal, and infant mortality were not demonstrated, raising important questions about program implementation. What do these findings mean?: Potential explanations of the gap between increased services and improved outcomes include that the program may not have been targeted to reach the highest risk mothers, that implementation may have failed to increase use by mothers at highest risk, that in the absence of simultaneous supply-side interventions quality of services provided may have declined with increased numbers of patients or been inadequate, and that hospital births are associated with higher rates of bottle feeding in Bangladesh and lower rates of protective breastfeeding. Additionally, it is possible that small but consequential effects in health outcomes could not be discerned due to imprecision in these estimates. Further research is needed to examine why increased services have not yet translated into improved health outcomes as it pertains to the MHVS and other voucher programs. This could include cluster randomized experimental designs with the potential to address the main limitations of this study, specifically the potential for observational studies to conflate the impact of a voucher program with the effects of other population-level health and social interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy scarcity and environmental pollution from biogenic residues and wastes are major challenges in the 21st century, which can be converted to useful renewable energy and reduce environmental threats. In Bangladesh, a tremendous amount of biogenic residues is generated which remains largely underutilized. Mono-digestion, which is a common practice in Bangladesh for biogenic residue processing, resulted in low biogas yield. However, Bangladesh has a vast source of biogenic residues which can be utilized through anaerobic co-digestion to increase biogas production. In this paper, a desk study and comprehensive review has been conducted in finding potentiality of biogenic residues in biogas production from available biogenic residues in Bangladesh. Research studies on co-digestion of biogenic residues were reviewed critically, and their practices and benefits on energy production and impact on the environment were stipulated in this study. The study shows that co-digestion of biogenic residues in appropriate ratio increases the biogas production, improves digested quality and reduces GHG emissions. [Display omitted] • Biogas production potential from agricultural and livestock sectors were analyzed. • State of art co-digestion options of animal dung as main feedstock was reviewed. • Co-digestion of crop residues and animal dung lessened environmental burden. • Digestate can be used as bio fertilizer or converted into other forms of fuels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The antimicrobial properties of Coriandrum sativum, Lactuca sativa, and Mentha spicata were examined using Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion technique. Among the solvents used for extraction, methanol, acetone, and n-hexane extracts were effective against antibiotic resistant microbes. The highest inhibition zone (17.0 ± 0.5 mm) was noted for the methanol extract of C. sativum against Bacillus cereus and the lowest zone of inhibition (7.0 ± 0.7 mm) was observed for the aqueous extract of M. spicata against E. coli. Methanol extracts from the three plants inhibited mycelial growth of tested fungi particularly for Aspergillus sp. and Penicillium sp.. The methanol extract of these plants had minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) values ranging from 200 to 400 mg mL−1, 300 to 500 mg mL−1, and 400 to 500 mg mL−1, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy metals occur naturally in very small amounts in living organisms, but exposure to their higher concentrations is hazardous. Heavy metals at hazardous levels are commonly found in foodstuffs of Bangladesh, mainly due to the lack of safety guidelines and poor management of industrial effluents. Several lines of evidence suggest that the level of heavy metals in foodstuffs of Bangladesh is higher than the acceptable limits set by World Health Organization/Food and Agriculture Organization. Literature survey revealed that the sources and transport pathways of heavy metals in the ecosystem and the abundance of heavy metals in the food products of Bangladesh are potential threats to food safety. However, an extensive assessment of the toxicity of heavy metals in food webs is lacking. Although widespread heavy metal contamination in various foodstuffs and environmental matrices have been summarized in some reports, a critical evaluation regarding multi-trophic transfer and the health risk of heavy metal exposure through food chain toxicity in Bangladesh has not been performed. This systematic review critically discussed heavy metal contamination, exposure toxicity, research gaps, existing legislation, and sustainable remediation strategies to enhance Bangladesh's food safety. In particular, this study for the first time explored the potential multi-trophic transfer of heavy metals via food webs in Bangladesh. Furthermore, we recommended a conceptual policy framework to combat heavy metal contaminations in Bangladesh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar drying is a cost‐effective method for preserving fruits and vegetables and most suitable for rural farmers in developing countries. The spatial and temporal distribution of temperature in a solar conduction dryer (SCD) and its drying performance were investigated. The quality of the dried product was also evaluated by nine‐point hedonic scale test. Eight products were selected and dried in SCD and open sun drying (OSD) with three trials. Experimental data were fitted to three thin layer drying models. Results revealed that the drying air temperature was 1–14°C higher than the ambient air temperature depending on the solar radiation and drying position. The dryer saved 16%–35% drying time compared with OSD with an overall efficiency of 6.04%–19.8%. The overall acceptability of SCD‐dried products was higher than that of OSD‐dried products. Kinetic modeling showed Page model to be the best model in describing the drying characteristics of fruits and vegetables. Novelty impact statement: The drying of fruits and vegetables in a solar conduction dryer (SCD) showed significantly higher drying rate and less drying time than traditional open sun drying (OSD).The overall acceptability of SCD‐dried products was found higher than OSD‐dried products.The dryer could be an effective means of preserving excess amount of seasonal fruits and vegetables for improving the dietary intake of farm households throughout the year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The uncertain fate and transport pathways of applied pesticides are the key hidden threats with respect to the safety and quality evaluation of foodstuffs in Bangladesh. The risk assessment of and uncertainty about applied pesticides are poorly explored due to weak regulatory systems, farmer ignorance, intensive agricultural practices, and lack of available research data on improper handling of pesticides on farming lands with poor phytosanitary management. However, increasing evidence suggests that the prevalence of pesticides in common foodstuffs is due to their uptake by crops and improper management of crop protection practices. Besides, the biotransformation of pesticides in common Bangladeshi food products is poorly understood. Several studies have reported higher concentrations of pesticides than allowed by European Union guidelines in Bangladeshi foodstuffs. However, to date, no systematic review with critical discussion on current research findings and knowledge gaps concerning fate, uncertainty, and health risks of pesticides in the foodstuffs of Bangladesh is published. Therefore, this review summarizes the findings of existing literature on pesticide residue in foodstuffs and points out the weaknesses in the regulatory system and risk assessments for highlighting the critical challenges to food safety in Bangladesh as compared to global food policy. In addition, strategies for the sustainable management of residual pesticides are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A total of 176 homestead forests at three altitudes in the Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh were randomly surveyed to estimate carbon (C) stocks and how stand structure affects the biomass C. All woody vegetations were measured, and litter and soil (0–30 cm depth) were sampled. The tree biomass C stock in the top two altitude forests was up to 37–48% higher than in low altitude, owing to significantly higher tree density and species diversity. An increase in species diversity index by one unit increased the biomass stock by 23 Mg C ha−1. The C stock of litterfall in low altitude forests was 22–28% higher than in the top two altitude due to the deposition of litters downslope and deliberate use of mulch for soil improvement and conservation, resulting in up to 5% higher total soil C. The topsoil C was 10–25% higher than the deeper soil, depending on the altitude. The forest stored 89 Mg C ha−1, indicating a potential for C sequestration in trees outside forest. This study would help policymakers to strengthen the recognition of small-scale forests for mitigation in REDD + (reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests, and enhancement of forest carbon stocks) and support owners through C credits from sustainably managed forests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The homestead forests of Bangladesh occupy 0.27 million hectares (10% of the total forested area) and have potential to store carbon (C) and conserve biodiversity. Small scale forestry practices, however, are lacking reliable estimation of C stocks and tree species diversity. This may hinder successful implementation of REDD + and similar mechanisms as they concentrate on large-scale forests. This study aimed to estimate the above- and below-ground carbon stocks in homestead forests of Maheshkhali Island in Bangladesh and how tree species diversity and stand structural variation affect these C stocks. We randomly surveyed a total of 239 homestead forests in the hillside, beachside, and inland in 2019. Results: Tree biomass C stocks were 48–67% greater in the inland and hillside forests than in the beachside due to significantly greater stand density, basal area, tree diameter. In total we found 52 tree species, but most abundant species in the inland and hillside forests, Mangifera indica, Samanea saman, and Artocarpus heterophyllus stored the most C in tree biomass. Greater tree species richness and diversity index in the inland and hillside forests indicated greater above- and below-ground tree biomass C stocks. An increase in tree species richness and diversity index by one unit was found to increase the tree biomass C stock by 22 and 30 Mg C ha−1, respectively. The total soil C stock was also affected by tree species diversity, stand density, and their interaction with soil properties. Total soil C stocks were greatest (51 Mg ha−1) in the inland forests, having also the greatest stand density and tree species richness. C stock in soil surface was greatest in the hillside forests due to the greatest litterfall, but the average share of litterfall from the total biomass C was only 0.1%. Conclusions: Homestead forest ecosystems could store 96 Mg C ha−1 in total, which can contribute to climate change mitigation by generating C credits for small-scale homestead forests owners. Above- and below-ground tree biomass C stocks were found to correlate with tree species diversity, which may also contribute to biodiversity conservation in the REDD + in Bangladesh and countries alike. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficacy of three biopesticides and a synthetic chemical insecticide was evaluated against Citrus leafminer (CLM) (Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton) infesting Jara lemon (Citrus pennivesiculata) in Sylhet, Bangladesh. Imidacloprid, bioneem plus, spinosad, chlorfenapyr, and water were sprayed thrice at 20 days interval with four replicates. Leaf infestation data were collected from four canopy sides (north, east, west, and south) of one tagged plant. Infested leaves were counted at 1 and 20 days after each spray. Consistently after all the sprays, bioneem plus application gave the lowest leaf infestation compared to other treatments. After the third and final spray, the lowest leaf infestation of 22% was recorded after bioneem plus application, followed by chlorfenapyr (26.5%) and spinosad (29.25%) compared to control plots (40%). Bioneem plus sprayed plots gave the highest fruit yield (1.82 t/ha), which was statistically similar (1.71 t/ha) to spinosad treated plots. The highest marginal benefit cost ratio (MBCR) was obtained from bioneem plus treated plots (9.55:1.0), followed by spinosad (8.21:1.0). Considering effectiveness and economic returns, bioneem plus and spinosad could be recommended to manage the CLM infesting Jara lemon in Sylhet region of Bangladesh and elsewhere of the world where similar agro-ecological conditions exist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Both obesity and vitamin D deficiency are pandemics and both have influences on cardiovascular parameters. The reported prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in obesity is high. Data relating to vitamin D status in obese is currently lacking in Bangladesh. Objective: To discover the vitamin D status in Bangladeshi overweight and obese adults. Subjects and Methods: This cross-sectional study, conducted in a specialized endocrine center of Bangladesh, evaluated 500 consecutive overweight or obese subjects, diagnosed according to body mass index (BMI) categories applicable to the south Asian population. Serum 25(OH)D was measured by using the enzyme-linked fluorescent assay (ELFA) method, and the cutoffs described by the Endocrine Society were used to define vitamin D status. Results: The mean age of the study subjects was 45.85 (±11.41) years; most (59.6%) of them were in the age group 40–59 years; almost three-fourth (72.4%) were females; an almost equal number of them came from urban (33.8%), semi-urban (29.6%), and rural (36.6%) areas; three-fourth (74.2%) were homemaker. Their mean BMI was 29.54 (±3.11) kg/m2; the frequencies of overweight, class I obesity, class II obesity, and class III obesity were 27.6%, 57.4%, 12.2%, and 2.8%, respectively. The mean serum 25(OH)D level was 25.25 (±11.97) ng/mL. 27.4% were sufficient, and 33.4% were insufficient for vitamin D, whereas 39.2% had vitamin D deficiency. The 25(OH)D level did not differ across different age groups, gender, residence, education status, occupation, and income status. The 25(OH)D levels were also indifferent in overweight, obese class I, obese class II, and obese class III subjects. None of the demographic, anthropometric, and biochemical variables (except low-density lipoprotein cholesterol) correlated with 25(OH)D levels. Conclusions: The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in overweight and obese Bangladeshi adults is very high. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The palm farmers of Bangladesh are suffering for want of an extraction machine. Therefore, a research was undertaken to develop a manually operated palm oil extraction machine at the Department of Farm Power and Machinery, Bangladesh Agricultural University. It is a press type machine. A screw leads a piston manually in a perforated cylinder to press the mesocarp (pulp of palm fruit) to extract oil. The volume of the cylinder of the machine was found 0.033 m³ and maximum 20 kg fruits can be accommodated at a time. The amount of crude palm oil extraction at full capacity of the machine was found 8 kg hr-1, which is higher than any manually operated extracting machine available in the market. The crude oil extraction efficiency of the machine without palm kernel was also found satisfactory. Application force on screw can be increased by increasing the length of the handle and number of persons according to filling condition of the cylinder. The machine was developed with locally available materials for having low purchase price and smooth repair and maintenance. So that, it will be easily affordable to the palm farmers of Bangladesh. The developed machine will solve the burning need of palm farmers in Bangladesh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Foot‐and‐mouth disease (FMD) is endemic in Bangladesh, and the implementation of a control programme for this disease is at an early stage, according to the FAO‐ and OIE‐proposed Progressive Control Pathway for FMD (PCP‐FMD) Roadmap. To develop an effective control programme, understanding of foot‐and‐mouth disease virus (FMDV) serotypes, even subtypes within the serotypes is essential. The present investigation aims at viral VP1 coding region sequence‐based analysis of FMD samples collected from 34 FMD outbreaks during 2012–2016 in Bangladesh. Foot‐and‐mouth disease virus (FMDV) serotype O was responsible for 82% of the outbreaks in Bangladesh, showing its dominance over serotype A and Asia1. The VP1 phylogeny revealed the emergence of two novel sublineages of serotype O, named as Ind2001BD1 and Ind2001BD2, within the Ind2001 lineage along with the circulation of Ind2001d sublineage in Bangladesh, which was further supported by the multidimensional scaling with distinct clusters for each sublineage. The novel sublineages had evident genetic variability with other established sublineages within Ind2001 lineage. Ten mutations with three or more amino acid variations were detected within B‐C loop, G‐H loop and C‐terminal region of the VP1 protein of FMDV serotype O viruses isolated exclusively from Bangladesh. Furthermore, two amino acid substitutions at positions 197 and 198 within the VP1 C‐terminal region are unique to the novel sublineages. The existence of widespread genetic variations among circulatory FMDV serotype O viruses makes the FMD control programme complex in Bangladesh. Adequate epidemiological data, disease reporting, animal movement control, appropriate vaccination and above all stringent policies of the government are necessary to combat FMD in Bangladesh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foot-and-mouth disease ( FMD) is endemic in Bangladesh and is predominantly due to FMDV serotype O. In 2012, FMD outbreaks were identified in five different districts of Bangladesh. Of 56 symptomatic cattle epithelial tissue samples, diagnostic PCR assay based on 5′- URT detected 38 FMDV infections. Viral genotyping targeting VP1-encoding region confirmed emergence of two distinct serotypes, A and O with an abundance of serotype A in Chittagong and Gazipur districts and serotype O in Pabna and Faridpur. Only single lineage of both A and O was retrieved from samples of five different regions. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of VP1 sequences revealed that serotype O sequences were closely related to the Ind 2001 sublineage of Middle East-South Asia ( ME- SA) topotype that was previously circulating in Bangladesh, and serotype A sequences belonging to the genotype VII that was dominant in India during the last decade. The results suggest that extensive cross-border animal movement from neighbouring countries is the most likely source of FMDV serotypes in Bangladesh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

White Spot Syndrome Virus ( WSSV) is a ds DNA virus causing White Spot Syndrome Disease ( WSSD) in shrimp with almost 100% morality rate within 3-10 days. In Bangladesh, WSSD is one of the major impediments of shrimp farming. This study first investigated the prevalence and distribution of WSSV in cultured shrimps of the coastal regions in Bangladesh. A total of 60 shrimp samples, collected from the 25 shrimp farms of different coastal regions (Satkhira, Khulna, Bagerhat and Cox's Bazar), were analysed during 2013-2014 by conventional PCR using VP28 and VP664 gene-specific primers; 39 of 60 samples were found WSSV positive. SYBR green real-time PCR using 71-bp amplicon for VP664 gene correlated well with conventional PCR data. The prevalence rates of WSSV among the collected 60 samples were Satkhira 79%, Khulna 50%, Bagerhat 38% and Cox's Bazar 25%. Sequencing of WSSV-positive PCR amplicons of VP28 showed 99% similarity with WSSV NCBI Ref/Seq Sequences. Molecular analysis of the VP28 gene sequences of WSSV revealed that Bangladeshi strains phylogenetically affiliated to the strains belong to India. This work concluded that WSSV infections are widely distributed in the coastal regions cultured shrimp in Bangladesh. Significance and Impact of the Study This is the first report on prevalence study of White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) in cultured shrimp ( Penaeus monodon) of Bangladesh. Conventional and real-time PCR entail with amplicons sequencing were performed to detect WSSV. Our findings revealed a high prevalence rate of White Spot Syndrome Disease in cultured shrimp of coastal regions in Bangladesh. The present investigation established that i. WSSV is circulated in Bangladeshi cultured shrimp and ii. The methods validated for WSSV detection may be employed for rapid segregation of WSSV-free postlarvae of shrimp before stocking to the farm which is extremely essential for disease-free shrimp farming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Notwithstanding the significant progress in reducing maternal mortality in recent years, social inequalities in the utilization of maternal care continue to be a challenge in Bangladesh. In this study, we aim to provide a comprehensive analysis of trends in social inequalities in utilization of antenatal care (ANC), facility based delivery (FBD), and skilled birth attendance (SBA) in Bangladesh between 1995 and 2010. Methods Data were extracted from the five latest rounds of Bangladesh Demographic Health Surveys (BDHS). The Theil index (T) and between-group variance (BGV) were used to calculate relative and absolute disparities in the utilization of three measures (ANC, FBD, and SBA) of maternal care across six administrative regions. The relative and slope indices of inequality (RII and SII, respectively) were also used to calculate wealth- and education-based inequality in the utilization of maternal care. Results The results of the T-index suggest that relative inequality in SBA has declined by 0.2% per year. Nevertheless, the estimated BGV demonstrated that absolute inequalities in all three measures of maternal care have increased across administrative divisions. For all three measures of maternal care, the RII and SII indicated consistent socioeconomic inequalities favouring wealthier and more educated women. The adjusted RII suggested that wealth- and education-related inequalities for ANC declined by 9% and 6%, respectively, per year during the study period. The adjusted SII, however, showed that wealth- and education-related inequalities for FBD increased by 0.6% per year. Conclusions Although socially disadvantaged mothers increased their utilization of care relative to mothers of higher socioeconomic status, the absolute gap in utilization of care between socioeconomic groups has increased over time. Our findings indicate that wealthier and more educated women, as well as those living in urban areas, are the major users of ANC, FBD and SBA in Bangladesh. Thus, priority focus should be given to implementing and evaluating interventions that benefit women who are poorer, less educated and live in rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthropogenic disturbances influence plant regeneration and species diversity, which impact the conservation status of protected areas. A study was conducted in the Sitakund Botanical Garden and Eco-park (SBGE), Chittagong, Bangladesh to analyze the natural regeneration and tree species diversity in disturbed and less disturbed zones. Stratified and systematic random sampling was used to select 50 sample plots from each of the two zones. A total number of 109 plant species from 43 families were recorded in the study; of which 93 species were of natural origin while the rest were planted. From the species with natural origin 66 were tree species, 9 were shrub species and 18 were climbers. Species richness, density of regeneration and disturbance index in the height classes (0-0.5 m) and (dbh > 6 cm) indicated significant differences between the zones. The study analyzed how disturbances affect species diversity in the area. It was found that species richness and basal area are negatively related with disturbances. Moreover, density (N/ha) of trees was more likely to decrease with increasing tree height that reflects the huge demand of local people to harvest large trees as part of their income generating activities. The study findings have implications for future management decisions of the SGBE. To restore these ecosystems, management should focus on both biodiversity conservation and providing benefits to local people without hampering forest ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Essential oil obtained by hydro-distillation from fresh leave of Alpinia nigra was analyzed by Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Fifty three compounds were identified in the leaf oil. The main essential oil compositions were 1,5,9,9-Tetramethyl-1,4,7-cycloundecatriene (24.92%), 6,6-Dimethyl-2-methylenebicyclo[3.1.1]heptanes (12.90%), 5-Amino-6-(2 fluoroanilino)furazano[3,4-b]pyrazine (12.18%), 4,11,11-Trimethyl-8-ethylenebicyclo[7.2.0] undec-4-ene (10.76%), 6-(3-Fluorobenzyl)-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexamethyl-2,4-cyclohexadien-1-ol (5.77%), 1,6,10-Dodecatrien-3-ol, 3,7,11-trimethyl-, (E)- (5.41%), Caryophyllene oxide (2.61%), 5,5-Dimethyl-4-[(1E)-3-methyl-1,3-butadienyl]-1-oxaspiro[2.5]octane (2.44%), 1,5,5,8-Tetramethyl-12-oxabicyclo[9.1.0]dodeca-3,7-diene (1.96%), Sabinen (1.79%), D-Limonene (1.39%), a-Cadinol(1.20%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wind and solar energy are the alternative energy sources that can be used to supplement the conventional energy sources particularly in Bangladesh. In this work, the aim was to assess the current wind and solar energy potential in Bangladesh. The wind data for the five stations obtained from Local Government Engineering Department have been assessed, but only two of them seem to be eligible for energy production. Annual average, monthly average and hourly average wind speeds, and wind power densities were calculated from the wind data. The Weibull distribution parameters ( c and k), the dominant wind directions and the frequency distributions were also determined. Experimentally measured solar radiation data are not available over Bangladesh. Measured climatological data such as cloud cover and sunshine duration data of Bangladesh Meteorological Department from 1992 to 2001 were used for the estimation of global solar radiation as they are correlated. Techno-economic feasibility analysis is done for 100 kW grid connected wind and solar photovoltaic systems. Renewable energy-based system will bring more environmental benefits than conventional power in terms of human health, reduction of air pollution, and decrease of noise, etc. However, in the above estimation, these were not considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article studies the potential of electricity generated through solar energy and wind energy in Bangladesh. It informs that data about wind energy were collected and studied from five different weather stations under the Local Government Engineering Department of Bangladesh. It informs that Weibull distribution parameters, the dominant wind directions, and the frequency distributions were also determined. It further mentions that solar radiation data were not available for the region.

Abstract: A pre-feasibility of wind-PV-battery hybrid system has been performed for a small community in the east-southern part of Bangladesh. Solar radiation resources have been assessed from other meteorological parameters like sunshine duration and cloud cover as measured radiation data were not available at the site. The predicted monthly averaged daily global radiation over Chittagong is 4.36 kWh/m2/day. Measured wind speed at the site varies from 3 m/s to 5 m/s. For few months and hours the speed is below the cut in speeds of the available turbines in market. The hybrid system analysis has showed that for a small community consuming 53,317 kWh/year the cost energy is 0.47USD/kWh with 10% annual capacity of shortage and produces 89,151 kWh/year in which 53% electricity comes from wind and the remaining from solar energy. The sensitivity analysis showed that the hybrid system for the community is compatible with the 8 km–12 km grid extension depending on small variation of solar radiation and wind speed over the district whereas the proposed site is more away from the upper limit. Such a hybrid system will reduce about 25 tCO2/yr green house gases (GHG) emission in the local atmosphere. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• Forest degradation significantly decrease carbon (C) stocks in live biomass. • Forest C loss in the open canopy is up to 45% higher than in the other canopies. • Forest C stocks are affected by stand basal area and deadwood C. • Soil C stock decrease s with depth and the highest stocks are in the closed canopy. • Humus C stocks are up to 95% lower in the open canopy than in the other canopies. Tropical forests play a significant role in sequestrating and storing atmospheric carbon di-oxide (CO 2) emissions. However, estimation of forest carbon (C) stocks in relation to changes in forest structure and disturbances are less studied. We estimated forest C stocks in live trees, saplings, lianas, deadwood, forest floor, and soil in Sitapahar natural forest reserve of Bangladesh based on field measurements and laboratory assessments. We categorized the 99 temporary sample plots into three canopy densities: closed, moderately closed, and open. According to the results, the forest C stocks were dominated by the soil C pool and forest C stocks in the closed canopy (91 Mg ha−1) differed significantly from that in the open canopy (50 Mg ha−1). Forest C stocks were also affected by basal area (BA) and deadwood C stocks. In the open canopy, the second highest contributor to forest C stock was deadwood, whereas it was above and below-ground live biomass in the closed and moderately closed canopies. In the open canopy, forest disturbances significantly decreased height and BA, and C stocks in live biomass were significantly lower compared to the other two canopy densities. In the open canopy, decreased tree density resulted in the lowest C stock in litterfall and humus, and they were up to 95% lower compared to the other two canopy densities. C stocks in humus were higher than those in litterfall in the closed and moderately closed canopies, which was opposite to that in the open canopy. The soil C stock decreased with soil depth and the highest C stocks across all depths were in the closed canopy, followed by the moderately closed and open canopy. This study also provided a stand-level estimation of C stocks that contribute to determining which tree species sequester more carbon, such as Swintonia floribunda, Lannea coromandelica , Anacardiaceae and Moraceae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV), the etiological agent of White Spot Disease (WSD) is a major impediment for shrimp aquaculture in the worldwide. A critical threshold level of WSSV load in infected shrimp is an important trait for disease manifestation and WSSV transmission in cultured shrimp and subsequently make outbreaks. The present study investigated 120 naturally infected cultured shrimp samples by SYBR Green based qPCR assay for WSD diagnosis and quantification of WSSV load. Among them, 94 samples resulted a variable count of WSSV load ranging from 2.1 × 108 to 2.64 × 1014 copies/g of shrimp tissue. The severity of WSSV infection was assessed based on the established critical threshold load of WSSV in shrimp tissue. Compared to the established critical threshold value of WSSV load in shrimp tissue, our findings showed the horrifying scenario of the severity of WSSV infection in cultured shrimps of Bangladesh that was found to be above the critical limit to initiate an outbreak in the Bangladeshi shrimp aquaculture industry. The latest phylogenetic pattern was altered from the former monophyletic history among WSSVs of Bangladesh due to a variation at 500th nucleotide of VP28 coding gene. Viruses characterized from recent outbreaks in 2015 and 2017 displayed amino acid substitution at position 167 (G→E) on the surface of VP28 protein which has demonstrated the probable replacement of indigenous virus pool. Therefore, it is imperative to take initiative for the management and prevention of WSSV outbreak to sustain shrimp aquaculture in South-West region of Bangladesh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Poultry droppings and banana peel co-digested anaerobically for biogas production. • Mono-digestion of banana peel showed lower biogas and methane production. • Maximum methane yield was obtained at 50:50 mixing ratio of substrates. • Cone model and modified Gompertz models showed highest accuracy for AD process. Poultry industry is a promising sector for meeting protein demands in Bangladesh. Poultry droppings generated from farms pose a threat to the environment, but could be one of the best sources of plentiful substrates for anaerobic co-digestion. Poultry droppings mixed with carbon rich banana waste, which is readily available in Bangladesh, can be used for increasing biogas production. Hence, a study was conducted to assess the bio-methane potential from the anaerobic co-digestion of poultry droppings (PD) with raw banana peel (BP), and to find the optimal mixing ratio. The batch study was conducted in an incubator at 35 °C for a retention time of 83 days. The PD and BP were mixed at a ratio of 100:0, 90:10, 70:30, 50:50, 30:70,10:90 and 0:100 to find out the optimum one. Five kinetic models were used to fit the experimental result to determine different kinetic parameters. The highest amount of biogas (347.0 ± 53.6 ml/gVS) and methane (200.1 ± 18.6 ml/gVS) were obtained at 50:50 ratio of PD and BP for the digestion period. The biogas and methane yield at this ratio were 1.68 and 3.12 times higher than the mono-digestion of banana peel, respectively. Biogas production was not significant when compared with mono-digestion of PD, but co-digestion at 50:50 ratio showed maximum usability of banana peel. Furthermore, the results of kinetic modelling showed both the cone model and the modified Gompertz model are best fitted for predicting methane production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban trees have capacity to reduce atmospheric particulate matters (PM) concentration through deposition on leaves. However, we have very limited studies on the contribution of urban trees toward removal of PM in Bangladesh. In this study, conducted in Chattogram City Corporation (CCC), Bangladesh, we aimed to i) quantify the ambient atmospheric PM (PM 2.5 and PM 0.5 0), ii) quantify deposition of PM by urban trees, and iii) find out variation of PM with respect to common tree species, height of trees (low: 2.0–3.5 m and mid: 3.5–4.5 m), leaf traits (shape, surface), and seasons. Monthly air PM concentrations were measured from September 2020 to April 2021 in six sites (viz. roadside, residential, industrial, commercial, medical, and park area) in CCC. For measuring PM deposition, we collected 128 sample leaves from eight randomly selected trees of eight tree species in every month from study sites. At roadside, where relative greenspace was lowest, the atmospheric PM concentration was the highest. Conversely, where relative greenspace was higher (e. g. residence and park), the PM concentration was the lowest. In winter season (December–February), both ambient PM concentrations and deposition on leaves were the highest. Psidium guajava had significantly (p < 0.05) higher PM deposition than other tree species at both height levels. Deposition of PM was highest in trees with oblong and ovate-shaped, and rough-surfaced leaves at lower height, and therefore, recommendation is made to plant trees with these attributes in urban areas. • Atmospheric PM concentration is lower in areas with higher greenspace. • Urban trees can remove PM through deposition on leaves. • Seasonal variation also affects PM concentration. • Deposition of PM in Winter season was the highest. • Trees with oblong and ovate-shaped and rough-surfaced leaves need to be planted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]