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This study, conducted over 4 years in Baghdad, Iraq, aimed to determine the importance of ureteric jet assessment in medical expulsive therapy (MET) for distal ureteral stones. A total of 156 patients with distal ureteral stones (≤ 10 mm) participated, and their ureteric jets were observed using a color Doppler scanner before and after 2 weeks of MET. The main focus was the success rate of stone expulsion. Our results showed that 50% of patients had detectable ureteric jets after 2 weeks of MET, and 21.8% experienced successful stone expulsion. After 4 weeks, 23.7% achieved stone expulsion, while 54.5% still had remaining stones. Patients who had a positive baseline ureteric jet were significantly more likely to successfully expel their stones. This study highlights the importance of monitoring ureteric jet movement in MET for distal ureteral stones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most important causes of river pollution is soil and water pollutions since no previous numerical studies linked the water quality indices and soil erosion parameters. The current research investigates the relationships between water quality parameters and indices versus parameters of soil erodibility (τc and kd) of Tigris Riverbanks within Baghdad City, Iraq. Besides, the research aims to create a new Iraqi Water Quality Index (IWQI) based on 10 parameters of water quality and compare the results with the Canadian Water Quality Index (CWQI). Finally, the research explores the spatial distribution of soil erodibility and water quality parameters using spatial analysis tools to produce forecast maps for water parameters and soil erodibility parameters. Forty samples of water and 30 samples of soil were collected from the five sites in Baghdad city during the winter and summer of 2019–2020. The mini-JET (miniature version of Jet Erosion Test) instrument was used to derive the soil erodibility parameters (τc and kd) for the five selected sites. The results showed that CWQI for all study sites of Tigris Riverbanks could be classified as inferior during the two seasons, while the new IWQI classified the water as good quality. The results showed that there was a relationship between water quality indices and soil erodibility parameters of Tigris Riverbanks. A direct relationship of two indices CWQI and IWQI versus τc was observed during the winter season with R2 of 0.86 for τc-CWQI and τc-IWQI. An inverse relationship between kd-CWQI and kd -IWQI with R2 of 0.90 and 0.86 was observed during the winter season. Similar results were obtained for the summer season but with low correlations of water quality indices versus kd. This research concluded that as water quality was poor, the soil erodibility was high. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]