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Overseas wholesalers play an important role in the development of sustainable tourism because they put together packages and brochures, and thereby influence customer choices and behavior. This research, by means of brochure analysis and interviews, investigated the role of whole- salers in developing more energy-efficient itineraries. Currently, Australian coach tours to New Zealand travel 243 km per day, and self-drive tours travel 174 km per thy to visit the main tourist icons in both the North and South islands. This results in considerable energy demand and greenhouse gas emissions. There is some potential for tourists to stay longer, travel less (e.g., visit only one island), and demand greater involvement and broader experiences. Because transport is not a main factor for the budgeting of tours, a carbon tax in the order of several percent of travel costs would have little impact on travel itineraries. Shifts towards more energy-efficient products need to be triggered by consumer demand, and be supported by marketing agencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To examine the impact of the modifiable areal unit problem (MAUP) in an investigation of factors associated with ED demand in Perth, Western Australia, in 2016. Furthermore, to advocate a means of avoiding this impact., Methods: ED presentations were classified as: urgent medical, non-urgent medical, urgent trauma or non-urgent trauma. In each group, sex-stratified, age-adjusted multivariate associations with socio-economic status and distance to the nearest ED and general practitioner (GP) were estimated. Modelling was undertaken using different sets of spatial units: Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) Statistical Areas Level 1 (SA1s) and numerous aggregate-level zonations of SA1s (ABS SA2s and others)., Results: Estimates obtained using the different units often varied widely: for seven (30%) of 24 strata defined by combinations of sex, ED type and covariate, the smallest and largest effect sizes differed in terms of direction; further, for 11 (65%) of the remaining 17 strata, the largest effect size was at least twice as high as the smallest. This demonstrates the MAUP's impact and that analyses based on a single set of spatial units are unreliable. To resolve the observed variation, we highlight the SA1-level estimates., Conclusions: When formulating interventions targeting reduced ED utilisation, policy planners should be guided by evidence based on analysis of appropriate spatial units. This ideal is undermined by the widespread lack of acknowledgement of the MAUP in studies examining drivers of ED demand using spatially aggregated data. To avoid the MAUP, only estimates obtained through examining a minimal geographic unit should be relied upon., (© 2021 Australasian College for Emergency Medicine.)