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This study examines factors that deter students in Austria, Germany, Switzerland and the Netherlands from studying abroad. Using an adaptation of the Rubicon model of action phases, the path to gaining study abroad experience is conceptualised as a process involving two thresholds: the decision threshold and the realisation threshold. Theoretical predictions drawn from rational choice, migration and reproduction theories are integrated into this framework. On the basis of nationally representative and internationally comparable student survey data, logistic regressions are calculated for the two thresholds. Five implications for higher education policy are derived: First, the fact that there are various obstacles to studying abroad means that some students may face multiple disadvantages and might therefore need additional support. Second, mobility schemes might have to reflect better that obstacles at the decision threshold differ from obstacles at the realisation threshold. Third, the self-perpetuating nature of mobility makes the moments of political intervention crucial. Fourth, the similarity of obstacles between countries suggests certain supranational initiatives. Finally, the achievability of the European mobility targets could be discussed, as increasing mobility and creating equitable access to it might be conflicting goals.

The article presents information regarding transaction cost economics in Austria. Economic theories by economists Ludwig von Mises and F. A. Hayek is also presented. Arguments on various Austrian ideas including property rights, entrepreneurship, and economic calculation are discussed. It informs that professor Carl Menger's approach to economics were realistic and explained real-world prices and institutions. Many Austrian ideas have alternatives and are more dominant perspectives. The author interprets that the entrepreneurs cannot believe on any market and thus a person should have a good judgment to start a firm.