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This project focused on 45 Indigenous students who attended most often (90-100%) at an Australian urban primary school to identify factors that facilitate high attendance. We analysed student records and to provide student voice, an Indigenous Worker in the school conducted a student questionnaire. Student responses showed friendships, relationships, family stability and resilience were important contributors for high attendance. Administrative data revealed poverty was the only almost universally shared trait. Common characteristics among students were identified at cohort-level. At student-level, no combination or single trait applied to every high-attending student. They showed great diversity. The study school's attendance strategies included increasing cultural inclusion and support for students living in poverty, which positively impacted many students' attendance, although not all. A personalised approach was also required. An Indigenous Worker identified individual student's attendance barriers and tailored solutions. If school-level strategies are ineffective for all students, strategies and policies designed for all of Australia's Indigenous students will also affect only some of the population. Without a personalised approach, "Closing the Gap" attendance strategies were limited in reach, and ultimately success. Refreshing the "Closing the Gap" strategy now provides opportunities for attendance strategies to include personalised approaches.

Career development is a multifaceted, life-stage-dependant and discipline-specific process that is difference for every decision maker. During their time at university, students are building upon their career choice through discipline-specific activities yet many still find the transition into the workforce problematic, particularly for those in the discipline of IT. With the varied nature of the labour market in Australia, it is more important than ever before for universities to assist students in their career development through various opportunities for career education. With this in mind, this research asked: What career development model, and curriculum recommendations, can support IT students to be better prepared for life after university to achieve their graduate outcomes? To answer this, this research will present how career education has been implemented in undergraduate IT education at Deakin University in Australia. In addition, this paper demonstrates how a career development model together with appropriate curriculum resources can assist in addressing students' career needs, specifically for the IT context. The model will help educators' better support students to build their career interest and navigate the changing labour market.

Background: With the introduction of the National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS), creation and implementation of participants' plans are becoming a research focus. As many families facilitate the implementation of plans, it is important to understand the enablers and barriers to this process. Method: This study investigated the experiences of 20 family groups with adult participants with intellectual disability as they implemented their NDIS plans. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analysed qualitatively. Results: Results are reported in themes of increased opportunities, navigating bureaucracy, building partnerships and impact on families. Conclusions: Implementing NDIS plans was complex. Funding was appreciated and enabled some adults to work towards their goals. Bureaucracy and the availability of suitable services and support workers were seen to be barriers. Further investigation about how families balance multiple roles as they work with their adult during planning and implementation is needed. Evaluations of the NDIS should include family experiences.

Introduction: Families have a significant role in the lives of people with intellectual disabilities and challenging behaviors. However, it is not clear how actively families are involved when people with intellectual disabilities and challenging behaviors are living in out-of-home care. This scoping review explored the frequency and type of family involvement in the application of a person-centered approach in the care for people with intellectual disabilities and challenging behaviors. Methods: Authors conducted electronic searches through six databases: Embase, Medline, Web of Science, PsycINFO, Cochrane Central, and Google Scholar (2005 to 2019) and evaluated relevant publications. Results: Based on the 15 articles identified, only five articles report on family involvement. In addition, frequency of contact, and how family is involved appears to differ between different person-centered approaches. Conclusion: More active family involvement in person-centered approaches for people with intellectual disabilities and challenging behaviors is recommended.

Background: People with intellectual disabilities at the end of life are at risk of receiving inadequate and inequitable end-of-life care. This study explores their unmet needs, opportunities for person-centred care and experiences of health service use. Methods: Qualitative interviews with 26 experienced health professionals and carers were used to explore their patients' and residents' unmet needs and end-of-life care options and to outline strategies to support them. Results: A range of challenges and unmet needs experienced by people with intellectual disabilities are presented in themes: (1) accommodation setting at the end of life: dying 'at home'; (2) personal factors and networks: a circle of support; (3) end-of-life medical care and decision-making. Strategies to facilitate good end-of-life care and a model of care are presented. Conclusions: Well-prepared and collaborative disability and health service workforces are needed, together with flexible and adequate end-of-life funding to ensure compassionate and person-centred care.

International businesses face a difficult task when trying to decide where to place or expand a business that could be located anywhere in the world. Each country is a complex system of human capabilities, technical systems, [infrastructure bases, laws, cultures and economic systems. How can a company know which country is best for it today, and even more importantly, which country will grow into an appropriate location for future business opportunities? Several studies offer insights into how to make site selection decisions (O'Farrell & Wood, 1994; Papadopoulos et al., 2002; Rothaermel et al., 2006) but the complexity of the data required makes initial analysis across many countries problematic. Most businesses, trying to predict an ideal country or sequence of countries to enter, are left to simple rules of thumb or decision models using limited criteria (Górecka & Szalucka, 2013; Alexander et al., 2011). A wide variety of country data of varying reliability and efficacy are frequently used (Rahman, 2003). Many of the largest companies have developed specialized teams with sophisticated models for site selection. However, for smaller companies finding reliable, consistently measured data they can interpret and analyze in ways that provide useful insights is a challenge. This article introduces the Social Progress Index, launched in April 2013 at the 10th annual Skoll World Forum held at the University of Oxford (The Origins, 2015). The Social Progress Index is unique because it is the most comprehensive framework developed for measuring social progress and the first to measure social progress independently of GDP or other economic variables (Porter, 2015; Keohane, 2015). Three cases have been chosen to demonstrate the usefulness of the Social Progress Index for site selection in three very different circumstances.

Radical subject acceleration, or moving students through a subject area faster than is typical, including skipping grades, is a widely accepted approach to support students who are gifted and talented. This is done in order to match the student's cognitive level and learning needs. This case study explored radical subject acceleration for gifted students by focusing on one school's response to the learning needs of a ten year old mathematically gifted student. It provides insight into the challenges, accommodations and approach to radical subject acceleration in an Australian school. It explored the processes and decisions made to ensure that a gifted student's learning needs were met and identified salient issues for radical subject acceleration. Lessons learned from this case study may be helpful for schools considering radical acceleration.

With schools coming under pressure to perform and produce outcomes, the caring practices of the institution have been increasingly framed around issues of achievement, excellence and outcomes. In this article, we examine how the performativity-driven practices of care impact on the possibilities of social inclusion for marginalised students. Drawing on case study data from two 14-year-old students in a government secondary school located in a low socio-economic suburb of Melbourne, Australia, we argue that the performative ethic of care fails to cater for the more complex needs of these students. Lacking the qualities of 'good student' as independent and successful learners, these students are positioned and treated differently in their schools, leading to their weak sense of belonging to the institution. We maintain that a plural social justice framework focusing on the politics of redistribution and recognition can provide the basis of a socially just education for marginalised students.

Current reports of literacy rates in Australia indicate an ongoing gap in literacy skills between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australian adults, at a time when the literacy demands of work and life are increasing. There are many perspectives on what are the literacy needs of Indigenous adults, from the perspectives of community members themselves to the relatively under-researched perspective of literacy practitioners. This paper provides the insights, experiences and recommendations from adult literacy practitioners who work with adult Indigenous learners in communities across Australia. Focus group interviews, using an online synchronous platform, were used to elicit views about the literacy needs of Indigenous adults in communities and the successes in and barriers to meeting those needs. The practitioners also shared their views on the use of technology in literacy learning. Together, these views can inform future directions in curriculum design and teaching approaches for community-based Indigenous adult literacy education.

This article outlines a concurrent complementarity, mixed methods research design to explore the careers of university professional staff through the application of a contemporary career profile framework. Two hundred and twenty-six participants from Australia and the UK completed a multi-method questionnaire. Integration occurred at three points: the conceptualisation stage using a multi-method instrument; the experiential stage where the quantitative data results acted as a priori themes for the theoretical thematic analysis; and the inferential stage where both convergent and divergent triangulation of the results took place to provide a broader and deeper understanding of the phenomenon under study. This methodological design aims to demonstrate the usefulness of mixed methods in carrying out careers research. The findings extend the career profile theory by highlighting individual needs, related behaviours and outcomes and by suggesting that there are various psychological mechanisms acting to drive career behaviours.

The purpose of this article is to outline how motivation of first year university students can be enhanced through effective pedagogic practices and to discuss policy level decisions that impact upon the cultivation of student motivation. It reports on practices within a specific first year unit, Understanding University Learning, which successfully incorporates teaching and learning strategies to enhance academic motivation.

Background: This phenomenological study explores the perceptions, hopes, and dreams of relationships and parenting of women with a genetic intellectual disability. Method: Five women with both 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) and intellectual disability took part in semistructured interviews. Their subjective interpretations were analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis. Results: Four main themes emerged: (a) challenges and acceptance of having 22q11DS, (b) desire for social acceptance and normality, (c) welcoming of emotional and practical support, and (d) individuation. The themes describe the discordance between the challenges and acceptance of having a genetic disorder, the need to be "normal," the importance and appreciation of social support, and the women's aspirations for independence. Conclusions: Young women with 22q11DS approach their adulthood with a sense of optimism and personal competence yet recognise their unique challenges. Parental support is valued despite the need for independence. The findings provide insight into the lived experience of women with 22q11DS.

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate a type 2 diabetes education programme for Chinese Australians, based on the experience of participants and by exploring the unique needs of Chinese patients, their health beliefs and their cultural behaviours. Design and setting: A qualitative ethnographic study was undertaken in a community health service setting in Southeast Melbourne, Australia. Method: Eight semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with a purposive sample of past participants of a diabetes education programme for Chinese Australians. Data were thematically analysed, using both an ethnographic and a phenomenological lens. Results: Although participants appreciated the delivery of diabetes education in their own language, many expressed frustration and confusion when applying education messages to disease management. They described the barriers imposed by their collectivistic orientation, whereby Chinese people accept health recommendations unquestioningly, often living in misery with an excessively rigid management plan, and highlighted their lack of understanding of self-management. Patients also felt helpless in trying to mix Western and Eastern medical practices without adequate professional support. Conclusions: This qualitative study illustrates the complex and multifaceted challenges associated with diabetes management among Chinese Australians, and identifies many unique needs encountered by Chinese patients that were not addressed by the diabetes programme studied. There is an urgent need to identify optimal diabetes education models that will meet the needs of Chinese Australians.

Peer review of teaching is a collegial process designed to help academics reflect on and improve their teaching practice. Considerable research supports the value of peer review of teaching. However, uptake of voluntary programs is typically low. Few studies have examined the predictors of engagement in voluntary peer review. This study surveyed 221 (106 female, 115 male) academics in the first year of implementation of a peer review of a teaching program at a large dual-sector university. Results supported the impact of four key variables on willingness to engage in peer review of teaching: the perceived benefits of the program, an individual's perceived need for support around teaching, perceived drawbacks of the program and career-related benefits. Level of teaching experience was related to willingness to engage: staff with moderate levels of teaching experience were most willing to participate in the program. Limitations of the study are noted and recommendations for peer-review programs are provided.

In recent years the student experience of higher education in general and distance education in particular has been strongly influenced by the wide scale uptake of Internet based learning approaches and an expanding distance education market, amongst many other trends. As competition within the sector increases because of access to the WWW and other in-country socio-political influences, the push to attract and retain students is becoming a key issue for institutions. Understanding the distance student's voice in relation to these trends and developing appropriate responses to ensure a satisfactory learning experience is of critical importance. This paper reports on a recently completed study that explored the distance learners' experience at one dual-mode Australian institution. The paper outlines a rationale for investigating the student voice to meet the unique needs of the distance learner. It describes the approaches that were adopted to undertake the research and discusses some of the main themes that emerged from the study--individualness, connectedness, quality, mobility, and resourcefulness. The paper concludes with considerations for policy and practice in relation to utilising the distance learners' voice in enhancing distance learners' experiences.

Teaching in remote schools can prove to be a challenging experience. Twenty three teachers from remote schools, located in Western Australia, were interviewed about their teaching and living experiences in isolated communities. The interview questions were designed to elicit information regarding three areas: demographic information; reasons for applying for a position in an isolated school and living in a remote community; and, professional factors impacting on the respondents. Interviews were conducted during a residential professional development session and involved twenty-three teachers with wide ranging ages and teaching experience. These teachers identified a number of affective factors including what attracted them to teach in remote communities, what they liked and disliked about their lifestyle and why they decided to stay in the community in which they lived and taught. Professional factors identified included teaching and learning issues; curriculum and assessment; catering for individual needs; liaising with Aboriginal Education Workers; engaging and managing students; pedagogical issues and professional development. Teachers also identified the professional benefits and challenges of teaching in remote communities. The article concludes with a short discussion on the paradoxes of living and teaching in isolated locations, followed by outlining three recommendations derived from the interview data.

The concept of "community" is often presented as a way of overcoming exclusion and this dominates many community cultural development projects including those drawing on the tradition of "applied theatre". Drawing on personal experience of staging an applied theatre project, "Maralinga," which details the exposure of veterans to nuclear fallout, this paper problematises the concept of community based on some "natural" affiliation or recognition. It argues that a more complex analysis is needed to understand how communities come together and expand based on reciprocated desire. Community based on desire, rather than recognition, allows people from vastly divergent experiences to come together and connect despite differences. The paper concludes by reflecting on the implications for applied theatre practitioners. (Contains 11 notes.)

The objective of this article is to describe the practical aspects involved in adapting cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) to an adolescent population in Australia. Some effective ways to use CBT with adolescents include preparing them for CBT by providing a thorough cognitive-behavioural formulation, describing the cognitive-behavioural approach to therapy in an adolescent-friendly manner, and adapting language and treatment conditions to suit young people's needs.

A primary goal in experiential education is to facilitate the learning from the activities in a meaningful, empowering and compelling manner. The activities, which are used to guide a reflective session, debrief a particular incident or process a learning activity vary greatly across the profession. In a study of 76 experiential educators in Australia, North America and South East Asia it was found that the activities used to process experiences tended to be more influenced by the learning styles of the facilitators than by the needs or preferences of the individual learners. Drawing upon learning styles theories, this study advocates the need for additional focus upon the broader learning needs of the participants when choosing the reflective activities.

Measures for estimating costs associated with the provision of disability services in Australia have not previously been available. Because such instruments are scarce worldwide, decisions about funding services have relied more on historical precedent and less on individual need. Recognising the necessity for an objective measure, Gould (1998) developed the Service Need Assessment Profile (SNAP), a scale for estimating the support needs and associated costs for people with disabilities. This study examined the technical properties of SNAP using assessment data from 318 adults (190 males and 128 females), mean age 43 years, with a range of disability types and levels of severity, residing in supported accommodation around metropolitan Adelaide, South Australia. Results suggest that SNAP's reliability varies across different sub-groups and across domains. Using SNAP assessments as a method for allocating funds/resources across the disability sector should be approached cautiously, bearing in mind the reported limitations.

Purpose: To investigate how modern or traditional are the current roles of South Australian HRD practitioners in the context of present-day work organisations. Also, how are their roles related to the organisational context in which they operate? Design/methodology/approach: The study is a replication of two prior qualitative empirical studies conducted in the UK and The Netherlands. Learning-Network Theory was used to analyse qualitatively 18 in-depth interviews with South Australian HRD practitioners. Four phases were distinguished in the analysis of interview data, namely exploration, specification, reduction, and integration. Findings: HRD practitioner roles are still rather traditional in nature, focusing, for example, on training needs analysis and delivery. Furthermore, roles of HRD practitioners are related to the work type in their organisation. Those dealing with team-based work were found to have the least traditional tasks, emphasising the continuation of learning, evaluation and acting as a resource to the organisation. Research limitations/implications: Qualitative small sample study limits generalisation. Also, interviews may yield respondents' espoused theories rather than those in use. Further research should use larger, more diverse samples and include more direct ways of data collection (e.g. observation). Practical implications: The question arises whether HRD practice is too conservative or HRD theory and professional ideals are too progressive, if a huge gap between the two continues to come to the fore. Originality/value: Besides corroborating earlier research conducted elsewhere, this study developed a more fully elaborated and more structured interview guideline based on Learning-Network Theory. (Contains 4 tables.)

Academic library managers need a multimethod, objective, valid tool for measuring service quality. Examines three research studies in the measurement of service quality in Australian and New Zealand academic libraries: the Hernon and Altman Study; Hernon and Calvert Study; and the University of Waikato (Hamilton, New Zealand) Survey, a two-stage gap analysis. (PEN)

To identify areas where seats could be removed to accommodate a growing collection, the University of Wollongong (New South Wales, Australia) library surveyed patron seating usage. The survey supported a 12% reduction in seating, which enabled the installation of additional shelving and a compactus to store 20,000 volumes while having a minimal impact on patrons. (PEN)

Individual Program Plans (n=163) from adults with developmental disabilities receiving community living support services in Australia were analyzed. While plans prepared by nongovernmental agencies were generally superior to governmental agency plans, the average level of plan presentation was poor. Only 14% of the plans offered any criterion for evaluating performance objectives, and only 39% were current. (Author/PB)

Implications of an Australian national study on services for older people with intellectual disability include the importance of individual needs in planning recreation and leisure activities, planning future residential placements, and considering medical and health needs as they age. Choice and involvement in decision making for this population are emphasized. (SW)

The development and validation of a weighted index capable of discriminating among competing learner needs to allow equitable resource allocation are described. Using the Delphi technique, this national study was concerned with the needs of Australia's school-age population with non-English-speaking backgrounds. (TJH)

In Australian workshops 20 parents of gifted children, under age 12, sought information in three areas: understanding of their children's development (e.g., intellectual ability, social-emotional factors, and motivation); school and related needs (e.g., children to proceed at own pace, for parents to understand school system); and sources of enrichment resources. (MC)

In this Special Issue on Transition and Employment of the "Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness" ("JVIB"), three practice contributions provide eloquent examples of how young people and older adults have learned to recognize their own changing work abilities and opportunities, thanks in part to support from professionals. In the first example, two professionals from Australia, Natalie Kaine and Rebecca Kent, have provided a foundation for career learning among younger children with visual impairments. Their Practice Perspectives article, "Activities to Encourage Employability Skills in Middle Childhood," describes a program for children with visual impairments aged 6 to 14 that is designed to help the children recognize various job roles and identify their own personal strengths and interests. The program created a context for future development of career goals, and the authors provide examples of activities and outcomes that will establish expectations of future work, even among young children. The next Practice Perspectives article comes from Kansas, entitled "A Team Approach for the Transition to Middle School and beyond for a Young Man Who Is Deafblind and Gifted," where Craig Philips, Jeri Hiles, and Traci Jardes relate their experiences as professionals who worked with a young man with unique learning capabilities and needs. The authors offer detailed examples of the variety of technology and services the student needed to assure a smooth transition through high school. The final Practice Report was featured earlier in this issue entitled "Maine's Employability Skills Program," by John McMahon, Karen Wolffe, Judy Wolfe, and Carrie Brooker, reminds us that learning about careers and personal capabilities is just as critical for older adults who are revising their career goals as it is for young people who have not yet entered the workforce. The combination of peer support, employer contact, professional training, and skill development created a structure that addressed the abilities and interests of participants. This issue's practice features are real-life reminders that planning and attention to individual abilities can result in new learning for children and new jobs for adults. Preparation for work is a lifelong endeavor. No matter what the age of the learner, individuals can advance in understanding how their own strengths can lead to an occupation.

Enabling education programs in Australia assist students, who would otherwise have been excluded from higher education, to transition into undergraduate study. These programs emerged independently in response to the needs of individual universities and the varying cohorts of students they serve. The exclusion of these programs from the Australian Qualifications Framework (AQF) has meant they remain unregulated, with no national framework for standards. The development of academic standards is a dynamic, consensus driven process, and benchmarking provides a method through which academics from across institutions can work in partnership to reach shared understandings and improve and align practices. This practice report outlines the results of the first comprehensive cross-institutional benchmarking project involving nine Australian universities and demonstrates there is shared understanding of the standards of enabling programs between institutions. These findings will contribute to the establishment of national standards for enabling programs in Australia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tom (pseudonym) was an international undergraduate student with a rare visual disability, known as cone dystrophy. His appearance was that of a normal person but variations in light greatly influenced his vision. During his first two years at a university in Australia, Tom had particular difficulty making sense of assessment and feedback. His perceptions, struggles and strategies are presented here as a narrative, primarily in his own words. Tom's interactions with academics were strong contributors to his mostly negative perceptions about assessment and feedback. Key influencers were his cultural background, his approach to feedback, and his own expectations of the role feedback should play. An analysis of four in-depth interviews and a written response of this student's attitudes, needs and issues demonstrate how academics, university stakeholders and experts in assessment and feedback can develop a raised awareness of, and sensitivity to, specialised ways of assisting international students with disabilities. A greater exploration and unpacking of these students' individual needs and difficulties is suggested in the process of understanding feedback and assessment in a new academic context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper outlines an action research methodology used to create a practice-informed resource for social care in Australia. Practitioners and researchers worked together to develop, test and refine a process to engage people with cognitive disability and complex support needs in person-centred planning. The planning approach, which calls for planners to reflect on their own skills and attitudes as well as the unique needs of an individual, has helped to improve practice in a number of fields and locations in Australia. The process marks a substantive practice shift towards recognition of planning as fundamentally relational in nature. This paper reflects on the process of action research which we describe as similarly relational and potentially transformative of the relations between researchers and practitioners. Working within a knowledge translation paradigm we show how reflexivity within the researcher/practitioner relationship in action research calls for a substantive shift in perspective by researchers to effectively work within the complex contexts of practitioners themselves. In taking this opportunity in our research practice, we identify the potential for a fundamentally different praxis to emerge, one more deeply grounded in the conceptual, political and practical relations between researchers, practitioners and those whose lives they seek to enhance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vision impairment can have a significant impact on the wellbeing and quality of life of an individual. Vision rehabilitation has the potential to improve these areas; however, four in five patients with vision impairment are not being referred to the appropriate services. Barriers to on-referral include, but are not limited to: (1) misunderstandings by both practitioners and patients alike regarding which individuals with vision impairment might benefit or qualify for low vision services; (2) lack of awareness of available services; (3) unfamiliarity with practice guidelines; (4) miscommunication between practitioners and patients; (5) required patient travel or limitations in access; and (6) the perceived costs of goods and services. Further, current referral patterns do not represent a holistic patient-centric approach. Vision-related quality of life questionnaires are tools which can assist health professionals in providing optimal individualised care. This review explores current evidence regarding low vision service delivery within Australia and globally, the impact of vision impairment on activities of daily living, the instruments used for the assessment of vision-related quality of life (VRQOL), competing priorities of individual needs in low vision services and rehabilitation, and provides recommendations for a more patient-centred model of care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a critical need to reduce the surrender rates of companion animals by understanding the socio-economic circumstances of caretakers. This research analyzed questionnaires with 117 relinquishers and 13 interviews. Interviews were conducted with relinquishers and staff at Sunshine Coast Animal Refuge Society and Sunshine Coast Animal Pound. Most companion animals relinquished were from litters and around half were de-sexed and micro-chipped. A caretaker's living situation was a critical reason for relinquishment. Humans need to understand the time and space needs of companion species, how these might change with time, and the relationality between humans and companion animals. Alongside regulated breeding and accessible sterilization, shelter staff and other organizations might offer more tailored solutions, especially temporary care, during times of socio-economic crisis. Fundamentally, individuals need to critically examine their commitment to caretaking, but solutions are also structural and should be tailored to the underpinning socio-economic geography of different regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]